Public Perceptions of Climate Change and Health

Contract Award Date: 2017-01-20
Report Date: March 2017
Fieldwork dates: February 15 – March 10, 2017
PA 9321

Executive Summary

Background and Objectives

Health Canada, in collaboration with Environment and Climate Change Canada, the Public Health Agency of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, and the National Research Council identified the need for public opinion research to understand public perceptions of climate change and its effects on their health, and more generally on climate change adaptation. Specific research objectives were to understand:

Methodology

To address the research objectives, a mixed-mode telephone and online survey was conducted with a total of 1,833 Canadians (aged 18 and over) from February 15 – March 10, 2017.

The results described below are based on the telephone data only, with the exception of the section that summarizes the impact of survey mode.

Where possible, results have been compared to a 2008 Health Canada survey about climate change and health.

Cost of research

Key findings

Climate change (impact) awareness and perceptions

Climate change and health

Infectious diseases

Extreme weather and emergency preparedness

Climate change adaptation

Focus on higher risk forest fire areas

Focus on Indigenous people

Political neutrality statement and contact information

I hereby certify as a Senior Officer of Environics Research that the deliverables fully comply with the Government of Canada political neutrality requirements outlined in the Communications Policy of the Government of Canada and Procedures for Planning and Contracting Public Opinion Research. Specifically, the deliverables do not contain any reference to electoral voting intentions, political party preferences, standings with the electorate, or ratings of the performance of a political party or its leader.

Megan Tam
Vice President, Public Affairs, Environics Research Group
megan.tam@environics.ca
613-699-8905
Supplier name: Environics Research Group
PWGSC contract number: HT372/16433/001/CY
Original contract date: 2017-01-20

Introduction

Background

Given the imperative associated with climate change and the development of a Pan Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change (released in December 2016), it is important to have a solid grasp of the perceptions of Canadians with respect to climate change and of the risks that they believe are associated with their health. Public communications have been identified by the First Ministers as a key area of work. Health Canada has also been supporting public and professional education activities related to "heat health", which refers to the impacts extreme heat has on human health. Health Canada has also been supporting First Nations peoples and Inuit to conduct research, collect data and develop adaptation plans to address climate change.

Health Canada conducted research in this area in 2008 ('Assessing perceived health risks of climate change: Canadian Public Opinion 2008'); however, the context and perspectives of Canadians are expected to have changed significantly. Further, as climate change adaptation is a cross-departmental priority, Health Canada has partnered with Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC), the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) , and the National Research Council (NRC) to get a bigger picture of Canadian perspectives on this multi-sectoral issue.

Research rationale and objectives

With this research, Health Canada and its partner organizations (ECCC, NRCan, NRC and PHAC) will be able to compare against the baseline climate change and health research conducted in 2008. This will provide useful information to determine effectiveness of heat campaign work carried out by Health Canada and will also help the department create a more effective communications campaign surrounding climate change and health and related climate change issues from other participating government departments (OGDs). The research will also provide useful baseline information for evaluation programs established under the Pan Canadian Framework. Through this collaborative research effort, the Government of Canada will be able to collectively obtain results on climate change, which is a cross-government priority, in an efficient and cost-effective way.

The purpose of this research is to understand public perceptions of climate change and its effects on the health of Canadians, First Nations and Inuit, and more generally on climate change adaptation. Specific research objectives include the following but are not limited to understanding:

Report

This report begins with an executive summary outlining key findings and conclusions, followed by a detailed analysis of the survey data. The results (including discussion of subgroup differences) are based on the telephone data only, with the exception of the table columns that present the combined telephone and online results.

Provided under a separate cover is a detailed set of "banner tables" presenting the results for all questions by population segments as defined by region and demographics. These tables are referenced by the survey question in the detailed analysis. A detailed description of the methodology used to conduct this research is presented in Appendix A.

In this report, results are expressed as percentages unless otherwise noted. Results may not add to 100% due to rounding or multiple responses. Net results cited in the text may not exactly match individual results shown in the charts due to rounding. Subgroup differences are only reported if they are statistically significant at the 95% confidence level.

Detailed findings

I. Climate change (impact) awareness and perceptions

Over the past decade, climate change has been a high profile topic and the subject of much debate. The first section of the survey explored the Canadian public's attitudes towards and perceptions of the reality of climate change, including its potential impacts. NOTE: Several questions in this section are asked only of a subgroup who initially responded that they believe in climate change (either definitely or maybe).

Belief in climate change

The large majority of Canadians remain convinced that climate change is happening.

To understand the issue of climate change and health risk, it is important to know whether or not people believe that climate change is a real phenomenon. Eight in ten (79%) say that climate change is definitely happening, while 16 percent say it is not yet proven, and only five percent deny that climate change exists. Since 2008, the proportion who are convinced about climate change has increased (up 10 points).

Belief in climate change
Base: Total sample
	Phone only	Phone and Online
* This response category was not offered in 2008 Q1. There has been a lot of discussion lately about the issue of climate change. Do you believe that climate change is something that is definitely happening, or something which may be happening but is not yet proven, or climate change is not happening at all?
Climate change is definitely happening	69%	79%	79%
Climate change may be happening but is not yet proven	27%	16%	15%
Climate change is not happening at all*	n/a	5%	5%

The proportion who believe climate change is definitely happening is higher among:

Noticed changes due to climate change

Three in ten climate change believers have definitely noticed changes in their community that they attribute to climate change; a slightly higher proportion of four in ten have noticed changes in other parts of the country. The most noticed changes are warmer temperatures and more unpredictable weather, both at higher levels than in 2008.

Three in ten of those who believe in climate change (31%) say they have noticed a local change that they would definitely attribute to climate change, while an additional third have noticed changes they feel are either likely (19%) or possibly (16%) the result.

A greater proportion have noticed climate change-related changes in other parts of the country. Four in ten (42%) say they have noticed changes elsewhere that are definitely the result of climate change, while another three in ten (29%) have noticed changes they would at least possibly attribute to this cause.

Noticed changes due to climate change
Base: Believe in climate change
	Phone only (n=1378)	Phone & online (n=1751)
Q2. Have you noticed any changes in your community which you think are definitely, likely, or possibly the result of climate change or you have not noticed any changes? Q3. And are you aware of any changes in other parts of Canada which you think are definitely, likely, or possibly the result of climate change or you have not noticed any changes?
Definitely the result of climate change	31%	42%	31%	40%
Likely the result of climate change	19%	15%	21%	18%
Possibly the result of climate change	16%	14%	17%	15%
No changes noticed	32%	25%	28%	21%

The same population segments are most likely to have noticed changes both in their community and in other parts of Canada that are definitely the result of climate change. They include:

Types of changes noticed. Canadians who have noticed a change, either locally or elsewhere in Canada, were asked what kinds of changes they have noticed (unprompted). The most commonly mentioned change is warmer temperatures (43%, up 10 points), followed by more unpredictable weather (31%, up 18 points), both of which have increased since 2008. Other common changes noticed include more (11%) or less (25%) ice or snow, colder temperatures (15%), more extreme weather events (12%), and more (8%) or less (10%) rain.

The noticed changes are largely similar across regions and segments of the population, with a few exceptions:

Perceived impacts of climate change

Kind of changes noticed (top mentions)
Base: Noticed changes
	Phone only	Phone and Online
* The 2008 survey was conducted during a very snowy winter which threatened to break snowfall records in some regions of the country. Q4. What kinds of changes have you noticed?
Warmer temperatures/weather	33%	43%	42%
Weather more unpredictable	13%	31%	31%
Less ice/snow	26%	25%	24%
Colder temperatures/weather	11%	15%	13%
Weather events more extreme	13%	12%	11%
More ice/snow	6%	11%	10%
Less rain	6%	10%	8%
More rain	4%	8%	8%
More storms	7%	7%	7%
Changes in migration patterns	-	7%	7%
More air pollution/lower air quality	8%	2%	2%
Changes/harm to wildlife and plants	10%	-	-

Climate change believers are most convinced that climate change causes melting permafrost, followed by flooding, extreme heat events and more frequent storms.

Canadians who believe in climate change were presented with a series of potential impacts in Canada and asked whether they think climate change causes or does not cause each (definitely or likely).²

While the degree of belief ranges considerably (from a high of 89% "definitely" or "likely" to a low of 31%), in most cases, the majority believe that climate change is at least a likely cause; the exceptions (where fewer than half believe they are caused by climate change) include mental health conditions (40%), impact to health care availability (35%), increased isolation (31%) and a weaker connection to one's culture (31%).

Generally speaking, but not in all cases, the following groups tend to be more likely to say that climate change definitely or likely causes these impacts:

Impacts that are caused by climate change
Base: Believe in climate change
	Definitely cause	Definitely or likely cause
Q5. Would you say that climate change definitely causes, likely causes, likely does not cause or definitely does not cause each of the following types of impacts in Canada?
Melting permafrost in the Arctic regions	58%	56%	89%	88%
Flooding of rivers and in coastal areas	47%	43%	83%	82%
Loss of wildlife habitat	45%	42%	79%	78%
More frequent storms	42%	41%	82%	82%
Impact to food supply	40%	36%	79%	76%
Extreme heat events or heat waves	39%	39%	83%	83%
Drought conditions	39%	38%	80%	81%
Coastal erosion	36%	35%	76%	75%
Forest fires	36%	34%	75%	72%
Air pollution/lower air quality	35%	33%	71%	70%
Extreme cold weather	28%	28%	65%	66%
More severe forest pest infestation	27%	25%	70%	68%
Increased allergies	25%	22%	62%	58%
Physical health conditions of Canadians	20%	17%	52%	49%
Negative impacts on the economy/jobs	18%	16%	56%	51%
Mental health conditions of Canadians	11%	10%	40%	36%
Impact to health care availability	10%	10%	35%	32%
Increases isolation /reduces belonging	10%	10%	31%	29%
Weaker connection to one's culture	9%	9%	31%	30%

On the other hand, belief that several of these impacts are caused by climate change tends to be lower among residents of the Prairie provinces, older Canadians (55+) and those with household incomes under $100,000.

