Human
Trafficking Public Awareness Research
FINAL REPORT
Prepared for Public
Safety Canada
Supplier name: Environics
Research Group
Contract number: 0D160-204152/001/CY
POR Registration Number: POR 058-19
Contract date: 2019-12-23
Report date: 2020-03-30
Fieldwork dates: March 2 to 27, 2020
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disponible en Français
For more information on this report:
ps.communications-communications.sp@canada.ca
Human Trafficking Public
Awareness Research
Final Report
Prepared for Public Safety
Canada by Environics Research
March 2020
This publication may be
reproduced for non-commercial purposes only. Prior written permission must be obtained
from Public Safety Canada. For more information on this report, please contact Public
Safety Canada at: ps.communications-communications.sp@canada.ca
© Her Majesty the Queen in
Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Public Works and Government
Services, 2020.
Cat. No. PS4-269/2020E-PDF
ISBN : 978-0-660-35666-2
Cette
publication est aussi disponible en français sous le titre Recherche sur la sensibilisation au problème
de la traite des personnes
Table of contents
Political
neutrality certification
I. Safety and human trafficking in context/general awareness
II. Perceptions of risk and prevalence
III. Perceptions of Safety and Recognition of Warning Signs
IV. Awareness of human trafficking ad campaigns, organizations and how
to respond
Appendix B:
Quantitative research instrument
Following the Government of Canada’s 2019
budget announcement and formal evaluation of Canada’s National Action Plan to
Combat Human Trafficking, the federal government introduced a new National
Strategy to Combat Human Trafficking that sets out a comprehensive way
forward to address this complex issue. The strategy brings together all federal
efforts aimed at addressing human trafficking in Canada (and abroad) under one
plan, framing all federal activities under the internationally recognized
pillars of prevention, protection, prosecution and partnerships, and adding a
new pillar of “empowerment.” In-depth consultations conducted by Public Safety
Canada identified the vital need for increased public awareness and knowledge,
to help communities and stakeholders better recognize the early signs of human
trafficking, reduce the stigmatization of victims, and improve proactive
response to incidents.
As a first step in addressing public
awareness needs, Public Safety’s marketing team contracted Environics to conduct
an online survey of Canadians to establish
a quantitative baseline of the current state of public opinion among Canadians
on the issue of human trafficking, and provide the data required to conduct an
analysis of the knowledge attitudes and behaviours of the Canadian public, to
identify target audience segments (primary and secondary) for a future
marketing campaign on human trafficking.
An oversample of 230
surveys were completed with Indigenous people who were part of the target subgroups
of parents of 13 to 19-year olds or being 16 to 25 years of age themselves. Due
to challenges in weighting the Indigenous oversample of target audiences, a
separate set of tables based on a sample size of 290 was prepared. Those tables
combine the 230 people from the Indigenous oversample plus 60 Indigenous
respondents who responded to the general public survey who were also either
parents or youth.
The survey achieved the following distributions:
General public, plus general public oversamples |
||
Target
group |
Actual |
Actual |
General
population |
2,006 |
2,006 |
Youth
and young adults |
570 |
301 |
16-19 years old |
259 |
114 |
20-25 years old |
311 |
188 |
Parents
of children aged 13-19 years old |
586 |
566 |
Indigenous
Canadians |
308 |
66 |
Total
respondents |
2,006 |
2,006 |
Atlantic Canada |
142 |
145 |
Quebec |
489 |
491 |
Ontario |
772 |
767 |
Prairies |
336 |
333 |
BC |
204 |
203 |
*Results are weighted by region, gender and age to
2016 Census data.
Indigenous oversamples |
||
Target
group |
Actual |
Actual |
Indigenous |
290 |
290 |
Youth
and young adults |
194 |
194 |
16-19 years old |
79 |
79 |
20-25 years old |
115 |
115 |
Parents
of children aged 13-19 years old |
96 |
96 |
As an online survey is a
non-probability sample, no margin of sampling error is reported. More information about the
methodology for this survey is included in Appendix A.
