| NL Home |

3. Film-Based Collections Records

Retrieval/Projection

Standards

ANSI IT2.19-1990. American National Standard for Photography - Density Measurements - Geometric Conditions for Transmission Density.
Scope: This standard specifies the geometric conditions for measuring ISO diffuse and f/4.5 and f/1.6 projection transmission densities.

Diffuse density is primarily applicable to measurements of photographic images to be viewed on a transparency illuminator, to be contact printed, or to be projected with a system employing diffuse illumination.

Projection density is primarily applicable to measurements of photographic images to be projected with systems employing optical condensers.

Though primarily intended for measurement of photographic images, the densitometric methods specified in this standard are often applied to optical filters and other sheet materials.

ANSI IT7.204-1991. American National Standard for Audiovisual Systems (Photography) - Overhead Projectors - Methods for Measuring and Reporting Performance Characteristics.
Scope: This international Standard specifies methods of measurement for light output (luminous flux), uniformity of screen illumination, picture outline distortion, maximum available projection elevation and temperature rise on the projection stages of overhead projectors of the types specified in ISO 7943-1. It includes a form of reporting the results of the measurements.

ANSI IT7.207-1989. American National Standard for Audiovisual Systems - Self-Contained 2- x 2-Inch Sound/Slide Projectors for Front or Rear Projection using Compact Cassettes - Performance Characteristics.
Scope:

1.1 This standard describes the test methods and reporting terms to be used when specifying, evaluating, and reporting the basic performance characteristics of sound/slide projectors intended to:
1. Record or reproduce recorded audio material, or record and reproduce the material, from coplanar magnetic compact cassettes conforming to the requirements contained in American National Standard for Audiovisual Systems - Coplanar Magnetic Cartridge, Type CPII (Compact Cassette) - for Educational Use, PH7.404-1984

2. Record or respond to cue pulses, or both record and respond to cue pulses, conforming to the requirements contained in ANSI PH7.404-1984

3. Project a series of still real images from trans-illuminated 2- x 2-inch slides conforming to the requirements contained in American National Standard Dimensions for Projector Slides, ANSI PH3.43-1978.

1.2 This standard does not cover illuminated viewers projecting a magnified virtual image.

1.3 This document does not contain a standard reporting form. It is left to the discretion of the user to determine which performance characteristics shall be specified or reported upon in a particular product description or evaluation report. However, any performance characteristics that are specified or reported upon shall be determined by the test methods and reported in the terms contained in this standard.

1.4 Unless otherwise specified, all test methods referred to in this standard are to be carried out at the equipment's nominal rated voltage +/- 0.5%

ANSI IT7.224-1991. American National Standard for Audiovisual Systems (Photography) - Slide Projectors - Determination of Temperature Rise in the Picture Area Using a Glass Sandwich Test Slide.
Scope: This international Standard specifies a measuring method for determining the temperature attained in the central part of a specified glass-mounted test slide used in a slide projector. The purpose of the method is to provide a practical and repeatable way of comparing the performance of different slide projectors.

It is recognized that this test will not necessarily indicate the highest temperature attained by the test slide in areas other than the centre.

It is recognized that slides in other types of mounts may reach temperatures higher or lower than those attained by slides in glass mounts.

ANSI IT8.7/1-1993. American National Standard: Graphic Technology - Color Transmission Target for Input Scanner Calibration.
Scope: This standard defines the layout and colorimetric values of a target which can be manufactured on any positive color transparency film and which is intended for use in the calibration of a photographic film/scanner combination (as used in the preparatory process for printing and publishing).

ANSI PH1.71-1989. American National Standard for Photography (Film) - Sheet and Roll Films for Use in Scanners - Dimensions.
Scope: This standard specifies the preferred and recognized sizes and cutting dimensions of films used in scanners. In this context, a scanner is defined as any electronic output device that writes images on film, except for those used in phototypesetting applications. Films for this latter purpose are described in American National Standard for Photography (Film) - Rolls for Phototypesetting or Photocomposing Devices, or Both - Dimensions, ANSI PH1.44-1984.