II. Climate change and health

How climate change may affect health

A majority of climate change believers can cite at least one health impact of climate change, the most common of which is air quality impacts.

Unprompted awareness. Seven in ten climate change believers (69%) were able to identify (without prompting) at least one way in which climate change potentially affects health. Awareness of any one specific effect is relatively low, with various mentions of air quality impacts (21%), fluctuation in the weather (14%), water quality impacts (11%) and infectious diseases (10%), among others. Three in ten either cannot think of any (11%) or maintain that there are none (20%).

The proportion able to identify at least one potential health impact of climate change is higher among:

Ratings of health risks

How believe climate change affects health of Canadians (top mentions)
Base: Believe in climate change
	Phone only (n=1379)	Phone & Online (n=1751)
Q6. In what ways, if any, do you think climate change poses a risk to the health of Canadians?
Any impacts	69%	70%
Net: Air Quality Impacts	21%	19%
Poor air quality	11%	10%
Increased air pollution	11%	9%
Net: Water Quality Impacts	11%	9%
Decreased water quality	7%	6%
Decreased drinking water supply	4%	3%
Net: Infectious Diseases	10%	10%
Other infectious diseases	6%	6%
Flu/influenza virus	4%	4%
Weather fluctuation/warmer/colder	14%	13%
Respiratory/breathing problems	9%	8%
Drought/affects food supply/agriculture	8%	8%
Allergies (related to pollen/mould)	7%	7%

Majorities of six in ten or more climate change believers say that each of these issues poses at least a moderate health risk.

Those who believe climate change is happening were asked the extent to which different factors are a health risk for Canadians (Indigenous peoples were asked specifically about the risk to First Nations peoples, Inuit and Metis). There is fairly limited differentiation between the risk factors, with six in ten or more who say that each of these issues poses at least a moderate risk to health. The highest risk is attributed to changes in air quality (79% major or moderate health risk), forest fires (79%), changes in water quality (78%), forest fire smoke (77%) and extreme heat events (77%).

Generally speaking, but not in all cases, the following groups are more likely to say that these factors cause a major or moderate health risk for Canadians:

Risk to health of Canadians/Indigenous peoples
Base: Believe in climate change
	Major risk	Major or moderate risk
Q7. How much of a risk to the health of [Canadians]/ [IF INDIGENOUS: First Nations peoples/Inuit/Métis] is there from each of the following?
Changes in water quality	49%	48%	78%	78%
Changes in air quality	48%	47%	79%	79%
Forest fires	47%	46%	79%	79%
Forest fire smoke	45%	44%	77%	77%
Rising sea levels/coastal erosion	44%	42%	73%	73%
Flooding	43%	42%	75%	76%
Extreme heat events	43%	42%	77%	77%
Loss of permafrost	40%	38%	66%	66%
Spread of infectious diseases	38%	37%	71%	70%
Food security	36%	34%	69%	68%
Food safety	34%	33%	67%	66%
Allergies (pollen/mould)	32%	30%	68%	67%
Food-borne illness	27%	27%	61%	60%
Indirect impacts (mass migration, loss of jobs/income)	27%	26%	63%	60%

On the other hand, the perceived health risk from these factors tends to be lower among residents of the Prairie provinces.

Finally, the perceived health risk from forest fires or forest fire smoke is consistent both within and outside higher risk forest fire areas.

Impact on Indigenous health and culture

Majorities of Indigenous people believe climate change is having at least a moderate impact on their connection to the land and their ability to eat healthy foods.

Indigenous people who believe in climate change were asked about the extent to which they believe their health and culture is being affected by it. They are most likely to say climate change has had at least a moderate impact on Indigenous peoples' connection to the land (64%) and on their ability to eat healthy foods (56%). Fewer than half believe that climate change is affecting transmission of knowledge and beliefs (48%) or their ability to cope with the impact on their mental health (44%).

Current versus future health risks of climate change

Impact on health and culture
Base: Believe in climate change – Indigenous peoples only
	Major risk	Major or moderate risk
Q8. The next question is about how you feel climate change is affecting your health and your culture. Is climate change having a major, moderate, minor impact or no impact at all on each of the following?
Indigenous peoples' connection to the land	39%	35%	64%	59%
Your ability to eat healthy foods	29%	28%	56%	62%
Passing down knowledge/beliefs from elders to youth	23%	18%	48%	48%
Your ability to cope with impact on your mental health	16%	16%	44%	46%

Half of climate change believers say it poses a health risk to Canadians today, compared to four in ten who say the risk will happen in the future.

Canadians who believe in climate change were asked if they think that it already poses a health risk today, or if this is something that will happen in the future. Half (53%) believe that climate change poses a current health risk, while four in ten (40%) say it will pose such a risk in the future. Only five percent insist there are no health risks from climate change, either now or in the future.

This belief is also linked to perceived vulnerability to climate change. Individuals who feel more personally vulnerable to climate change, or who have someone in their household who they consider vulnerable, are more likely to say climate change poses a health risk today (69% and 71%, respectively).

Vulnerability to climate change health impacts

Does climate change pose a health risk to Canadians?
Base: Believe in climate change
	Phone only (n=1379)	Phone & Online (n=1751)
Q9. Do you think that climate change already poses a risk to Canadians today, or do you think this is something that will happen in the future or it poses no risk now or in the future?
Poses a risk today	53%	52%
Will pose a risk in the future	40%	39%
No risks now or in the future	5%	5%
Depends	2%	4%

Over half feel personally vulnerable to climate change health impacts; almost four in ten have someone in their household who is vulnerable.

Personal vulnerability. A majority (55%) believe they are either definitely (18%) or likely (37%) vulnerable to the potential health impacts of climate change.

Belief in one's own personal vulnerability (definitely or likely) is significantly higher among:

Whether personally vulnerable to climate change health impacts
Base: Believe in climate change
	Phone only (n=1379)	Phone & Online (n=1751)
Q11. What about your own health? Do you believe that you personally are definitely, likely, likely not, or definitely not vulnerable to the potential health impacts of climate change?
Definitely vulnerable	18%	18%
Likely vulnerable	37%	38%
*Top 2 box (net)*	*55%*	*56%*
Likely not vulnerable	28%	27%
Definitely not vulnerable	15%	14%

Household vulnerability. Close to four in ten (37%) say there is someone in their household who would be particularly impacted by climate change.

The proportion with an especially vulnerable household member is significantly higher among:

Steps taken to protect against potential health impacts of climate change

Someone in household especially vulnerable to climate change health impacts
Base: Believe in climate change
	Phone only (n=1379)	Phone & Online (n=1751)
Q12. Is there anyone else in your immediate household who you think would be especially vulnerable to the potential health impacts of climate change?
Yes, have vulnerable household member	37%	37%

A minority of climate change believers have taken action to protect themselves and their families from the health impacts of climate change.

Close to four in ten (38%) who believe in climate change say they have taken steps in the past year to protect themselves and their families from the potential health risks and/or impacts of climate change, although no single action stands out as more widespread than others. A few of these actions are more in line with mitigation (reducing the impacts of climate change), such as recycling and increasing their home's energy efficiency, rather than protective or adaptive measures.

Steps taken in past year to protect from climate change health impacts
Base: Believe in climate change
	Phone only (n=1379)	Phone & Online (n=1751)
Q14. Have you personally taken any steps in the past year to protect yourself or family members from the potential health risks and/or impacts of climate change?
Any protective steps	38%	37%
Better eating habits/gardening	8%	8%
Use more sunscreen	7%	6%
Recycling	7%	6%
Increase home's energy efficiency	6%	5%
Watch weather more closely	5%	5%
Drive less	3%	3%
Flu shot/immunization	2%	2%
Installed air conditioning	2%	2%
Have an emergency plan/kit	1%	1%
Prepare for storms	1%	1%
Vigilant for ticks on person/pets	1%	1%
Other mentions	10%	11%
None	62%	63%

The proportion who have taken any protective actions is significantly higher among:

III. Infectious diseases

One potential health impact of climate change is an increase in the number and type of vector-borne diseases. This section explores the extent to which Canadians see these diseases as a health risk, and the steps they have taken to protect themselves and their families.

Risk to health from infectious diseases

Of diseases caused by an insect bite, Lyme disease is perceived to be the biggest health risk, followed by West nile virus.

Seven in ten (69%) Canadians believe Lyme disease poses at least a moderate health risk, while six in ten (59%) say the same about West nile virus. Fewer perceive the same degree of risk from Zika (40%), malaria (32%) or yellow fever (27%); in those three cases, half or more say the risk is minor or there is no risk at all.

Taken steps to protect against infectious diseases

Risk to health from infectious diseases caused by insect bite
Base: Total sample
	Major risk	Major or moderate risk
Q17. I will now read you a list of diseases caused by a mosquito / tick bite. Please tell me whether you think each of the following poses a major risk, moderate risk, a minor risk or no risk at all to the health of Canadians.
Lyme disease	31%	30%	69%	68%
West Nile Virus	22%	22%	59%	58%
Zika	17%	17%	40%	40%
Malaria	15%	15%	32%	32%
Yellow Fever	11%	11%	27%	28%

A minority of Canadians have taken protective action against being infected by a vector-borne illness.