The cost of this research was $106,720.48 (HST included).
The
findings of this research can be summarized as follows:
Safety and human trafficking in
context/general awareness
·
Of eight
safety issues impacting younger people, Canadians are most likely to rate child
sexual exploitation/harassment, human trafficking and cyberbullying as
extremely serious with six in ten rating human trafficking as extremely
serious.
·
Cyberbullying,
child sexual exploitation, climate change and illegal drug use are seen as the
biggest single threats to the safety of younger Canadians. One in ten identify
human trafficking as the biggest threat and one third consider it to be among
the top three threats.
·
Two-thirds
of Canadians think they understand the issue of human trafficking at least
somewhat well and three-quarters think they know what “grooming” is.
·
Canadians
most commonly define human trafficking as people being forced into the sex
trade or as the more general trading of humans
·
Most
Canadians consider people being smuggled across borders to be exploited, being
pressured into the sex trade, being forced to work against their will or having
organs harvested as examples of human trafficking. Half have a misconception
that people being willingly smuggled across borders is an example of human
trafficking.
·
Canadians
take the issue of human trafficking seriously. Most agree that it is a growing
problem in Canada and most reject the notion that Canadian youth are safe from
online predators, or that human trafficking is happening mostly in other
countries, or that forced labour crimes are rare here.
Perceptions
of risk and prevalence
·
Eight in
ten Canadians consider human trafficking to be at least a somewhat serious
problem in Canada and most also feel that human trafficking is becoming more of
a problem in Canada. However, most Canadians feel that human trafficking is not
a serious problem in their own local community.
·
Most Canadians
feel that only a minority of young people in Canada are at serious risk of
being victims of human trafficking.
·
Half of
Canadian parents are at least somewhat concerned their own child could be a
victim of human trafficking.
·
Three in
ten Canadians believe human trafficking is quite prevalent and affects many
young people, but most feel it happens only occasionally or rarely and affects relatively
few young people.
·
Canadians
tend to identify runaway youth, young women and girls, low income youth, youth
with mental health issues and Indigenous youth as the most likely potential
victims of human trafficking.
·
The most
likely human trafficking perpetrators are generally thought to be organized
criminals or strangers who lurk online. Canadians are less inclined to identify
people who would be known to the victims, such as current or former intimate
partners, as the likeliest perpetrators.
·
Canadians
tend to think of human trafficking as something that happens most in big
cities, although significant minorities think it is likely to be happening in
border or coastal towns. They are also most likely to think human trafficking
is more prevalent in Ontario.
·
Canadians
tend to associate human trafficking with such businesses or sectors as massage
parlors, domestic service and hospitality.
Perceptions
of Safety and Recognition of Warning Signs
·
The vast
majority of younger Canadians feel at least somewhat safe at home, at work, at
school and walking in their neighbourhoods.
·
Eight in
ten younger people would be at least somewhat comfortable discussing personal
safety issues with parents or older adults in their life.
·
Nine in
ten younger Canadians would usually or always inform a friend or family member
if they were going to meet someone in person who they’d met online.
·
One-third
of younger Canadians are at least somewhat concerned about personally being a
victim of human trafficking; one in ten are very concerned.
·
Canadians
are most likely to be suspicious of human trafficking if someone did not have
control over important documents, had excess cash, had more than one cell
phone, or had been deceived about their employment.
Awareness
of human trafficking ad campaigns, organizations and how to respond
·
The vast
majority of Canadians are unaware of any specific anti-human trafficking
organizations.
·
Three in
ten Canadians recall hearing or seeing an ad or PSA on the subject of human
trafficking in the past year. Most have vague recollections of who sponsored
the ad or PSA.
·
Seven in
ten Canadians would contact their local police if they suspected human
trafficking activity. One quarter would not know what to do.
