1.2 The requirements for performance during fire testing of foam fire extinguishers are specified in the Standard for Rating and Fire Testing of Fire Extinguishers, UL 711.

1.3 A product that contains features, characteristics, components, materials, or systems new or different from those in use when the standard was developed, and that involves a risk of fire, electric shock, or injury to persons, shall be evaluated using the appropriate additional component and end-product requirements as determined necessary to maintain the level of safety for the user of the product as originally anticipated by the intent of this standard.

ANSI/UL 154 - 1990. Carbon-Dioxide Fire Extinguishers.
Scope: These requirements cover the construction and performance, exclusive of performance during fire tests, of portable carbon-dioxide type fire extinguishers. Carbon-dioxide fire extinguishers are intended to be utilized in accordance with the Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, [ANSI/]NFPA 10.

ANSI/UL 199 - 1989. Standard for Automatic Sprinklers for Fire-Protection Service.
Scope: These requirements cover automatic and open sprinklers intended for installation on sprinkler systems for fire-protection service. Requirements for the installation and use of sprinklers are included in the Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, NFPA 13.

ANSI/UL 299 - 1990. Dry Chemical Fire Extinguishers.
Scope: These requirements cover the construction and performance, exclusive of performance during fire tests, of portable dry chemical type fire extinguishers. Dry chemical fire extinguishers are intended to be utilized in accordance with the Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, NFPA No. 10.

ANSI/UL 626 - 1990. Fire Extinguishers, 2 1/2 Gallon Stored-Pressure, Water Type.
Scope: These requirements cover the construction and performance, exclusive of performance during fire tests, of 2-1/2 gallon (9.5 L) stored-pressure, water-type fire extinguishers. Two and one-half-=gallon stored-pressure, water-type fire extinguishers are intended to be used in accordance with the Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, [ANSI/] NFPA 10.

ANSI/UL 711 - 1990. Rating and Fire Testing of Fire Extinguishers
Scope: These requirements cover rating, and performance during fire tests, of fire extinguishers intended for use in attacking Class A, B, C and D fires as defined herein. These requirements also cover performance during fire tests of agents for application to Class D fires. The ultimate rating of an extinguisher or agent is based on its fire-extinguishing potential as determined by fire tests and presupposes installation and use in accordance with the Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, [ANSI/] NFPA 10.

ANSI/UL 1058 - 1988. Halogenated Agent Extinguishing System Units.
Scope:

ANSI/UL 1093 - 1990. Halogenated Agent Fire Extinguishers.
Scope: These requirements cover the construction and performance, exclusive of performance during fire tests, of portable halon type fire extinguishers. Halon type fire extinguishers are intended to be utilized in accordance with the Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, [ANSI/] NFPA 10...

CAN/ULC-S503-M90. Amended 1993. Standard for Carbon Dioxide Hand and Wheeled Fire Extinguishers.
Scope: These Requirements cover the construction and operation of hand and wheeled carbon dioxide fire extinguishers...

CAN/ULC-S504-86. Amended 1993. Standard for Dry Chemical and Dry Powder Hand and Wheeled Fire Extinguishers.
Scope: These Requirements cover the construction and operation of dry chemical and dry powder hand and wheeled fire extinguishers...

CAN/ULC-S508-M90. 1990. Standard for the Rating and Testing of Fire Extinguishers and Class D Extinguishing Media.
Scope: These requirements cover classification, rating, and extinguishing performance of fire extinguishers intended for use in attacking Class A, B and D fires, and fires in Class C situations, as defined herein...

CAN/ULC-S512-M87. Amended 1993. Standard for Halogenated Agent Fire Extinguishers.
Scope: These requirements cover the construction and operation of halogenated agent hand portable and wheeled type fire extinguishers...

CAN/ULC-S514-M88. 1988. Standard for Dry Chemical for Use in Hand and Wheeled Fire Extinguishers.
Scope: These requirements cover chemical, physical and performance properties of dry chemical fire extinguishing agents for use in portable fire extinguishing equipment being evaluated to CAN/ULC-S504M...