ANSI PH2.31-1969. See ANSI PH2.30-1989.

ANSI PH2.41-1976. See ANSI PH2.30-1989.

ANSI PH3.41-1972(R1991). American National Standard Practice for Slide and Filmstrip Projection.
Scope:

1.1 This standard provides specifications for the proper use of photographic slide and filmstrip projection equipment so that adequate visibility of informative material projected at lectures, scientific meetings, etc., will be achieved. It is not intended to apply to theatrical motion pictures, but is applicable when other materials are displayed by still projection in theaters.

1.2 This standard provides for proper visibility and projection of material conforming to American National Standards PH3.43-1969, PH7.1-1971, and Y15.1-1959 [1,2,3].

1.3 This standard contains reasonable tolerances to ensure needed acutance and contrast of material for satisfactory viewing by persons with substantially normal vision. It also takes into account certain considerations related to visual comfort and speed of perception for displayed material.

ANSI PH7.200-1985(R1991). American National Standard for Audiovisual Systems - Audiovisual Equipment - Recommended Practice for Safe Handling and Operating.
Scope: This standard is a guide for the safe handling and operating of audiovisual equipment. The purpose of this document is to indicate the guidance that shall be given to ensure that adequate precautions are observed when handling or operating audiovisual equipment.

ANSI PH7.202-1985(R1990). American National Standard for Audiovisual Systems - Sound Filmstrip Projectors Using 35-mm Film and Coplanar Magnetic Cartridge, Type CP II (Compact Cassette) - Methods for Testing and Reporting Performance Characteristics.
Scope:

1.1 This standard describes the test methods and reporting terms to be used when specifying, evaluating, and reporting the basic performance characteristics of sound filmstrip projectors intended to:
1. Reproduce recorded audio material from coplanar magnetic compact cassettes conforming to the requirements contained in American National Standard for Audiovisual Systems - Coplanar Magnetic Cartridge Type CP II (Compact Cassette) for Audiovisual and Education Use, ANSI PH7.404-1984.

2. Project a series of still real images from a trans-illuminated filmstrip conforming to the requirements contained in American National Standard for Audiovisual Systems - 35-mm Single-Frame Filmstrips - Specifications, ANSI PH7.501-1985

1.2 This standard does not cover illuminated viewers producing a magnified virtual image.

1.3 This document does not contain a standard reporting form. It is left to the discretion of the user to determine which performance characteristics shall be specified or reported upon in a particular product description or evaluation report. However, any performance characteristics that are specified or reported upon shall be determined by the test methods, and reported in the terms contained in this standard.

ANSI PH7.205-1984(R1989). American National Standard for Audiovisual Systems - Sound 16mm Motion-Picture Projectors - Method for Testing and Reporting Performance Characteristics.
Scope:

1.1 This standard describes the test methods and reporting terms to be used when specifying, evaluating, and reporting the basic performance characteristics of 16-mm photographic sound motion-picture projectors that are:
1. Intended primarily for educational, training, informational, and other audiovisual purposes

2. Used primarily for operation as photographic sound projectors, with a film capacity up to and including 2000 feet of 16-mm film, and operated primarily at a nominal speed of 24 frames per second (36 feet per minute).

1.2 This standard does not cover:

1. Silent 16-mm projectors, except when a sound projector incorporates provision for projecting silent films

2. Projectors intended primarily for special purposes such as analysis, time and motion study, and television film chains; dual and interlock projectors used for production; and permanently installed large screen projectors such as for auditoriums and motion -picture theaters

3. Viewers and other small-screen and rear-screen 16-mm equipment intended primarily for editing and ther motion-picture production and maintenance operations.

1.3 This document does not contain a standard reporting form. It is left to the discretion of the user of the standard to determine which performance characteristics shall be specified or reported upon in a particular product description or evaluation report. However, those performance characteristics that are specified or reported upon shall be determined by the test methods, and reported in the terms, contained in this standard. These terms are described in the glossary (Appendix B).