·
Nine in
ten Canadians are not aware of any specific anti-human trafficking help lines
or web sites and six percent of are aware of the Canadian Human Trafficking
Hotline after prompting
Political neutrality statement and contact information
I hereby certify as senior officer of Environics that the deliverables fully comply with the Government of Canada political neutrality requirements outlined in the Communications Policy of the Government of Canada, and Procedures for Planning and Contracting Public Opinion Research. Specifically, the deliverables do not include information on electoral voting intentions, political party preferences, standings with the electorate, or ratings of the performance of a political party or its leaders.
Derek Leebosh
Vice President, Public Affairs
Environics Research Group
(416) 820-1963
Supplier
name:
Environics Research Group
PWGSC
contract number: 0D160-204152/001/CY
Original
contract date: 2019-12-23
For
more information, contact ps.communications-communications.sp@canada.ca
Following the Government of Canada’s 2019
budget announcement and formal evaluation of Canada’s National Action Plan to
Combat Human Trafficking, the federal government introduced a new National
Strategy to Combat Human Trafficking that sets out a comprehensive way
forward to address this complex issue. The strategy brings together all federal
efforts aimed at addressing human trafficking in Canada (and abroad) under one
plan, framing all federal activities under the internationally recognized
pillars of prevention, protection, prosecution and partnerships, and adding a
new pillar of “empowerment.” In-depth consultations conducted by Public Safety
Canada identified the vital need for increased public awareness and knowledge,
to help communities and stakeholders better recognize the early signs of human
trafficking, reduce the stigmatization of victims, and improve proactive
response to incidents.
As a first step in addressing public
awareness needs, Public Safety’s marketing team contracted Environics to
conduct an online survey of Canadians to address the following key research
objectives:
· Establish a quantitative baseline of the current state of public opinion among Canadians on the issue of human trafficking, including:
· Awareness surrounding the issue of human trafficking;
· Knowledge of human trafficking offences and recognition of early warning signs, vulnerabilities, and populations at-risk;
· Attitudes or stigmatization of human trafficking offences and the individuals vulnerable to these crimes;
· Behaviours and actions taken by Canadians to prevent and/or protect themselves and others against inherent risks;
· Reaction to potential communications messaging regarding the risks of human trafficking.
·
Provide the data required to conduct an analysis of the knowledge
attitudes and behaviours of the Canadian public in order to identify target
audience segments (primary and secondary) for a future marketing campaign on
human trafficking.
Environics recommended an online methodology for the data collection
because this allows for a large sample, the ability to locate specific target
groups of interest, and to allow the data to be collected quickly, efficiently
and at a reasonable cost.
This research will be used to support Public Safety Canada (PSC) expand
its knowledge base about human trafficking and what works to prevent it, and to
develop communications and messaging for parents, youth and young adults about
the harm and consequences of human trafficking and how to recognize the signs
of “grooming” and related criminal activities.
This report begins with an
executive summary outlining key findings and conclusions, followed by a
detailed analysis of the results. A detailed description of the methodology
used to conduct this research is presented in Appendix A. The research
instruments are presented in Appendix B.
Of eight safety issues impacting younger
people, Canadians are most likely to think child sexual exploitation/harassment,
human trafficking and cyberbullying are extremely serious. Six in ten rate
human trafficking as extremely serious.
At the start of the survey, respondents were told that the survey topic
would be issues around safety for children, youth and young adults in Canada. They
were then asked to rate how serious they consider each of eight issues to be to
the safety of young Canadians.
Of the issues covered, eight in ten or more think each is at least
somewhat serious. However, Canadians are most likely to say child sexual
exploitation or harassment online is extremely serious (67%), followed by human
trafficking (58%) and cyberbullying (57%). Around half also say guns and gangs,
illegal drug use, hate crimes or climate change are extremely serious issues.
Slightly fewer, just over four in ten give this rating to gender-based
violence. Clearly, most Canadians consider human trafficking to be an extremely
serious issue, when it occurs.