CAN/ULC-S532-M90. Amended 1993. Standard for the Regulation of the Servicing of Portable Fire Extinguishers.
Scope: These requirements are for use in the regulation of agencies servicing portable fire extinguishers...

CAN/ULC-S548-M90. 1990. Standard for Alarm Initiating and Supervisory Devices for Water Type Extinguishing Systems.
Scope: This Standard contains requirements for Alarm Initiating and Supervisory Detection Devices for attachment to water type extinguishing systems...

ISO 5923: 1989. Fire Protection - Fire Extinguishing Media - Carbon Dioxide.
Scope: This International Standard specifies requirements for carbon dioxide for use as a fire extinguishing medium.

ISO 6182-1: 1993. Fire Protection - Automatic Sprinkler Systems. Part 1: Requirements and Test Methods for Sprinklers.
Scope: This part of ISO 6182 specifies performance requirements, test methods and marking requirements for fusible element and glass bulb sprinklers.

ISO 6182-2: 1993. Fire Protection - Automatic Sprinkler Systems. Part 2: Requirements and Test Methods for Wet Alarm Valves, Retard Chambers and Water Motor Alarms.
Scope: This part of ISO 6182 gives performance and other requirements, recommendations and tests for wet alarm valves, retard chambers, water motor alarms...use din wet pipe automatic sprinkler systems for fire protection service...

ISO 6182-3: 1993. Fire Protection - Automatic Sprinkler Systems. Part 3: Requirements and Test Methods for Dry Pipe Valves.
Scope: This part of ISO 6182 gives performance and other requirements, recommendations, and tests for dry pipe valves...used in dry pipe automatic sprinkler systems for fire protection service.

ISO 6182-4: 1993. Fire Protection - Automatic Sprinkler Systems. Part 4: Requirements and Test Methods for Quick-Opening Devices.
Scope: This part of ISO 6182 specifies the performance and testing requirements for quick-opening devices used with dry pipe valves in fire protection systems to hasten the operation of the valves when one or more sprinklers operate...

ISO 6183: 1990. Fire Protection Equipment - Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems for Use on Premises - Design and Installation.
Scope: This International Standard lays down requirements for the design and installation of fixed carbon dioxide fire-extinguishing systems for use on premises...

ISO 7201-1: 1989. Fire Protection - Fire Extinguishing Media - Halogenated Hydrocarbons. Part 1: Specifications for Halon 1211 and 1301.
Scope: This part of ISO 7201 specifies requirements for the following halogenated hydrocarbons for use as fire extinguishing media:

halon 1211 [bromochlorodifluoromethane (CF2ClBr)];
halon 1301 [bromotrifluoromethane (CF3Br)].

This part of ISO 7201 does not deal with the conditions of use of these products in fire fighting equipment...

ISO 7201-2: 1991. Fire Protection - Fire Extinguishing Media - Halogenated Hydrocarbons. Part 2: Code of Practice for Safe Handling and Transfer Procedures of Halon 1211 and Halon 1301.
Scope: This part of ISO 7201 recommends procedures to be used in the transfer of halon 1211 and halon 1301 from one container to another to reduce unnecessary emission of these halons top the atmosphere. It also provides recommendations and information relevant to the health and safety of persons engaged in such procedures.

References

Artim, Nicholas. 1993. Cultural Heritage Fire Suppression Systems: Alternatives to Halon 1301. WACC Newsletter 15(2):34-36.
Ouline of eight fire suppression options with recommendations.

Artim, Nick. 1994. An Introduction to Automatic Fire Sprinklers. Part I. WAAC Newsletter 16(3): 21-27.

Artim, Nick. 1995. An Introduction to Automatic Fire Sprinklers. Part II. WAAC Newsletter 17(2): 23-28.