ANSI PH7.208-1983(R1986). American National Standard for Audio-Visual Systems - Projection Equipment - Quarter-Frame 35mm Reader Filmstrip Projectors.
Scope: This standard states a number of characteristics and test methods to be used for specifying photographic reader filmstrip projectors used to project reader filmstrips conforming to American National Standard Specifications for Quarter-Frame 35mm Reader Filmstrips, ANSI PH7.14-1977(R1982).

ANSI PH7.209-1983(R1988). American National Standard Audio-Visual Systems - Projection Equipment - Quarter-Frame 35mm Tachistoscopic Filmstrip Projectors.
Scope: This standard describes a number of characteristics and test methods to be used for specifying tachistoscopic filmstrip projectors used to project filmstrips conforming to American National Standard Specifications for Quarter-Frame 35mm Reader Filmstrips, ANSI PH7.14-1977(R1982).

ANSI/AIIM MS12-1990. American National Standard for Information and Image Management - Readers for Transparent Microforms - Methods for Measuring Performance Characteristics.
Scope: This standard specifies methods and instruments for measuring the performance characteristics for readers and reader-printers specified in ANSI/AIIM MS20-1990 and ANSI/AIIM MS36-1990. It applies to magnification, resolution, distortion, screen luminance, screen contrast, and film gate temperatures.

ANSI/AIIM MS20-1990. Readers for Transparent Microforms - Performance Characteristics.
Scope: This standard specifies the essential performance characteristics of readers with magnifications less than or equal to 50:1 designed for use with black-and-white roll microfilm and strips that have a maximum width of 35 mm. It also specifies the performance of readers for microfilm, microfiche, jackets containing microforms, and image cards. It does not apply to reader-printers or to devices such as pocket readers.

ANSI/AIIM MS40-1987. Microfilm Computer Assisted Retrieval (CAR) Interface Commands.
Scope: This standard applies to computer assisted retrieval (CAR) software commands necessary to drive 16 mm microfilm retrieval systems. The minimum 16 mm CAR command set is defined by this standard. This standard addresses two of the upper three layers of the ISO Open System Interconnect (OSI) architecture model.

ANSI/ISO 5/2-1985. See ANSI IT2.19-1990.

ANSI/ISO 7329-1989. See ANSI IT7.224-1991.

ANSI/ISO 9767-1990. See ANSI IT7.204-1991.

ISO 6198:1993. Micrographics - Readers for Transparent Microforms - Performance Characteristics.
Scope: This International Standard specifies the essential performance characteristics of readers with magnification less than or equal to 50:1 designed for use with black-and-white roll microfilm and strips that have a maximum width of 35 mm. It also specifies the performance of readers for microfilm, microfiche, jackets containing microforms, and image cards. It is not applicable to reader-printers or to devices such as pocket readers.

ISO 10197:1993. Micrographics - Reader-Printers for Transparent Microforms - Characteristics.
Scope: This International Standard specifies the essential performance characteristics of reader-printers designed for viewing and making hard copies from microfilm with a maximum width of 35 mm, whether in microfilm strips or in roll form, in open reels, cartridges or cassettes, microfiche, jackets and image cards. It applies to reader-printers with a magnification less than or equal to 50:1.

The requirements for the functions of readers, as specified in ISO 6198, are summarized in clause 4 for convenience of the users of this International Standard.

This International Standard establishes minimum criteria for the hard copy prints produced by reader-printers based on the use of microtest charts ISO No. 1 and ISO No. 2 or from microforms with a specified minimum quality, either an original or a duplicate.

This International Standard does not apply to special reader-printers that produce colour or other types of specialized micoforms or prints. In addition, it does not necessarily apply to enlarger-printers.

Table of contents

Legality/Authenticity

Standards

CAN/CGSB-72.11-93. Microfilm and Electronic Images as Documentary Evidence.
Scope:

1.1 This standard provides rules and guidelines for organizations to establish and operate a credible image management program with the ability to demonstrate that the resulting captured images are accurate reproductions of source records.