Seriousness of issues to the safety of young Canadians
Percent who say extremely serious |
Canada
(n=2,006) |
Parents*
(n=586) |
Youth**
(n=570) |
Child sexual
exploitation/harassment online |
67% |
64% |
66% |
Human trafficking (labour and sex
trafficking) |
58% |
55% |
61% |
Cyberbullying |
57% |
55% |
47% |
Guns and gangs |
52% |
49% |
51% |
Illegal drug use |
51% |
52% |
42% |
Hate crimes |
48% |
42% |
48% |
Climate change |
44% |
37% |
57% |
Gender-based violence |
43% |
38% |
44% |
Q1. This survey will explore issues around safety for children, youth and young adults in Canada. How serious an issue do you consider each of the following to be to the safety of children, youth and young adults in Canada?
*Throughout
this report, unless otherwise specified, “Parents” refers to parents of
children aged 13-19.
**Throughout
this report, unless otherwise specified, “Youth” refers to youth aged 16-25.
As noted above, there are some difference to
the extent to which youth consider each of these issues to be extremely serious
threats to their safety. Youth are significantly more likely to identify
climate change as an extremely serious issue, but they are less likely to
identify illegal drug use as an extremely serious issue.
Canadians across every demographic and regional
segment overwhelmingly view human trafficking as some thing that is at least a
somewhat serious issue. However, when we focus more specifically on the extent
to which human trafficking is regarded as an extremely serious issue,
some patterns emerge that are consistent throughout this survey in terms of who
tends to be most concerned about this issue. Those most likely to view human
trafficking as “extremely serious” include women, the youngest and the oldest
age cohorts (i.e. 16-25 year olds, as well as those 60 years of age and over), those
with lower annual household incomes, lower levels of education, Indigenous people,
racialized peoples and residents of Atlantic Canada, Ontario and Manitoba/Saskatchewan.
In contrast, the perception that human trafficking is extremely serious tends
to be lower among men, those aged 26 to 59, those with higher incomes and
higher levels of education as well as among Quebecers.
Cyberbullying, child sexual exploitation,
climate change and illegal drug use are seen as the biggest threats to the
safety of younger Canadians. One in ten identify human trafficking as the top
threat and one third consider it to be among the top three threats.
Canadians were asked to select and rank the top three most serious
issues facing children, youth and young adults, using the same list. The issue
most likely to be rated as number 1, by one-quarter, is cyberbullying, followed
by child sexual exploitation/harassment online, rated as most serious by about two
in ten. Around one in six each consider climate change or illegal drug use to
be the top threat, and one in ten each think this of guns and gangs or human
trafficking. Canadians are least likely to rate gender-based violence or hate
crimes as top safety threat for younger Canadians.
Most serious issue facing children, youth and adults in Canada
Response rated as #1 |
Canada
(n=2,006) |
Parents
(n=586) |
Youth
(n=570) |
Cyberbullying |
24% |
26% |
17% |
Child sexual
exploitation/harassment online |
18% |
18% |
16% |
Illegal drug use |
17% |
19% |
13% |
Climate change |
16% |
12% |
27% |
Guns and gangs |
10% |
11% |
9% |
Human trafficking (labour and sex
trafficking) |
8% |
8% |
12% |
Hate crimes |
3% |
3% |
3% |
Gender-based violence |
3% |
3% |
3% |
There are once again some notable demographic
differences with youth much more likely to identify climate change as the single
most serious threat to the safety of young people in Canada. Cyberbullying tends to be identified most those
between the ages of 26 and 45 (particularly those with children under the age
of 16), those with higher incomes and Quebecers. It is also notable that
Indigenous parents and youth are much more likely to identify human trafficking
as the biggest threat (23%) and they are correspondingly less likely than other
Canadians to see cyberbullying as the biggest threat (13%).
When we look more specifically at the issue of
human trafficking it is important to look not just at the extent to which
Canadians identify it as the top threat to the safety of young people but also
in terms of how many people identify it as one of the top three biggest issues
posting a threat. All in all, about one third (32%) of all Canadians see human
trafficking as one of the three biggest issues and this proportion is largely
the same among parents of youth. However, among Canadian youth, the proportion
who regard human trafficking as one of the three biggest issues rises to 39
percent.