Baril, Paul. 1988-91. Museum Fire Protection Technical Papers. Ottawa: Museums Assistance Programme.
To be revised and reissued as CCI Technical Bulletin.

Reimer, Chris R. and Milton R. Shefter. 1994. Clean Agent Fire Suppression Alternatives. SMPTE Journal 103(8): 523-527.
In context of motion-picture and television media, discussion of fire suppression and impact on safety and the environment.

Roberts, Barbara O. 1993. Fire Suppression and Life Without Halon. WAAC Newsletter 15(2): 31-33.
Discussion of alternatives to halons with recommendation for sprinkler system.

Table of contents

Fire Prevention and Protection

Standards

ANSI/NFPA 40 - 1994. Standard for the Storage and Handling of Cellulose Nitrate Motion Picture Film.
Scope: This standard shall apply to all facilities involving the storage and handling of cellulose nitrate motion picture film...

ANSI/NFPA 75-1992. Protection of Electronic Computer/Data Processing Equipment.
Scope: This standard covers the requirements for the protection of electronic computer/data processing equipment rooms and computer areas.

ANSI/NFPA 90A - 1993. Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems.
Scope: This standard applies to all systems for the movement of environmental air in structures that:

serve spaces of over 25,000 cu ft (707.9 m3) in volume, or
serve buildings of Types III, IV and V construction over three stories in height, regardless of volume, or...

ANSI/NFPA 91 - 1992. Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Materials.

ANSI/NFPA 92A - 1993. Recommended Practice for Smoke-Control Systems.
Scope: This recommended practice applies to the design, installation, testing, operation, and maintenance of new and retrofitted mechanical air conditioning and ventilation systems for the control of smoke...

ANSI/NFPA 92B - 1991. Guide for Smoke Management Systems in Malls, Atria, and Large Areas.
Scope: This guide provides technical data relevant to the design, installation, testing, operation, and maintenance of new and retrofitted smoke management systems in buildings having large volume spaces...

ANSI/NFPA 101 - 1994. Code for Safety to Life from Fire in Buildings and Structures.
Scope: This Code addresses life safety from fire and similar emergencies...

ANSI/NFPA 101M - 1992. Manual on Alternative Approaches to Life Safety.
Introduction: This manual consists of a number of different alternative approaches to life safety. Each chapter is a different system independent of the others and is to be used in conjunction with the 1991 edition of NFPA 101, Code for Safety to Life in Buildings and Structures...

ANSI/NFPA 110 - 1988. Standard for Emergency Standby Power Systems.
Scope:

1.1.2 Power systems covered in this standard include power sources, transfer equipment, controls, supervisory equipment, and all related electrical and mechanical auxiliary and accessory equipment needed to supply electrical power to the load terminals of the transfer equipment.

1.1.3 This standard covers installation, maintenance, operation, and testing requirements, as they pertain to performance of the Emergency Power Supply System (EPSS).

1.1.4.1 This standard does not cover: the application of Emergency Power Supply Systems; emergency lighting unit equipment; distribution wiring; utility service when such service is permitted as the Emergency Power Supply System; or parameters for stored energy devices.

1.1.4.2 This standard does not establish criteria for stored energy systems, although it does recognize that there are circumstances where such systems are independently adequate, or are necessary for transitional electrical power until rotating equipment can provide an adequate source of electrical power.

1.1.4.3 The selection of any of the following is not within the scope of the standard: (a) Specific buildings or facilities or both requiring an EPSS; (b) Specific loads to be served by the EPSS; (c) Assignment of type, class, or level to any specific load.

ANSI/NFPA 231 - 1990. Standard for General Storage.
Scope: This standard applies to:

Storage of plastics...

ANSI/NFPA 232 - 1991. Standard for the Protection of Records.
Scope: This standard provides requirements for records protection equipment, facilities, and records handling techniques that provide protection from the hazards of fire. It does not consider forcible entry.