Over four in ten Canadians (43%) say they have taken steps in the past year to protect themselves and family members against the bite of an infected mosquito or tick. The step most commonly taken (mentioned without prompting) is to always use insect repellent (23%), followed by wearing long pants and long sleeves (11%). A number of other steps are mentioned, such as avoiding outdoor areas where mosquitos or ticks are known to be bad (6%), updating their immunizations (6%), using insect repellent in marshy or treed areas (5%) and checking for ticks (5%).

The proportion who have taken any protective actions is significantly higher among:

Source of information

Taken steps to protect against infectious diseases caused by insect bite
Base: Total sample
	Phone Only (n=1425)	Phone & Online (n=1833)
Q18. Have you personally taken any steps in the past year to protect yourself or family members to prevent against diseases caused by the bite from an infected mosquito or tick? Q19. What steps have you taken?
Yes, taken steps	43%	41%
Using insect repellent / spray always	23%	22%
Wearing long pants and long sleeves	11%	11%
Avoid outdoor areas known for higher volume of mosquitos/ticks	6%	7%
Vaccinations/immunizations/shots	6%	6%
Using insect repellent / spray only when going into marshy / treed areas	5%	5%
Checking for ticks on skin after being outdoors	5%	5%
Check pets after being outdoors	3%	2%
Reducing time outdoors during peak mosquito periods	3%	2%
Avoid standing water	2%	2%
Wearing light coloured clothing when outdoors	1%	1%
Other	4%	4%

The Internet is by far the source most likely to be used for information about vector-borne disease; doctors are a distant second.

By a wide margin, Canadians are most likely to do an Internet search (75%) if they wanted to find out more about vector-borne diseases; one in five also mention specific federal government websites (19%). A doctor or specialist (19%) is the next most likely source. A variety of other sources are mentioned by four percent of Canadians or fewer.

Online sources are by far the preferred source for this type of information in all regions and segments of the Canadian population.

IV. Extreme weather and emergency preparedness

While many of the efforts to adapt to climate change will require action by communities and varying levels of government, there are also many adaptive actions can take. As such, it is important to assess what Canadians know about the risks of extreme weather events and what, if any, preventive steps they may be prepared to undertake. The survey asked opinions about extreme weather events as a health risk; about perceptions of the likelihood of extreme weather events; and about whether the household has taken emergency preparedness steps.

Health risk from extreme weather events

Source of information about infectious diseases
Base: Total sample
	Phone Only (n=1425)	Phone & Online (n=1833)
Q20. If you wanted more information about these types of diseases, where would you look or what sources would you use?
Web/Internet/Google search	75%	74%
Federal Government website such as HC and PHAC	19%	18%
Doctor / Specialist	19%	18%
Books/library/journals	4%	3%
Newspaper/Magazine ad	3%	3%
Your provincial government	3%	3%
TV	3%	2%
US Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC)	2%	2%
Your municipal government / local government (e.g. city)	2%	1%
Hospital/health clinic/center/unit	2%	2%
Other	8%	9%

Four in ten Canadians believe extreme weather events pose at least a moderate health risk to them and their family. Most Canadians can identify at least one extreme weather event that could pose a health risk, the most common being winter storms and extreme heat events.

A minority of Canadians believe the risk to their health and that of their family from extreme weather events is either major (12%) or moderate (30%); more than half (57%) say the risk is minor, or there is no risk at all.

Belief that extreme weather events pose at least a moderate health risk is significantly higher among:

The large majority of Canadians (92%) can identify (without prompting) at least one extreme weather event that poses a health risk. These are most likely to include winter storms (22%) and extreme heat events (17%), followed by floods (11%), hurricanes (10%) and wind storms (9%).

The types of extreme weather events identified as health risks vary primarily by region:

Impact of changing weather patterns for Indigenous people

Risk to health from extreme weather events
Base: Total sample
	Phone Only (n=1425)	Phone & Online (n=1833)
Q21. How much of a health risk do you believe extreme weather events present to you and your family? Do they present:
A major health risk	12%	13%
A moderate health risk	30%	31%
*Top 2 box (net)*	*42%*	*44%*
A minor health risk	40%	39%
No health risk at all	17%	15%

Extreme weather events that pose greatest risk to health
Base: Total sample
	Phone Only (n=1425)	Phone & Online (n=1833)
Q22. Which extreme weather events do you feel pose the greatest risk to your health and the health of your family?
Winter storms/blizzards	22%	20%
Extreme heat/heat waves	17%	17%
Floods	11%	10%
Hurricanes	10%	9%
Wind storms	9%	7%
Forest fires	5%	4%
Tornadoes	4%	5%
Earthquake	3%	3%
Drought	2%	3%
Extreme cold	2%	3%
Other	7%	9%
None/dk/na	8%	10%

Indigenous peoples believe changing weather patterns are having an impact in a variety of ways, but particularly on animal migration patterns or fish populations.

To what extent are Indigenous people seeing the impact of changing weather patterns on their ways of life? Majorities are seeing at least a moderate impact on animal migration patterns (71%), the location of berries and foods (67%), ice roads (66%), traditional fishing or hunting grounds (64%) and housing conditions (53%). Half say climate change is impacting their ability to get out on the land (50%), while four in ten (43%) say the same about their ability to store traditional foods.

Household emergency plan

Impact of changing weather patterns
Base: Total sample – Indigenous people only
	Major impact	Major or moderate impact
Q23. The next question is about weather conditions and climate change. Do you feel that changing weather patterns are having a major, moderate, minor impact or no impact at all on…?
Animal migration patterns or fish populations	52%	47%	71%	69%
Traditional fishing, hunting or trapping grounds	42%	36%	64%	65%
The location of berries, foods or traditional medicines	42%	34%	67%	65%
Ice roads	41%	42%	66%	66%
Your ability to get out on the land	23%	25%	50%	55%
Housing conditions	22%	23%	53%	54%
Your ability to store traditional foods	22%	20%	43%	44%

Similar to 2008, four in ten Canadian households report having an emergency plan.

It is recommended that Canadians households prepare and discuss an emergency plan so that family members can locate and protect each other more effectively in the event of a natural disaster or emergency. Four in ten (40%) Canadians say they have such a plan; this proportion is essentially unchanged since 2008.

However, this proportion appears to be overstated, which is to be expected given the high level of social desirability associated with a having such a plan in the context of this survey: only one-quarter (26%) of online respondents reported that their household has an emergency plan.

The proportion reporting that they have an emergency household plan is significantly higher among:

Household has an emergency household plan
Base: Total sample
	Phone only	Phone and Online
Q24. Does your household currently have a plan for what to do to protect yourself and your family in the event of a natural disaster or emergency? Such a plan might include how you would evacuate your home, or how to stay in contact with other family members.
Yes, have emergency plan	42%	40%	37%

Notably, having a household emergency plan is also highest among the small group of climate change deniers (65%, vs. 38% who say climate change definitely exists and 45% who say it may).

Contrary to what might be expected, the likelihood of having an emergency plan is not any higher among those who believe extreme weather events present a health risk.

Likelihood of community disaster caused by extreme weather

Four in ten Canadians believe their community will very likely experience a weather-related disaster within their lifetime.

Relatively few Canadians believe a weather-related disaster is very likely to occur in their community. Less than one in ten (8%) think it will happen in the next two years, and this increases to four in ten (39%) who think it will happen in their lifetime; however, a majority (60%) don't believe any of the scenarios are very likely to happen.

Strong belief (i.e., very likely) in an extreme-weather disaster during any timeframe is significantly higher among:

Information sources about extreme weather

Likelihood of an extreme weather-related disaster in your community
Base: Total sample
	Very likely	Very or somewhat likely
Q25. Do you think it is very, somewhat, not very or not at all likely that a disaster caused by extreme weather will occur and affect you or your community:
Within your lifetime	39%	38%	74%	72%
Within the next 10 years	24%	23%	64%	62%
Within the next two years	8%	7%	36%	35%
None of the above	60%	60%	22%	24%

The sources that Canadians would turn to for extreme weather information about their community are fragmented, but are most likely to include TV and the Internet.

There are a wide variety of sources that Canadians would consult if they needed information about extreme weather in their community, with no single source that is top-of-mind. Canadians are most likely to look for this information on TV (26%), or on the Weather Network – either on TV (21%) or on the website (20%). By comparison, relatively few mention Environment Canada specifically (8%).

Sources for information about extreme weather vary across the population as follows:

Frequency of checking for extreme weather alerts

Source of information about extreme weather (top mentions)
Base: Total sample
	Phone Only (n=1425)	Phone & Online (n=1833)
Q26. Where are you most likely to look for information about extreme weather that might affect your community?
TV	26%	36%
Weather Network (TV)	21%	28%
Weather Network (website)	20%	27%
Google/Google search	17%	16%
Radio	14%	21%
Internet/online/website (unspecified)	12%	11%
Newspaper	8%	12%
Environment Canada	8%	7%
Weather apps	8%	12%
MétéoMédia	6%	5%
Weather network/channel	6%	5%

Over half of Canadians regularly check for extreme weather events, although this level has declined since 2008.

An indicator of proactive responsibility for the health effects of climate change is being aware of the weather, so that precautions can be taken if needed. Over half of Canadians (54%) say household members check regularly for such weather information; this proportion has declined since 2008 (down 7 points). A further two in ten (23%) check at least occasionally, while the remaining two in ten indicate that they rarely (16%) or never (7%) check for extreme weather news.

The proportion who regularly check for extreme weather alerts is significantly higher among:

Taking action in response to extreme weather

Frequency of checking for extreme weather alerts
Base: Total sample
	Phone only	Phone and Online
Q27. How often do you or others in your household listen or check for extreme weather alerts in your local area? Is this done?
Regularly	61%	54%	51%
Occasionally	20%	23%	26%
Rarely	12%	16%	17%
Never	6%	7%	7%

More than half of Canadians say they regularly or occasionally change their daily routines as result of extreme weather alerts; a similar proportion have taken action or changed plans specifically as a result of a heat warning.