Human
trafficking as one of the three most serious issues
Human Trafficking – top three issues |
Canada
(n=2,006) |
Parents
(n=586) |
Youth
(n=570) |
Ranked as #1 |
8% |
8% |
12% |
Ranked as #2 |
12% |
11% |
15% |
Ranked as #3 |
11% |
11% |
11% |
Total ranking |
32% |
30% |
39% |
Q2. When you think of threats to the safety of our children, youth and young adults, what would you say are the top three most serious issues facing these populations today in Canada?
The extent to which human trafficking is identified as one of the three most
serious issues varies demographically. Those most likely to pick it as one of
their top three issues include 16 to 19-year olds, those with lower levels of
education and those living in Ontario and Manitoba/Saskatchewan. It is also
notable that parents of girl children are more likely to identify human
trafficking than are parents who only have boys. As noted above, Indigenous
parents and youth are far more likely to rank human trafficking as one of three
biggest threats with 50 percent picking it as one of their top three compared
to 32 percent of Canadians as a whole.
Two-thirds think they understand the issue of
human trafficking at least somewhat well
When asked to rate their own understanding of the issue of human
trafficking, two-thirds of Canadians believe they understand it at least
somewhat; one in ten believe they understand it very well. It is notable that
while youth are more likely to consider human trafficking to be one of the most
important issues facing young people, they are also less likely to feel that
they personally understand the issue very well. There is very little
demographic difference in how Canadians rate their own understanding of the
issue. However, among Indigenous parents and youth, the proportion with at
least a somewhat good understanding rises to 82 percent.
Understanding of the issue of human trafficking in Canada
Percent who understand the issue of human trafficking… |
Canada
(n=2,006) |
Parents
(n=586) |
Youth
(n=570) |
Net: well |
66% |
68% |
63% |
Very well |
12% |
13% |
9% |
Somewhat well |
54% |
55% |
54% |
Net: not well |
34% |
32% |
37% |
Not very well |
32% |
30% |
34% |
Not at all |
2% |
2% |
3% |
Q3. There has been some discussion recently of the issue of “human
trafficking” in Canada. How would you rate your own understanding of the issue
of human trafficking? Do you think you understand this issue…?
Canadians most commonly define human
trafficking as people being forced into the sex trade or as the more general
trading of humans
When asked to indicate their own definition of the term human
trafficking, top-of-mind without prompting, Canadians were most likely to
describe it as people (especially women) being forced into the sex trade (42%)
or as the more general trading/selling or kidnapping of humans (39%). Other
common responses include forced labour and enslavement (18%), exploitation of
people (17%), grooming people to perform illegal against the will (17%) and
illegal transportation of people into the country in order to exploit them. It
is notable that 95 percent of Canadians were able to provide an answer to this
question and the vast majority of responses are accurate descriptions of what
human trafficking consists of. To the extent that there are any demographic or
regional differences in how people respond to this question, it is notable that
women are more likely than men to define human trafficking as being specifically
about women being forced into to the sex trade. There is also some tendency for
those of east Asian ethnicity to define it as the illegal transportation of
people into the country.
How human trafficking is defined
How human trafficking is defined |
Canada
(n=2,006) |
Parents
(n=586) |
Youth
(n=570) |
Adults/young people/children (esp.
women) used in sex trade/enforced prostitution/sex slavery/selling people for
sex |
42% |
43% |
40% |
Trading of humans/kidnapping
people/selling them |
39% |
38% |
47% |
Forced labour/enslaving people
for labour/modern times slavery |
18% |
21% |
18% |
Exploitation of people |
17% |
18% |
14% |
Grooming people to perform
illegal acts against their will/making them unable to escape situation/held
captive |
17% |
17% |
12% |
Illegal transportation/bringing
people illegally into the country to take advantage of them |
9% |
8% |
8% |
Conning people to go somewhere
better/taking advantage of their situation/promises & lies to lure people
into illegal situations |
3% |
3% |
1% |
Bad/awful/inhuman act against
others/having criminal intentions toward others/crimes against humanity |
3% |
4% |
4% |
Organized crime/gangs’/drug
dealers’ way of profit |
3% |
2% |
1% |
Other (2% or fewer each) |
6% |
9% |
5% |
DK/NA |
5% |
5% |
7% |
Q4. How would you define the term “human trafficking”? What is it?