Because of the volume of records, this standard does not cover large archives or records storage buildings. (See NFPA 232AM Manual for Fire Protection for Archives and Records Centers.)

This standard does not cover the storage and handling of cellulose nitrate film records. (See NFPA 40, Standard for the Storage and Handling of Cellulose Nitrate motion Picture Film.)

ANSI/NFPA 232AM - 1991. Manual for Fire Protection for Archives and Records Centers.
Scope: This manual applies to collections of records in file rooms exceeding 50, 000 cu ft (1416 m3) and to all archives and records centers.

Since its adoption in 1947, NFPA 232, Standard for the Protection of Records, has been the recognized standard for protection of records against fire. However, it is concerned primarily with relatively small quantities of records kept immediately accessible to the originator or user. NFPA 232AM covers facilities larger than contemplated in NFPA 232.

ANSI/NFPA 780 - 1992. Lightning Protection Code.
Scope:

1.1.2 This code does not cover lightning protection requirements for explosives manufacturing buildings and magazines or electric generating, transmission, and distribution systems.

ANSI/NFPA 910 - 1991. Recommended Practice for the Protection of Libraries and Library Collections.
Scope: The term library covers an extremely wide range of situations; a library can be a small special or valuable collection in a private home or other building, or it can be a separate section in a building used for many purposes. It can also be a multimillion dollar complex of buildings whose purpose is to provide not only storage for books, but also study and reading areas, catalog rooms. work rooms, binderies, art collections, shops, and places of public assembly. However, all libraries have one characteristic in common: ample fuel in the form, of books and other library materials (which may include compact discs, microforms, magnetic tapes, phonograph records, and motion picture films - cellulose nitrate as well as "safety" film) that can burn and contribute to a serious fire.

ANSI/NFPA 911 - 1991. Recommended Practice for the Protection of Museums and Museum Collections.
Scope: This recommended practice concerns measures to protect museum staff, visitors, and collections from fire and associated hazards. It addresses how to design fire protection and life safety into a new building and how to improve these factors in existing museums. It gives special attention to times and places in museums in which the danger of fire is increased. It recommends ways in which the management and the museum staff can help prevent fires or reduce fire losses.

ANSI/NFPA 914 - 1994. Recommended Practice for Fire Protection in Rehabilitation and Adaptive Reuse of Historic Structures.
Scope: This recommended practice addresses fire protection and prevention as it relates to all aspects of historic preservation...

ANSI/UL 924 - 1990. Emergency Lighting and Power Equipment.

ISO 6309:1987. Fire Protection - Safety Signs.
Scope: Characteristics and colours of signs giving information concerning fire precautions and means of escape in case of fire.

ISO 6790:1986. Equipment for Fire Protection and Fire Fighting - Graphical Symbols for Fire Protection Plans - Specifications.
Scope: Gives symbols and abbreviations which enables the location of fire protection equipment to be indicated on a drawing. Wherever possible an internationally recognized graphic symbol is used.

References

Carson, Wayne G. and Richard L. Klinker. 1993. Fire Protection Systems. 2nd edition. Quincy, Massachusetts: NFPA.

Coté, Ron. 1994. Life Safety Code Handbook. 6th edition. Quincy, Massachusetts: NFPA.

National Fire Protection Association. NFPA Fire Protection Handbook. 17th edition. 1986. Quincy, Massachusetts: NFPA.

Shepilova, Irina. G., prep. 1992. Main Principles of Fire Protection in Libraries and Archives: A RAMP study. PGI-92/WS/14. Thomas, Adrienne G., ed. Paris: General Information Programme and UNISIST, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Covers combustibility characteristics of media, environmental conditions and fire safety, fire prevention measures and fire detection and fire fighting equipment.

Society of Fire Protection Engineers and National Fire Protection Association. 1994. The SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering. Quincy, Massachusetts: SFPE and NFPA.