Extreme weather alert. To what extent do Canadians take action to reduce their health risk from extreme weather by changing their daily routines? More than half (55%) say they do so regularly (23%) or occasionally (32%). Four in ten (43%) say they rarely or never change their routines as a result of an extreme weather alert.

The proportion who regularly or occasionally change their daily routine in response to extreme weather alerts is significantly higher among:

How often change daily routines as a result of an extreme weather alert
Base: Total sample
	Phone Only (n=1425)	Phone & Online (n=1833)
Q28. How often do you take steps or make changes in your daily routine as a result of an extreme weather alert?
Regularly	23%	21%
Occasionally	32%	32%
*Top 2 box (net)*	*55%*	*53%*
Rarely	27%	29%
Never	16%	15%

Heat warnings. Specifically in response to an extreme heat warning or heat wave, half of Canadians (51%) say they have taken action or changed their plans.

The proportion that has taken action as a result of a heat warning/heat wave is significantly higher among:

Symptoms of heat illness

Ever taken action/changed plans as a result of a heat warning
Base: Total sample
	Phone Only (n=1425)	Phone & Online (n=1833)
Q29. When thinking specifically about extreme heat or heat waves, have you ever taken action or changed your plans as a result of hearing a heat warning?
Yes, ever taken action	51%	51%

Canadians are most likely to mention dizziness, excessive thirst and nausea as symptoms of heat illness.

Most Canadians can identify (without prompting) at least one symptom of heat illness, the most common being dizziness (35%), followed by excessive thirst (29%) and nausea (25%).

Broadly speaking, these results are similar across the population. However, Canadians aged 35-54 and those with higher socioeconomic status (as represented by education and household income) are more likely than others to identify multiple symptoms of heat illness.

Protection from heat illness

Symptoms of heat illness
Base: Total sample
	Phone Only (n=1425)	Phone & Online (n=1833)
Q30. To the best of your knowledge, what are the symptoms of heat illness?
Dizziness	35%	33%
Excessive thirst / dry mouth	29%	29%
Nausea	25%	24%
Headache	19%	18%
Fainting	19%	18%
Weakness	16%	14%
Confusion / disorientation / staggering	14%	13%
Difficulty breathing	10%	10%
Lack of sweating (despite heat)	7%	7%
Heat rash	7%	6%
Rapid heartbeat	3%	3%
Swelling of hands, feed, ankles	2%	2%
Muscle cramps	2%	2%
Decreased urination/unusually dark yellow urine	1%	1%
Other (not specified)	44%	47%
dk/na	6%	6%

Canadians are most likely to stay inside and drink liquids to protect against heat illness.

Almost all Canadians can identify at least one way to protect themselves and their families from heat illness. More than half each say (unprompted) that they would stay inside when it's too hot (58%) or would drink lots of liquids (57%). About half that proportion would use air conditioning (27%), while others mention finding outdoor shade (18%) or wearing a hat (11%).

Broadly speaking, these results are similar across the population, with one notable exceptions:

Source of information about heat illness

Things would do to protect against heat illness
Base: Total sample
	Phone Only (n=1425)	Phone & Online (n=1833)
Q31. What kinds of things would you do to protect yourself and your family from heat illnesses?
Stay inside when it's too hot	58%	51%
Drink liquids/water	57%	57%
Turn on air conditioning	27%	25%
Find an outdoor shaded location (e.g. under a tree)	18%	19%
Wear a hat	11%	10%
Go to air conditioned public location (e.g. mall, community centre, library)	7%	7%
Go to a swimming pool/beach	7%	6%
Wear loose fitting clothing	6%	6%
Turn on fan	4%	4%
Take a shower	2%	2%
Close curtains/blinds	2%	1%
Other (not specified)	25%	26%
dk/na	4%	4%

Canadians are most likely to turn to the Internet, ahead of their doctor, for information about heat illness.

When asked who they would turn to get more information on heat illness, half of Canadians (51%) mention (without prompting) the Internet, while three in ten (30%) mention their doctor. Fewer would turn to Health Canada (8%), another health professional (8%) or friends or family (7%) for this purpose.

V. Climate change adaptation

Source for information about heat illness
Base: Total sample
	Phone Only (n=1425)	Phone & Online (n=1833)
Q32. Who would you turn to in order to obtain more information on heat illness?
Internet	51%	50%
Doctor	30%	30%
Health Canada	11%	10%
Other health professional	8%	7%
Friends/Family	7%	6%
Other government website	4%	5%
TV	4%	4%
Hospital/health clinic/center/unit	3%	3%
Local weather forecasters/Meteorologists	3%	3%
Nurse	2%	2%
Pharmacist	2%	2%
Other	7%	9%
dk/na	3%	3%

Adaptation involves making adjustments in our decisions, activities, and thinking because of observed or expected changes in climate, in order to reduce harm or take advantage of new opportunities.³ While these terms are widely used and understood by professionals working in the field of climate change, from a communications perspective, it is useful to know the baseline familiarity with and understanding of this terminology among the general public.

Familiarity with adaptation terminology

Just one-quarter of Canadians who believe in climate change are familiar with the terms climate change adaptation or climate resilience. This group is most likely to associate these terms with the idea of "being prepared for what's to come".

Familiarity. There is limited familiarity with these terms. One-quarter (26%) are very familiar or familiar with them. The large majority say they are either not very familiar (27%), know the words by name only (16%) or have never heard of them before (31%).

Familiarity (i.e., very familiar or familiar) with these terms is significantly higher among:

Familiarity with terms "climate change adaptation" or "climate resilience"
Base: Believe in climate change
	Phone Only (n=1425)	Phone & Online (n=1833)
Q33. How familiar are you with the terms "climate change adaptation" or "climate resilience"?
Very familiar	6%	5%
Familiar	20%	19%
*Top 2 box (net)*	*26%*	*24%*
Not very familiar	27%	31%
Know them by name only	16%	15%
Have never heard of them before	31%	30%

Meaning. When presented with potential definitions, Canadians with some familiarity with the terms are most likely to link them to the idea of being prepared for what's to come (40%). (It should be noted that the popularity of this choice may have been influenced by the context of the questionnaire, much of which focused on being prepared and taking preventive actions).

These results are consistent across regions and population segments, with no meaningful differences of note.

VI. Modal differences

The purpose of incorporating online interviews into the survey was to allow for comparisons across modes should Health Canada wish to move this study to a fully online methodology in the future. This section summarizes the similarities and differences between the telephone and online results.

Note that both the phone and online samples are weighted identically by region, age and gender to ensure they are representative of the Canadian population; thus, we can be more comfortable that differences are the result of modal differences rather than differences in their sample composition.

Overall, the phone and online results are largely consistent, meaning that they are within the margin of error and that any differences would not change the conclusions drawn based on the findings.

The primary differences occur where social desirability bias is a factor. The research literature has consistently demonstrated that interview-based surveys (e.g., telephone, in-person) have a tendency to elicit somewhat more socially-desirable responses (i.e., responses that will be viewed favourably by others), in comparison to surveys involving self-administration (paper and pencil questionnaires or online surveys) since the latter does not involve direct contact with another individual.

Perceived meaning of terminology
Base: Heard of terms
	Phone only (n=962)	Phone & Online (n=1236)
Q34. What do they mean to you?
Being prepared for what's to come	40%	32%
Change/adjustment	22%	20%
Becoming more flexible with change	15%	14%
Changing government rules/policies	9%	7%
Adapting to the changing climate	3%	8%
All of the above	2%	1%
Other	2%	3%
dk/na	2%	16%

Behavioural-based measures table
	Phone only (n=1425)	Online only (n=384)	Difference
Taken steps to protect against infectious diseases caused by insect bite (Q18)	43%	32%	-11
Have a household emergency plan (Q24)	40%	26%	-14
Regularly check for extreme weather alerts (Q27)	54%	37%	-17
Regularly change daily routine as a result of an extreme weather alert (Q28)	23%	15%	-8

Attitudinal-based measures table
	Phone only (n=1425)	Online only (n=384)	Difference
*Q5 – Climate change definitely or likely causes:*
Physical health conditions of Canadians	52%	41%	-11
Negative impacts on the economy/jobs	56%	38%	-18
Mental health conditions of Canadians	40%	27%	-13
Impact to health care availability	35%	25%	-10
Increases isolation/reduces belonging	31%	25%	-6
*Q7 – Major or moderate risk to health*
Indirect impacts (mass migration, loss of jobs/income)	63%	50%	-13
*Q25 – Extreme weather related disaster is very or somewhat likely...*
Within your lifetime	74%	64%	-10
Within the next 10 years	64%	53%	-11
Within the next two years	36%	30%	-6
None of the above	22%	33%	+11

Summary. We believe that the online results would serve as a valid and reliable new baseline against which to compare future survey results, if Health Canada chooses a fully online methodology going forward. This is based on the fact that, in most cases, the online data is similar to the telephone data, and that, where there are differences, the online data may actually more accurately represent the public's true opinions and behaviours.

VII. Conclusions

The research reveals that most Canadians have accepted the reality of climate change, confirming other public opinion research on this topic. Moreover, the public has a reasonably good understanding of the environmental impacts of the phenomenon (e.g., melting permafrost, flooding, more frequent storms). In contrast, it is still relatively early days for public understanding of the broader implications of climate change, such as impacts to the economy, mental health, health care availability and on belonging and culture.