1.2 This standard provides guidelines for the capture of images of business source records and the secure storage of those images. In order to maximize the probability of admissibility and weight given to business records as evidence, this standard recommends that they be stored in secure storage. Because computer output to microfilm (COM) is considered by many to be a source record, many of the certification requirements will not be necessary. When microform systems are used which allow images to be erased, special procedures and/or affidavits that are not described in this standard may be necessary to safeguard the system's integrity and the admissibility and credibility of its records. In these circumstances, specific legal advice should be obtained.

1.3 This standard does not describe the processing methods and the technical requirements necessary to apply the rules and quality control guidelines specified in this standard. For that purpose, the publications referred to in Part 1, Section 2 should be used. These publications deal with such methods and technical requirements as document indexes, capture resolutions, preparation of source records for capture, capture procedures, image compression, image enhancement, and index data verification.

In October 1994, Revenue Canada announced that images are valid financial records if they are "produced, controlled and maintained in accordance with the national standard of Canada as outlined in the publication, Microfilm and Electronic Images as Documentary Evidence." The standard is now being reviewed by federal and provincial ministries of justice...Until the standard receives wider adoption, legal counsel is advisable in defining the specific needs of an organization. [Williams, Derek. 1995. Splitting the Spitting Image. CA Magazine (August 1995):24-28]

ISO/TR 10200:1990. Legal Admissibility of Microforms.
Scope: This technical report makes recommendations for procedures to be followed in any microfilming programme that is designed to ensure the preservation and integrity of the information recorded on original records. If the procedures are followed, the microfilm copies should be regarded as adequate substitutes for the original records and should serve the purposes for which such records were created and maintained. The report gives advice both about the importance of routine certification of microfilm copies and the physical characteristics that will ensure that the microfilm image is of adequate quality.

The report applies to all kinds of microform, including microfilm in roll form, microfiche, microfilm jackets, aperture cards and computer-generated microforms. If an organization uses a microfilming system that allows images to be updated, erased or replaced, special safeguards may be needed to satisfy the court that this has been done as part of routine office procedure. Computer-generated microforms will have the same standing as other forms of computer-generated information, provided the microfilm image is of adequate quality.

Table of contents

Conservation Treatment

References

The Centre for Photographic Conservation. 1992. The Imperfect Image; Photographs their Past, Present and Future. Conference Proceedings. 6th - 10th April 1992, Windermere, Cumbria, England, United Kingdom. London: CPC.

Eastman Kodak. 1985. Conservation of Photographs. Kodak Publication No. F-40. Rochester, N.Y.: Eastman Kodak Co.

Hendriks, Klaus B. 1984. The Preservation and Restoration of Photographic Materials in Archives and Libraries: A RAMP Study with Guidelines. PGI-84/WS/1. Paris: General Information Programme and UNISIST, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Includes overview of photographic processes and their relative stability, with guidelines on storage and handling.

Hendriks, Klaus B., Brian Thurgood, Joe Iraci, Brian Lesser and Greg Hill. 1991. Fundamentals of Photograph Conservation: A Study Guide. Toronto and Ottawa: Lugus Publications, in cooperation with National Archives of Canada and Supply and Services Canada.
Comprehensive guide including laboratory experiments, processing, duplication and copying, conservation, chemical treatments, preservation and storage. Contains a wealth of practical information including procedures, materials and apparatus.

Reilly, Bernard F., Jr., et al. 1991. Photograph Preservation and the Research Library. Mountain View, CA: Research Libraries Group.
A compilation of papers presented at an RLG symposium on the subject. Includes an overview of the state of photographic preservation, technical aspects, ways of assessing a collection, and the task of preserving a photographic collection which is open to researchers.

Wilhelm, Henry Gilmer. 1993. The Permanence and Care of Color Photographs: Traditional and Digital Color Prints, Color Negatives, Slides, and Motion Pictures. Grinnell, Iowa: Preservation Publishing.
Covers the conservation and restoration of photographs and the preservation and storage of motion picture film.

Table of contents

Copyright. The National Library of Canada. (Revised: 1996-09-13).