Three-quarters think they know what “grooming”
is
Three-quarters
of Canadians believe they know what “grooming” another person means, with one quarter
saying they definitely know and another one half saying that they think they
know what it is. One quarter admit that they do not know what “grooming” is at
all.
Awareness of “grooming” in the context of human trafficking
Proportion
who know what “grooming” is |
Canada (n=2,006) |
Parents (n=586) |
Youth (n=570) |
Net: Yes, know what “grooming” is |
74% |
77% |
64% |
Definitely |
25% |
26% |
25% |
Think so |
49% |
51% |
38% |
Do not know what “grooming” is |
26% |
23% |
36% |
Q5. People sometimes talk about someone being “groomed” or “grooming”
another person. Do you feel you know what “grooming” is?
Regardless
of response to the “grooming” question, all were then shown the following text:
In
fact, “grooming” is a scheme used by offenders that involves building trust
with individuals and the adults around them, in an effort to gain access to and
control them. Grooming is an attempt to manipulate someone into becoming a
cooperative participant, reducing the likelihood of them tipping off someone
and increasing the likelihood the victim will repeatedly return to the
offender.
Youth
are more likely to admit that they do not know what grooming. This is particularly
notable among 16 to 19-year olds, 40 percent of whom do not know what grooming
is. Awareness of “grooming” is also lower among those born outside Canada and
among racialized people.
Most Canadians consider people being smuggled
across borders to be exploited, being pressured into the sex trade, being
forced to work against their will or having organs harvested as examples of
human trafficking. One half erroneously believe that people being willingly
smuggled across borders is human trafficking.
Canadians were presented with a list of things that could happen to a
person and asked to indicate whether or not they considered each to be an
example of human trafficking. More than nine in ten agree that people being smuggled
across international borders for exploitation, or someone being pressured into
the sex trade, constitute human trafficking. Strong majorities of
three-quarters or more also recognize as human trafficking people being forced
to work against their will or having organs harvested against their will. Canadians
are more ambiguous about the phenomenon of people being willingly
smuggled across international borders with one half erroneously considering
this to be an example of human trafficking.
Activities that constitute human trafficking
Activity is
human trafficking |
Canada
(n=2,006) |
Parents
(n=586) |
Youth
(n=570) |
People smuggled across
international borders for the purpose of being exploited in another country |
95% |
95% |
92% |
Someone being pressured into the
sex trade |
93% |
93% |
90% |
Someone being forced to work
against their will |
83% |
85% |
74% |
People having their organs
removed or harvested against their will |
74% |
71% |
72% |
People willingly smuggled across
international borders |
49% |
52% |
48% |
Q6. Here is a list of things that could happen to a person – do you
consider each to be an example of human trafficking, or not?
For the most part response to this question is
very consistent across all demographic and regional segments. The only notable differences
are that youth are somewhat less likely than older people to consider someone
being forced to work against their will to be an example of human trafficking
and that Quebecers are more likely than other Canadians to consider people
having their organs harvested to be an example of human trafficking.
Canadians take the issue of human trafficking
seriously. Most agree that it is a growing problem in Canada and most reject
the notion that Canadian youth are safe from online predators, or that human
trafficking is happening mostly in other countries, or that forced labour
crimes are rare here.
Canadians were presented with a series of five randomized statements
about human trafficking and asked to what extent they agreed or disagreed with
each. The results indicate that Canadians take human trafficking seriously as
an issue and do not believe that youth in Canada are exempt from the problem. Eight
in ten (81%) agree to some extent that human trafficking is a growing problem in
Canada (with one-third agreeing strongly). A majority of Canadians disagree
that youth in Canada are generally safe online from human trafficking groomers
(77% disagree, 19% agree); that human trafficking mostly happens in other
countries (59% disagree, 36% agree); and that forced labour crimes are very
rare here (56% disagree, 36% agree). It is also notable that three-quarters (76%)
agree (three in ten strongly) they would be taken very seriously by authorities
if they reported human trafficking.