When pressed, most Canadians acknowledge that climate change is causing health impacts, or will do so in the future. However, consistent with other research, a key challenge is that relatively few see the threat as immediate, local and/or personal. Minorities of Canadians believe a weather-related disaster is likely in their lifetime, have seen clear evidence of local climate change impacts, and feel personally vulnerable or have a household member who is. As a result, there is limited urgency to take protective action, if they are unlikely to feel direct effects or to anticipate such effects in the near term. In addition to building the case for protective action, there is also room for improvement in terms of what that looks like – that is, what steps the public should be taking that will be effective at protecting themselves and their families.

There is not yet widespread recognition of and understanding of what is meant by "climate change adaption" or "climate resilience". Thus, either the terms should be avoided (replaced with clearer terminology) or effort is required to increase familiarity with the terms, before they can be used as shorthand in communications to the public. The Internet is now a primary source for information on health-related topics, whether it be about climate change generally, infectious diseases, extreme weather events or heat illness. Nonetheless, this should continue to be complemented by more traditional information sources (e.g., health professionals, traditional media) – particularly to reach older Canadians and those with lower socioeconomic status who are more likely to search out information in these ways.

Appendix A: Methodology

Background and research objectives

Health Canada identified the need for public opinion research to understand public perceptions of climate change and its effects on their health, and more generally on climate change adaptation. Specific research objectives were to understand:

Methodology

To address the research objectives, a mixed-mode telephone and online survey was conducted with a total of 1,425 Canadians (aged 18 and over) from February 15 – March 10, 2017.

Sample design and weighting

Telephone. The telephone sampling method was designed to complete 1400 interviews with the target audience of Canadians aged 18 and older.

The base sample of 825 was stratified across five designated regions to ensure meaningful data analysis at the regional level. An additional 375 oversample interviews were conducted with Canadians living in higher risk forest fire areas, based on a list of Forward Sortation Areas (FSA) provided by Health Canada. A further 200 oversample interviews with conducted Indigenous people (with quotas set to ensure the final sample was representative by on- and off-reserve).

Environics employed industry-standard random-digit-dialling (RDD) methods as a basis for drawing a national sampling frame for this survey and used an industry-standard "most recent birthday" selection technique to randomly select a respondent within each selected household. Cell phone only (CPO) sample was also included.

The sample was stratified by region to allow for meaningful coverage of lower population areas:

The adjacent map of the forest fire FSAs demonstrates that the majority fall in the territories and in the northern parts of the western provinces, most of which represent rural areas.

**Sample design**
Region (% of population)	Telephone unweighted sample size	Margin of error (Phone sample only)*	Online unweighted sample size
* In percentage points, at the 95% confidence level
Atlantic Canada (7%)	202	+/-6.9	49
Quebec (24%)	341	+/-5.7	95
Ontario (38%)	346	+/-5.3	133
Prairies/NWT/Nunavut (17%)	413	+/-4.7	58
B.C./Yukon (13%)	147	+/-8.1	49
CANADA (100%)	1,449	+/-2.6	384

Online. The online sample was designed to achieve completed surveys with 375 adult Canadians. Survey participants were recruited via an online panel, and quotas were set to ensure the sample were generally representative of the Canadian population by age and gender. As with the telephone sample, the online sample was stratified by region to allow for meaningful coverage of lower population areas (see table above).

Weighting. At the analysis stage, the telephone and online survey data were each weighted separately to the national adult population (by region, age and gender, plus for the telephone sample, by forest fire areas and the Indigenous population), and then combined.

Questionnaire design and pre-testing

The questionnaire was designed by Environics in consultation with representatives from Health Canada and the collaborative partners. Where relevant, the questionnaire incorporated tracking questions from a 2008 survey on climate change and health. The questionnaire was initially developed as a telephone survey; upon client approval of the content, Environics then adapted the survey for online administration. The final study questionnaire is included in Appendix B.

Pre-test. An initial pretest of 10 interviews in each of English and French was conducted on February 10, 2015 and audited using recordings by Environics and Government of Canada staff. These interviews included standard GC pretest probing questions. The survey came in significantly longer than budgeted. As a result, the survey was reviewed, edits, as well as adjustments to the sample size were made to the survey to fall within the budget. The English and French surveys proceeded February 20, 2017.

Fieldwork

Telephone. Telephone interviewing was conducted by Elemental Data Collection (EDCI) using Computer Aided Telephone Interviewing (CATI) technology. Field supervisors were present at all times to ensure accurate interviewing and recording of responses. A minimum of ten percent of each interviewer's work was unobtrusively monitored for quality control in accordance with the standards set out by the Marketing Research and Intelligence Association (MRIA). The telephone survey averaged 19 minutes to deliver.

Data analysts programmed the questionnaire in CATI then performed thorough testing to ensure accuracy in set-up and data collection. This validation ensured that the data entry process conformed to the survey's basic logic. The CATI system handles sampling dialling, quotas and questionnaire completion (skip patterns, branching, and valid ranges). The system also ensures that callbacks are conducted in a timely manner. No number is called twice in a two-hour period. Callbacks are conducted on different days of the week and at different times of the day (i.e. morning, afternoon). This system ensures all scheduled appointments are kept, maximizing the response rate and sample representativeness. Up to eight callbacks were made to reach each household selected in the sample.

Online. The surveys were conducted by Environics using a secure, fully featured web-based survey environment. The average length of time to complete the online survey was 19 minutes.

Environics' data analysts programmed the questionnaires then performed thorough testing to ensure accuracy in set-up and data collection. This validation ensured that the data entry process conformed to the surveys' basic logic. The data collection system handles sampling invitations, quotas and questionnaire completion (skip patterns, branching, and valid ranges).

Quality control

All respondents were offered the opportunity to complete the survey in their official language of choice. All research work was conducted in accordance with the standards established by federal government Public Opinion Research (POR) requirements, as well as applicable federal legislation (Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, or PIPEDA). The survey was registered with the MRIA's research registration system, which permits the public to verify a survey call, inform themselves about the industry and/or register a complaint.

Completion results

Telephone. The telephone sample for this survey consisted of 1,449 interviews with adult Canadians. The effective response rate for the survey is nine percent.⁴ This is calculated as the number of responding participants (completed interviews plus those disqualified because of survey requirements and quotas being filled), divided by unresolved numbers (e.g., busy, no answer) plus non-responding households or individuals (e.g., refusals, language barrier, missed callbacks) plus responding participants [R/(U+IS+R)]. The disposition of all contacts is presented in the following table:

Non-response bias analysis

The table below presents a profile of the final telephone sample, compared to the actual population of Canada (2011 Census information). As is typically the case for general population telephone surveys, older individuals are easier to reach, so the survey overrepresented those age 55+ (this was corrected with age weighting). The final sample also somewhat under-represents those with high school or less education, which is a typical pattern for telephone surveys in Canada (e.g., individuals with more education are more likely to respond to telephone surveys).

Appendix B: Survey questionnaire

**Telephone completion results**
	TOTAL	Landline	Cell
Total Numbers Attempted	55263	31088	25444
Out-of-scope – Invalid	24163	8111	16052
Unresolved (U)	15161	9872	5289
No answer/Answering machine	15161	9872	5289
In-scope – Non-responding (IS)	3649	2268	1381
Language barrier	301	217	84
Incapable of completing (ill/deceased)	229	209	20
Callback (Respondent not available)	3119	1842	1277
Total Asked	12290	10837	2722
Refusal	10293	8136	2157
Termination	356	254	102
In-scope – Responding units (R)	2910	2447	463
Completed Interview	1449	1034	415
NQ – Quota Full	136	94	42
NQ – Age	17	11	6
NQ – Out of Area (Forest Fire Risk)	39	39	0
NQ – Non-Aboriginal (Aboriginal oversample)	1269	1269	0
Response Rate	9.36	10.65	4.93
Incidence	49.79	42.26	89.63
Survey Length (in minutes)	19.3	19.9	18.1

**Contact disposition**
	Total
Total invitations (c)	1724
Total completes (d)	384
Qualified break-offs (e)	55
Disqualified (f)	87
Not responded (g)	1039
Quota filled (h)	159
Contact rate = (d+e+f+h)/c	40%
Participation rate = (d+f+h)/c	37%

**Sample profile**
	Phone Sample*	Canada
* Data are unweighted and percentaged on those giving a response to each demographic question α Actual Census categories differ from those used in this survey and have been recalculated to correspond. Statistics Canada figures for education are for Canadians aged 25 to 64 years.
Gender (18+)
Male	50	48
Female	50	52
Age
18-34	18	28
35-54	33	37
55+	49	36
Education level α
High school diploma or less	32	40
Trades/college/post sec no degree	35	32
University degree	33	28

Interdepartmental Public Opinion Research – Climate Change Adaptation:
Survey questions

Good afternoon/evening. My name is Insert Name and I am calling from Environics, a public opinion research company.

We are conducting a study on behalf of the Government of Canada to find out what people think about issues facing Canada today. Please be assured that we are not selling or soliciting anything. The survey is voluntary and your responses will be kept entirely confidential and anonymous. This survey is registered with the national survey registration system.

[If Asked: This survey is registered with the national survey registration system. The registration system has been created by the Canadian survey research industry to allow the public to verify that a survey is legitimate, get information about the survey industry or register a complaint. The registration system's toll-free telephone number is 1-888-602-6742, extension 8728].

We choose telephone numbers at random and then select one person from each household to be interviewed. To do this, we would like to speak to the person in your household, 18 years of age or older, who has had the most recent birthday. Would that be you?

A. Are you in a safe place to talk – for example not operating a motor vehicle?

E. To ensure we include people from all parts of Canada, what are the six digits of your postal code?
Record Response

F2. Do you participate in any traditional First Nation/Inuit/Metis activities, such as hunting, fishing, trapping, crafts, harvesting of traditional berries, foods and/or medicines, or other activities?