Table of contents

Fire Reports and Tests

Standards

ANSI/NFPA 251 - 1990. Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials.
Scope: These methods of fire tests are applicable to assemblies of masonry units and to composite assemblies of structural materials for buildings, including bearing and other walls and partitions, columns, girders...

ANSI/NFPA 252 - 1990. Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies.
Scope:

1.2.2 Tests made in conformity with these test methods will register performance of door assemblies during the test exposure; but such tests shall not be construed as determining their suitability for use after exposure to fire.

1.2.3 It is the intent that tests made in conformity with these test methods will develop data that enables regulatory bodies to determine the suitability of door assemblies for use in locations where fire resistance of a specified duration is required.

ANSI/UL 9 - 1991. Fire Tests of Window Assemblies.
Scope:

1.2 Assemblies classified in accordance with this Standard provide only limited protection from the transmission of heat.

1.3 Tests made in conformity with these test methods will register performance during the test exposure and develop data to enable regulatory bodies to determine the suitability of window assemblies for use in wall openings where fire protection is required. Such tests shall not be construed as determining suitability of window assemblies for continued use after fire exposure.

1.4 These test methods are intended to evaluate the ability of a window or other light transmitting assembly to remain in an opening during a predetermined test exposure.

1.5 The tests expose a specimen to a standard fire exposure controlled to achieve specified temperatures throughout a specified time period, followed by the application of a specified standard fire hose stream. The exposure, however, may not be representative of all fire exposure conditions, which may vary with changes in the amount, nature and distribution of fire loading, ventilation, compartment size and configuration, and heat sink characteristics of the compartment. It does, however, provide a relative measure of fire performance of window assemblies under these specified fire exposure conditions.

1.6 Any variation from the construction or conditions that are tested may substantially change the performance characteristics of the assembly.

1.7 These methods do not provide the following:

Evaluation of the degree by which the window assembly contributes to the fire hazard by generation of smoke, toxic gases or other products of combustion.

Measurement of the unexposed surface temperature of windows.

Measurement of the degree of control or limitation of smoke or products of combustion passage through the window assembly.

These methods permit loss of glass lights and through openings, provided such loss and openings do not exceed specified limits.

ANSI/UL 10B - 1993. Fire Tests of Door Assemblies.
Scope:

1.2 Tests made in conformity with these test methods will register performance during the test exposure; but such tests shall not be construed as determining suitability for use after exposure to fire.

1.3 It is the intent that tests made in conformity with these test methods will develop data to enable regulatory bodies to determine the suitability of door assemblies for use in locations where fire resistance of a specified duration is required.

1.4 These methods are intended to evaluate the ability of a door assembly to remain in an opening during a predetermined test exposure.

1.5 The tests expose a specimen to a standard fire exposure controlled to achieve specified temperatures throughout a specified time period, followed by the application of a specified standard fire hose stream. The exposure, however, may not be representative of all fire conditions, which may vary with changes in the amount, nature, and distribution of fire loading, ventilation, compartment size and configuration, and heat sink characteristics of the compartment. It does, however, provide a relative measure of fire performance of door assemblies under these specified fire exposure conditions.

1.6 Any variation from the construction or conditions that are tested may substantially change the performance characteristics of the assembly..

1.7 The methods do not provide the following:

A temperature limit on the unexposed side of the door assembly.

A limit on the number of openings allowed in glazed areas or of the number and size of lateral openings between the door and frame.

Measurement of the degree of control or limitation of the passage of smoke or products of combustion through the door assembly.

ANSI/UL 72 - 1990. Tests for Fire Resistance of Record Protection Equipment.
Scope: These requirements cover the test procedure applicable to the fire-resistance classification of insulated record containers, fire-resistant safes, and insulated fire devices.

ANSI/UL 155 - 1989. Tests for Fire Resistance for Vault and Fire Room Doors.
Scope: These requirements cover the test procedure applicable to the fire-resistance classification of doors intended for the protection of openings of vaults and file rooms.