A. Climate Change (impact) awareness and perceptions

1. There has been a lot of discussion lately about the issue of climate change. Do you believe that climate change is something that is definitely happening, or something which may be happening but is not yet proven, or climate change is not happening at all?

2. Have you noticed any changes in your community which you think are definitely, likely, or possibly the result of climate change or you have not noticed any changes?

3. And are you aware of any changes in other parts of Canada which you think are definitely, likely, or possibly the result of climate change or you have not noticed any changes?

4. (If Definitely/Likely/Possibly in Q2 OR Q3) What kinds of changes have you noticed?
Do Not Read List - Code All That Apply - Limit Probing

5. Would you say that climate change definitely causes, likely causes, likely does not cause or definitely does not cause each of the following types of impacts in Canada?

Split sample all so half of list is asked to each respondent except high rish forest fire respondents. they will receive all these items.

B. Climate Change and Health

6. In what ways, if any, do you think climate change poses a risk to the health of Canadians? Please be as specific as possible.
Do Not Read List - Code All That Apply - Limit Probing

7. How much of a risk to the health of [Canadians]/ [INSERT CODES 01, 02 OR 03 AT QF: First Nations peoples/Inuit/Métis] is there from each of the following?

8. If F=01, 02 or 03: The next question is about how you feel climate change is affecting your health and your culture. Is climate change having a major, moderate, minor impact or no impact at all on each of the following?
Randomize

9. Do you think that climate change already poses a risk to Canadians today, or do you think this is something that will happen in the future or it poses no risk now or in the future?

11. What about your own health? Do you believe that you personally are definitely, likely, likely not, or definitely not vulnerable to the potential health impacts of climate change?

12. Is there anyone else in your immediate household who you think would be especially vulnerable to the potential health impacts of climate change?

14. Have you personally taken any steps in the past year to protect yourself or family members from the potential health risks and/or impacts of climate change?
Do Not Read - Code up to 3 Responses - Limit Probing

Climate Change and Health – Infectious diseases

Now, I would like to talk to you about Infectious diseases that are caused by the bite of an infected mosquito or tick.

17. I will now read you a list of diseases caused by a mosquito / tick bite. Please tell me whether you think each of the following poses a major risk, moderate risk, a minor risk or no risk at all to the health of Canadians:
Randomize

18. Have you personally taken any steps in the past year to protect yourself or family members to prevent against diseases caused by the bite from an infected mosquitoe or tick?:

20. If you wanted more information about these types of diseases, where would you look or what sources would you use?
Do Not Read List

Climate Change and Health – Extreme weather

I would now like to ask you about extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, violent wind storms, heat waves, floods and major blizzards...

21. How much of a health risk do you believe extreme weather events present to you and your family? Do they present:

22. Which extreme weather events do you feel poses the greatest risk to your health and the health of your family?
Do Not Read List - Code One Only

23. IF F=01, 02 OR 03: The next question is about weather conditions and climate change. Do you feel that changing weather patterns are having a major, moderate, minor impact or no impact at all on:
Randomize

24. Does your household currently have a plan for what to do to protect yourself and your family in the event of a natural disaster or emergency? Such a plan might include how you would evacuate your home, or how to stay in contact with other family members.

25. Do you think it is very, somewhat, not very or not at all likely that a disaster caused by extreme weather will occur and affect you or your community:

26. Where are you most likely to look for information about extreme weather that might affect your community?

27. How often do you or others in your household listen or check for extreme weather alerts in your local area? Is this done:

28. How often do you take steps or make changes in your daily routine as a result of an extreme weather alert?

29. When thinking specifically about extreme heat or heat waves, have you ever taken action or changed your plans as a result of hearing a heat warning?

30. To the best of your knowledge, what are the symptoms of heat illness?
Do Not Read the List

31. What kinds of things would you do to protect yourself and your family from heat illnesses?
Do Not Read the List

32. Who would you turn to in order to obtain more information on heat illness?
Do Not Read the List

C. Climate Change Adaptation

33. How familiar are you with the terms "climate change adaptation" or "climate resilience"

D. Health Status/Demographic Questions

Finally, I'd like to ask you a few questions about yourself and your household that will help us analyze the results of this survey...

D4. What is the highest level of formal education that you have completed?
(Read list)

I. What language do you speak most often at home? [Read List -- Accept All That Apply]

J. Which of the following categories best describes your current employment status? Are you [Read List - Accept One Answer Only]

D10. Which of the following categories best describes your total household income? That is, the total income of all persons in your household combined, before taxes [Read List]?

This completes the survey. In case my supervisor would like to verify that I conducted this interview, may I have your first name?

This survey was conducted on behalf of the Government of Canada, and is registered under the Federal Access to Information Act. Thank you very much for your participation.

Recherche interministérielle sur l'opinion publique – Adaptation au changement climatique : Projet de questions du sondage

Bonjour/bonsoir. Je m'appelle [Insert Name] et j'appelle d'Environics, une compagnie de recherche sur l'opinion publique.

Confirmer si le(la) Répondant(e) préfère l'Anglais ou le Français

Nous effectuons une étude pour le Gouvernement du Canada sur ce que pense le public des questions que le Canada affronte aujourd'hui. Soyez assuré(e) que nous ne vendons ni ne sollicitons rien. Le sondage est volontaire et vos réponses resteront confidentielles et anonymes. Ce sondage est enregistré auprès du système national d'enregistrement des sondages.

Le sondage devrait prendre environ 15 minutes à compléter.

[Si demandé : Le sondage est commandité par le Gouvernement du Canada]

[Si demandé : Ce sondage est enregistré auprès du système national d'enregistrement des sondages. Le système d'enregistrement a été mis sur pied par l'industrie canadienne de la recherche par sondage afin de permettre au public de vérifier la légitimité d'un sondage, d'obtenir de l'information à propos du secteur des sondages ou de déposer une plainte. Le numéro de téléphone sans frais du système d'enregistrement est le suivant : 1-888-602-6742, poste 8728].

Si téléphone filaire

Nous choisissons des numéros de téléphone au hasard, puis nous choisissons d'interviewer une personne du foyer. Nous aimerions parler à la personne de votre foyer de 18 ans ou plus dont l'anniversaire de naissance est le plus récent. Est-ce vous ?

Si téléphone cellulaire, demander A et B

A. Êtes-vous en lieu sûr pour parler – par exemple, pas au volant d'une voiture ?

Oui [Se présenter de nouveau, au besoin]
Non [Fixer un moment pour le rappel]

B. À la maison, avez-vous une ligne de téléphone traditionnelle autre qu'un cellulaire ?

Oui [Vérifier contre le quota]
Non [Vérifier contre le quota]

F. En quelle année êtes-vous né(e) ?

G. De quel groupe d'âge êtes-vous ?

01 – 18 à 24 ans
02 – 25 à 34 ans
03 – 35 à 44 ans
04 – 45 à 54 ans
05 – 55 à 64 ans
06 – 65 à 74 ans
07 – 75 ou plus
Volontaire
100 - Refus

H. Pour nous assurer d'inclure des gens de toutes les parties du Canada, quels sont les six chiffres de votre code postal ?

F. Lequel des qualificatifs suivants vous identifie le mieux ? Êtes-vous…?

01 – Premières Nations
02 – Inuk
03 – Métis
04 – Non autochtone
Volontaire
05 - Inuit
06 - Inuvialuit
98 - Autre (Préciser)
99 - Refuse

SI F=01, 02 OU 03 : Participez-vous à l'une des activités traditionnelles des Premières Nations, des Inuits ou des Métis, comme la pêche, la chasse, le trappage, l'artisanat, la récolte de baies, d'aliments et/ou de médicaments traditionnels ou d'autres activités ?

Projet de thèmes et de questions du sondage :

A. Connaissance et perceptions (de l'effet) du changement climatique

2008 – Q4a

1. Il a beaucoup été question de changement climatique ces derniers temps. Croyez-vous que le changement climatique est un phénomène qui se produit vraiment ou qui pourrait se produire, mais n'est pas encore prouvé ?

Le changement climatique se produit vraiment
Le changement climatique pourrait se produire, mais n'est pas encore prouvé passez a Q17
NSP/PR

2008 – Q5

2. Avez-vous observé des changements dans votre milieu qui, selon vous, sont nettement, probablement ou possiblement le résultat du changement climatique ?

Nettement le résultat du changement climatique
Probablement le résultat du changement climatique
Possiblement le résultat du changement climatique
Aucun changement observé
Ça dépend/difficile à dire
NSP/PR

2008 – Q6

3. Êtes-vous au courant de changements ailleurs au Canada qui, selon vous, sont nettement, probablement ou possiblement le résultat du changement climatique ?

Nettement le résultat du changement climatique
Probablement le résultat du changement climatique
Possiblement le résultat du changement climatique
Aucun changement observé
Ça dépend/difficile à dire
NSP/PR

2008 – Q7

4. (Si nettement/probablement/possiblement à la Q2 ou à la Q3) Quelle sorte de changements avez-vous observés ?
- coder tout ce qui s'applique - limiter le sondage

Températures plus chaudes/temps plus chaud
Températures plus froides/temps plus froid
Plus de vagues de chaleur/chaleur extrême
Temps plus imprévisible
Temps plus extrêmes
Plus de tempêtes
Vents plus forts
Plus de pollution atmosphérique/moins bonne qualité de l'air
Niveaux d'eau plus bas
Niveaux d'eau plus hauts
Plus d'inondations/inondations plus graves
Moins de glace/neige
Moins de pluie
Plus de glace/neige
Plus de pluie
Plus de feux de forêt
Moins de feux de forêt
Affecte la toundra/le pergélisol
Changements dans la structure des mouvements migratoires
Récolte d'aliments comme les baies et les médicaments traditionnels
Hausse des problèmes de santé physique
Hausse des problèmes de santé mentale
Hausse du risque ou de la propagation de maladies contagieuses
Chemins d'hiver
Autre (Préciser)
NSP/PR

2008 – Q8 avec de nouveaux objets

5. Diriez-vous que le changement climatique cause nettement, probablement, probablement pas ou nettement pas les effets suivants au Canada ?
–Split Sample]

a. Fonte du pergélisol dans les régions arctiques
b. Érosion côtière
c. Feux de forêt
d. Chaleur extrême ou vagues de chaleur
e. Froid extrême
f. Tempêtes plus fréquentes, comme des ouragans et des tempêtes de verglas
g. Perte d'habitat faunique
h. Conditions de sècheresse
i. Inondations des rivières et des zones côtières
j. Infestation plus grave des ravageurs de forêt
t. Santé physique des Canadiens
u. Santé mentale des Canadiens
v. Effets négatifs sur l'économie ou les emplois
w. Affaiblissement du rapport à la culture
x. Hausse de l'isolement et réduction du sens d'appartenance à la communauté
y. Pollution atmosphérique/moins bonne qualité de l'air
z. Hausse des allergies
aa. Effet sur l'approvisionnement alimentaire
bb. Effet sur la disponibilité des soins de santé

01 – Cause nettement
02 – Cause probablement
03 – Ne cause probablement pas
04 – Ne cause nettement pas
Volontaire
05 – Ça dépend
99 – NSP/PR

B. Changement climatique et santé

2008 – Q9

6. De quelle façon le changement climatique présente-t-il un risque pour la santé des Canadiens, selon vous ? Veuillez être aussi précis que possible.
- Coder tout ce qui s'applique - Limiter le sondage]

Effets de la qualité de l'air
- Hausse de la pollution atmosphérique
- Piètre qualité de l'air
- Hausse du smog
Problèmes respiratoires
Maladies contagieuses/
- Virus du Nil occidental/
- Virus de la grippe/influenza de type A
- Maladie de Lyme
- Autre maladie à transmission vectorielle
- Autres maladies contagieuses
Maladies transmises des animaux/de la nature aux humains
Effets de la qualité de l'eau
- Baisse de la qualité de l'eau
- Baisse d'approvisionnement d'eau potable
- Effet sur les espèces aquatiques
- Effet sur les cours d'eau destinés aux loisirs
Maladies d'origine hydrique
Maladies d'origine alimentaire
Coup de chaleur
Coup de soleil
Cancer de la peau
Cancer
Gelures
Stress/angoisse
Nutrition
Allergies (liées au pollen/à la moisissure)
Autre (Préciser)
Aucune
NSP/PR

Nouveau

7. Quelle sorte de risque les phénomènes suivants présentent-ils pour la santé des [Canadiens]/ [Insérer les codes 01, 02 OU 03 À LA QF : Membres des Premières Nations /Inuks/Métis] ?

Randomiser

o. Feux de forêt
p. Inondation
q. Propagation de maladies contagieuses (Lyme, Nil occidental, grippe/influenza)
r. Chaleur extrême
s. Sécurité alimentaire
t. Perte de pergélisol
u. Changements dans la qualité de l'air
v. Changements dans la qualité de l'eau
w. Effets indirects, ex. migration, perte d'emplois/de revenus
x. Allergies (pollen/moisissure)
y. Fumée des feux de forêt
z. salubrité alimentaire
aa. Maladie d'origine alimentaire
bb. Hausse du niveau de la mer/érosion côtière

Risque majeur
Risque modéré
Risque mineur
Aucun risque

8. Si F=01, 02 ou 03 : La prochaine question porte sur ce que vous estimez être l'effet du changement climatique sur votre santé et votre culture. Le changement climatique a-t-il un effet majeur, modéré, mineur ou nul sur ce qui suit ?

e. Votre capacité de manger des aliments sains
f. Votre capacité de surmonter l'effet sur votre santé mentale
g. Le lien des autochtones à la terre
h. La transmission des connaissances et des croyances des aînés à la jeunesse

Effet majeur
Effet modéré
Effet mineur
Aucun effet

2008 – Q11

9. Croyez-vous que le changement climatique présente déjà un risque pour les Canadiens ou présentera un risque dans l'avenir ?

Présente un risque aujourd'hui
Présentera un risque dans l'avenir
Aucun risque ni maintenant ni dans l'avenir
Ça dépend
- NSP/PR

2008 – Q14

11. Et votre santé ? Vous croyez-vous nettement, probablement, probablement pas ou nettement pas vulnérable aux effets possibles du changement climatique sur votre santé ?

Nettement vulnérable
Probablement vulnérable
Probablement invulnérable
Nettement invulnérable
Ça dépend
NSP/PR

2008 – Q15

12. Y en a-t-il d'autres chez vous que vous croyez particulièrement vulnérables aux effets possibles du changement climatique sur leur santé ?

Oui
Non
NSP/PR

2008 – Q17

14. Avez-vous personnellement pris des mesures au cours de la dernière année pour vous protéger ou protéger les membres de votre famille des risques possibles pour la santé et/ou des effets du changement climatique ?

[Ne pas lire – Coder jusqu'à trois réponses - Limiter le sondage]

Installé l'air climatisé,
Utilisé du DEET,
Mis au point un plan/une trousse d'urgence,
Vigilant pour les tiques sur les personnes/les animaux,
Augmenté l'efficacité énergétique de la maison,
Surveillé la météo de plus près
Préparé pour les tempêtes,
Recyclé
Allé au travail à vélo
Autre (Préciser)
Non/Aucune

Changement climatique et santé – Maladies contagieuses

J'aimerais maintenant vous parler des maladies contagieuses causées par les piqures de maringouins ou de tiques.

Nouveau

17. Je vous lirai maintenant une liste de maladies causées par les piqures de maringouins et de tiques. Dites-moi si vous croyez que les maladies suivants présentent un risque majeur, modéré, mineur ou nul pour la santé des Canadiens :

Maladie de Lyme
Virus du Nil occidental
Zika
Fièvre jaune
Malaria

Risque majeur
Risque modéré
Risque mineur
Aucun risque

Nouveau

18. Avez-vous personnellement pris des mesures au cours de la dernière année pour vous protéger ou protéger les membres de votre famille contre les maladies causées par les piqures de maringouins ou de tiques ?

Oui
Non
NSP/PR

Nouveau

19. Si oui à la Q18 : Quelles mesures avez-vous prises ?

utilisé des insectifuges / des vaporisateurs
utilisé des insectifuges / des vaporisateurs seulement dans les zones marécageuses / boisées
vérifié la présence de tiques sur la peau après être allé en plein air
vérifié les animaux après une sortie à l'extérieur
diminué vos sorties à l'extérieur durant les périodes de pointe pour les maringouins
évité les zones réputées pour la forte présence de maringouins ou de tiques
porté des vêtements de couleur pâle à l'extérieur
porté un pantalon et des manches longues
autre

Nouveau

20. Si vous vouliez vous renseigner davantage sur ces types de maladies, où chercheriez-vous ou quelles sources utiliseriez-vous ?

12. Les sites Web du gouvernement fédéral, comme Santé Canada et l'Agence de la santé publique du Canada
13. Votre gouvernement provincial
14. Votre gouvernement municipal / local
15. Le Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) des États-Unis
16. Médecin / spécialiste
17. Web/Internet
18. TV
19. Radio
20. Publicité dans les journaux/magazines
21. Réseaux sociaux
22. Amis
23. Autre : (Veuillez préciser)

Changement climatique et santé – Temps extrême

J'aimerais maintenant vous demander à propos des évènements météorologiques extrêmes comme les ouragans, les tempêtes de vent violent, les vagues de chaleur, les inondations et les grands blizzards...

2008 – Q18

21. Quelle sorte de risque pour votre santé et celle de votre famille présentent les évènements météorologiques extrêmes, selon vous ? Présentent-ils :

Un risque majeur
Un risque modéré
Un risque mineur ou
Aucun risque
NSP/PR

Nouveau

22. Quels évènements météorologiques extrêmes présentent le plus grand risque pour votre santé et celle de votre famille, selon vous ?
[Ne pas lire la liste –N'en codez qu'un seul]

La chaleur extrême/les vagues de chaleur
Les ouragans
Les tempêtes de vent
Les inondations
Les tempêtes hivernales/les blizzards
Les feux de forêt
Les sècheresses
Autre

23. Si F=01, 02 or 03 : La prochaine question porte sur les conditions météorologiques et le changement climatique. Croyez-vous que la situation météorologique changeante a un effet majeur, modéré, mineur ou nul sur :

h. Votre capacité de sortir
i. Les mouvements migratoires des animaux ou les populations de poissons
j. Les zones traditionnelles de pêche, de chasse ou de trappage
k. L'emplacement des baies, des aliments ou des médicaments traditionnels
l. Les routes de glace
m. Les conditions de logement
n. Votre capacité de stocker des aliments traditionnels

Effet majeur
Effet modéré
Effet mineur
Aucun effet
Non applicable

2008 – Q21

24. Y a-t-il chez vous un plan pour vous protéger, vous et votre famille, en cas de désastre naturel ou de situation d'urgence ? Tel plan pourrait inclure la façon d'évacuer votre maison ou de rester en contact avec les autres membres de la famille.