ULC C72-1974. Preliminary Standard for Tests for Fire Resistance of Record Protection Equipment.
Scope: These requirements cover the test procedure applicable to the fire-resistance classification of insulated record containers (Classes A, B, C and 150 rating) fire-resistant safes (Classes A, B and C), insulated filing devices (Classes D and E) and insulated file drawers (350 rating)....

ULC C155-1975. Preliminary Standard for Tests for Fire Resistance of Vault and File Room Doors.
Scope: These requirements cover the test procedure for the fire-resistance classification of doors intended for the protection of openings of vaults and file rooms.

CAN/ULC-S101-M89. 1989. Standard Methods of Fire Endurance Tests of Building Construction and Materials.
Scope: This Standard covers fire endurance tests applicable to walls, partitions, floors,...as well as to some components of these building subassemblies.

CAN/ULC-S102-M88. 1988. Standard Method of Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials and Assemblies.
Scope: This method of test for surface burning characteristics of building materials is applicable to any type of building material that, by its own structural qualities or the manner in which it is applied, is capable of supporting itself in position or may be supported in the test furnace to a thickness comparable to its recommended use.

CAN/ULC-S102.2-M88. 1988. Standard Method of Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Flooring, Floor Covering, and Miscellaneous Materials and Assemblies.
Scope: This method is applicable to the finished surface or covering of a floor extending to a maximum depth of 65mm...

Table of contents

Other Disasters

Agbabian, Mihran S. et al. 1991. Evaluation of Earthquake Damage Mitigation Methods for Museum Objects. Studies in Conservation 36(2) 111-120.

AIC. 1991. Perspectives on Natural Disaster Mitigation. Papers Presented at 1991 AIC Workshop. Washington, D.C.: Foundation of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works.
Seven papers with bibliographies focussing on natural disasters.

Buchanan, Sally A. and Philip D. Leighton. 1980. The Stanford-Lockheed Meyer Flood Report. Stanford: Connecticut: Stanford University.

Cornu, Elisabeth and Lesley Bone. 1991. Seismic Disaster Planning: Preventive Measures make a Difference. WAAC Newsletter 13(3): 13-19.
Covers basic seismic readiness and protective measures with practical suggestions for collections.

Nelson, Carl L. 1991. Protecting the Past from Natural Disasters. Washington, D.C.: The Preservation Press, National Trust for Historic Preservation.
Followed Loma Prieta earthquake and Hurricane Hugo with focus on historic buildings. Nontechnical publication on planning and mitigation measures. List of programs and organizations that can provide services, financial aid, etc.

Olson, Nancy B. 1988. "Hanging Your Software Up to Dry." College and Research Libraries News. Vol. 47, no. 10 (November 1988): 634-636.
Describes efforts to save audiovisual materials after a flood.

R. R. Donnelley and Sons. 1967. Florence Rises from the Flood. Chicago: R.R. Donnelley and Sons Co.
Reprint of National Geographic Society article (Vol.132, No.1) plus report of restoration effort by Harold W. Tribolet.

Shelton, John A. 1990. Seismic Safety Standards for Library Shelving: Manual of Recommended Practice. Sacramento: California State Library Foundation.
Describes the practices to be followed for installation of or modification to library shelving so as to maximize safety and protection of people and property.

Trinkley, Michael. 1993. Hurricane! Surviving the Big One: A Primer for Libraries, Museums and Archives. Columbia, South Carolina and Atlanta, Georgia: Chicora Foundation Inc. and Southeastern Library Network Inc.

Weber, David C. 1990. Library Buildings and the Loma Prieta Earthquake Experience of October 1989. Sacramento, California: California State Library Association.
Covers experiences of selected libraries. Lessons to be learned and example of library shelving specification.

Table of contents

9. Emergency Planning and Response

Fire Extinguishers and Systems

References

Fire Prevention and Protection

Standards

References

Fire Reports and Tests

Standards

Other Disasters

Salvage

References