Oui
Non
NSP/PR

2008 – Q24

25. Croyez-vous qu'il est très, assez, pas très ou pas du tout probable qu'un désastre causé par une situation météorologique extrême survienne et vous affecte, vous et votre communauté :

a. D'ici deux ans
b. D'ici 10 ans
c. Durant votre vie

Très probable
Assez probable
Pas très probable
Pas du tout probable
Ça dépend
NSP/PR

2008 – Q25

26. Où êtes-vous le plus enclin à vous renseigner sur une situation météorologique extrême qui pourrait affecter votre communauté ?

TV
Radio
Journaux
Internet/site Web – [Demander le site précis]
Site Web du Gouvernement du Canada – [Demander le site précis]
Réseau de météo (TV)
Réseau de météo (site Web)
Ami/membre de la famille
Panneau d'affichage/affiche électronique extérieure
Applications météorologiques
Twitter
Facebook
Distributeurs de nouvelles
Ligne météorologique locale
Radio météo
EC-Alert Me
Robot Web au bas de l'écran de télé
Environnement Canada (Préciser le média)
Autre (Préciser)
NSP/PR

2008 – Q23 formulation révisée

27. À quelle fréquence vous ou d'autres personnes de votre foyer écoutez ou vérifiez les alertes de situation météorologique extrême dans votre région ? Est-ce :

Régulièrement
Occasionnellement
Rarement
Jamais
NSP/PR

28. Vous arrive-t-il souvent de prendre des mesures ou de modifier votre routine à la suite d'une alerte de situation météorologique extrême ?

Régulièrement
Occasionnellement
Rarement
Jamais
NSP/PR
Ça dépend

Nouveau

29. À propos de chaleur extrême ou de vagues de chaleur, avez-vous déjà pris des mesures ou changé vos plans à la suite d'un avertissement de chaleur extrême ?

Nouveau

30. Autant que vous sachiez, quels sont les symptômes de maladie causée par la chaleur ?

mal de tête
difficulté de respirer
rash causé par la chaleur
étourdissement
soif excessive / bouche sèche
faiblesse
évanouissement
crampes
pouls rapide
confusion / désorientation / chancelant
manque de transpiration (malgré la chaleur)
nausée
enflure des mains, des pieds, des chevilles
diminution d'urination/ urine anormalement jaune foncé
autre
NSP

Nouveau

31. Que feriez-vous pour vous protéger, vous et votre famille, contre les maladies causées par la chaleur ?

Rester à l'intérieur lorsqu'il fait trop chaud
Allumer l'air climatisé
Allumer un ventilateur
Aller dans un lieu public climatisé (ex. centre commercial, centre communautaire, bibliothèque)
Boire des liquides/de l'eau
Porter des vêtements amples
Porter un chapeau
Fermer les rideaux/les stores
Prendre une douche
Trouver un lieu ombragé à l'extérieur (ex. sous un arbre)
Aller à une piscine/une plage
Autre
NSP

Nouveau

32. Vers qui vous tourneriez-vous pour vous renseigner davantage sur les maladies causées par la chaleur ?

Médecin
Infirmier (infirmière)
Pharmacien (pharmacienne)
Autre professionnel(le) de la santé
Santé Canada
Autre site Web gouvernemental
Prévisionnistes/météorologues locaux
Amis/famille
Réseaux sociaux
TV
Radio
Internet
Autre
NSP

C. Adaptation au changement climatique

Nouveau

33. Connaissez-vous les expressions « adaptation au changement climatique » ou « résilience climatique » ?

01 – Très bien
02 – Assez bien
03 – Pas très bien
04 – Ne connaît que de nom
99 – N'en a jamais entendu parler

Nouveau

34. Si codes 01 – 04, que signifient-elles pour vous ?

changement / ajustement
règles/politiques gouvernementales changeantes
être plus souple à l'égard du changement
être prêt pour ce qui vient
NSP/PR

D. État de santé / Questions démographiques

J'aimerais maintenant vous poser quelques questions sur votre santé...

2008 – Q26

D1. Comparativement aux autres de votre âge, diriez-vous que votre santé en général est :

Excellente
Très bonne
Bonne
Passable
Mauvaise
REFUS/PR

2008 – Q28

Finalement, j'aimerais vous poser quelques questions à votre sujet et au sujet de votre foyer qui nous aideront à analyser les résultats de ce sondage...

2008 – Q33

D4. Quel est le plus haut niveau d'éducation formelle que vous avez complété ?

Huitième année ou moins 1
Des études secondaires 2
Diplôme d'école secondaire ou équivalent 3
Apprentissage enregistré ou autre certificat ou diplôme de métier 4
Collège, CÉGEP ou autre certificat ou diplôme non universitaire 5
Certificat ou diplôme universitaire Niveau inférieur au baccalauréat 6
Baccalauréat 7
Diplôme de troisième cycle 8
[Ne pas lire]
Préfère ne pas répondre 99

2008 – Q35

D5. Combien de personnes, vous y compris, habitent chez vous actuellement ?

#
99 – PR/REFUS

Si échantillon de région de téléphone filaire
Si échantillons de téléphone cellulaire, demander C

D8. Dans quelle province ou quel territoire habitez-vous ?

Terre-Neuve 1
Île-du-Prince-Édouard 2
Nouvelle-Écosse 3
Nouveau-Brunswick 4
Québec 5
Ontario 6
Manitoba 7
Saskatchewan 8
Alberta 9
Colombie-Britannique 10
Yukon 11
Territoires du Nord-Ouest 12
Nunavut 13

D9. Sexe [Ne pas demander : réponse fondée sur l'observation de l'intervieweur]

Femme 1
Homme 2

I. Quelle langue parlez-vous le plus souvent à la maison ? [Lire la liste -- Accepter tout ce qui s'applique]

Anglais 1
Français 2
Autre langue [Ne pas préciser] 3
Volontaire
Ne sait pas/Refusé 99

J. Laquelle des catégories suivantes décrit le mieux votre statut actuel d'emploi ? Êtes-vous [Lire la liste - N'accepter qu'une réponse]

Employé(e) à plein temps, c'est-à-dire 35 heures ou plus par semaine 1
Employé(e) à temps partiel, c'est-à-dire moins de 35 heures par semaine 2
Travailleur(se) indépendant(e) 3
Sans emploi, mais en quête de travail 4
Étudiant(e) à plein temps 5
À la retraite 6
Inactif(ve) [Personne au foyer, sans emploi, ne cherchant pas d'emploi] 7
[Ne pas lire]
Autre – [Ne pas préciser] 98
[Ne pas lire]
Refusé 99

2008 – Q39

D10. Laquelle des catégories suivantes décrit le mieux l'ensemble des revenus de votre foyer ? C'est-à-dire l'ensemble des revenus des personnes de votre foyer avant impôt [Lire la liste] ?

Moins de 20 000 $ 1
20 000 $ à moins de 40 000 $ 2
40 000 $ à moins de 60 000 $ 3
60 000 $ à moins de 80 000 $ 4
80 000 $ à moins de 100 000 $ 5
100 000 $ à moins de 150 000 $ 6
150 000 $ et plus 7
(Ne pas lire) Refusé 99

Ceci complète le sondage. Au cas où mon superviseur voudrait vérifier que j'ai fait cette interview, puis-je demander votre prénom ?

Prénom :

Ce sondage a été effectué pour le Gouvernement du Canada et est enregistré conformément à la Loi fédérale d'accès à l'information. Merci de votre participation.

Public Perceptions of Climate Change and Health – Final Report

Table of Contents

Executive Summary

Background and Objectives

Methodology

Cost of research

Key findings

Climate change (impact) awareness and perceptions

Climate change and health

Infectious diseases

Extreme weather and emergency preparedness

Climate change adaptation

Focus on higher risk forest fire areas

Focus on Indigenous people

Political neutrality statement and contact information

Introduction

Background

Research rationale and objectives

Report

Detailed findings

I. Climate change (impact) awareness and perceptions

Belief in climate change

Noticed changes due to climate change

Perceived impacts of climate change

II. Climate change and health

How climate change may affect health

Ratings of health risks

Impact on Indigenous health and culture

Current versus future health risks of climate change

Vulnerability to climate change health impacts

Steps taken to protect against potential health impacts of climate change

III. Infectious diseases

Risk to health from infectious diseases

Taken steps to protect against infectious diseases

Source of information

IV. Extreme weather and emergency preparedness

Health risk from extreme weather events

Impact of changing weather patterns for Indigenous people

Household emergency plan

Likelihood of community disaster caused by extreme weather

Information sources about extreme weather

Frequency of checking for extreme weather alerts

Taking action in response to extreme weather

Symptoms of heat illness

Protection from heat illness

Source of information about heat illness

V. Climate change adaptation

Familiarity with adaptation terminology

VI. Modal differences

VII. Conclusions

Appendix A: Methodology

Background and research objectives

Methodology

Sample design and weighting

Questionnaire design and pre-testing

Fieldwork

Quality control

Completion results

Non-response bias analysis

Appendix B: Survey questionnaire

Interdepartmental Public Opinion Research – Climate Change Adaptation: Survey questions

A. Climate Change (impact) awareness and perceptions

B. Climate Change and Health

Climate Change and Health – Infectious diseases

Climate Change and Health – Extreme weather

C. Climate Change Adaptation

D. Health Status/Demographic Questions

Recherche interministérielle sur l'opinion publique – Adaptation au changement climatique : Projet de questions du sondage

Projet de thèmes et de questions du sondage :

A. Connaissance et perceptions (de l'effet) du changement climatique

B. Changement climatique et santé

Changement climatique et santé – Maladies contagieuses

Changement climatique et santé – Temps extrême

C. Adaptation au changement climatique

D. État de santé / Questions démographiques

Interdepartmental Public Opinion Research – Climate Change Adaptation:
Survey questions