Agreement with statements about human trafficking
Percent who agree (strongly or somewhat) with statement |
Canada
(n=2,006) |
Parents
(n=586) |
Youth
(n=570) |
Human trafficking is a growing
problem in Canada that can have long-term consequences for victims |
81% |
80% |
78% |
If I report human trafficking to
the authorities, I’m confident they’d take it very seriously |
76% |
76% |
77% |
Forced labour crimes are very
rare in Canada |
36% |
38% |
36% |
Human trafficking is something
that mostly happens in other countries and is less of an issue in Canada |
34% |
35% |
43% |
Youth in Canada are generally
safe online from perpetrators grooming for the purposes of human trafficking |
18% |
18% |
26% |
Q7. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following
statements about human trafficking?
As noted above, the most notable demographic
pattern in how Canadians respond to these statements is that youth are more
likely to think that human trafficking is somewhat that mostly happens in other
countries and are also more likely to think that youth in Canada are generally
safe online from human traffickers. There is also some tendency for men and those
born outside of Canada to be more likely than others to agree that human
trafficking is something that happens in other countries and to think that
forced labour crimes are rare in Canada.
Eight in ten consider human trafficking to be
at least a somewhat serious problem in Canada.
At this point in the survey, Canadians were presented with the following
definition of human trafficking:
Human trafficking is defined as -
"the recruitment, transportation, harbouring and/or exercising control,
direction or influence over the movements of a person in order to exploit that
person” - typically through sexual exploitation or forced labour. It is often
described as a modern form of slavery. Examples of human trafficking include:
1.
Sex trafficking: when someone is forced
or coerced into prostitution for someone else’s financial benefit (e.g., in a
brothel, a massage parlour or a strip club)
2.
Labour exploitation or practices
similar to slavery: when someone is forced to work for little to no pay
3.
Removal of organs without consent
They were then asked to indicate how serious a problem they felt human
trafficking is in Canada. Close to eight in ten think human trafficking is at
least somewhat serious problem, with three in ten thinking it is extremely
serious. Only a small minority (15%) regard it as not being a serious problem
in Canada.
Impressions of severity of human trafficking problem in Canada
Percent who indicate human trafficking in
Canada is a serious problem |
Canada
(n=2,006) |
Parents
(n=586) |
Youth
(n=570) |
Net: serious |
78% |
78% |
79% |
Extremely serious |
27% |
28% |
30% |
Somewhat serious |
51% |
50% |
49% |
Net: not serious |
15% |
17% |
14% |
Not very serious |
14% |
16% |
13% |
Not serious at all |
1% |
1% |
1% |
Don’t know |
7% |
5% |
8% |
Q8. Knowing this definition, how serious a problem would you say that human trafficking is in Canada? Is it…?
The extent to which Canadians regard human trafficking
as a serious problem is quite consistent across demographic and regional
segments. As noted above, parents of youth and youth themselves are no more
likely to view human trafficking as a serious issue than are Canadians as a
whole. Regionally, there is some tendency for residents of Ontario and
Manitoba/Saskatchewan to be more likely to view human trafficking as a serious
problem than do Quebecers. There is also
a tendency for Indigenous and racialized people to be more likely to see human
trafficking as a serious problem in Canada.
Among Indigenous parents and youth, the proportion who regard human
trafficking as “very serious” rises to 50 percent.
Most feel that human trafficking is becoming more
of a problem in Canada.
About two-thirds Canadians think human trafficking is becoming more of a
problem in Canada than it has been in the past Around one-quarter think there
has been no change, and just one in ten feel it is becoming less of a problem than it was in the past.
Is human trafficking more or less of a problem in Canada
Perception of rate of change in human
trafficking in Canada |
Canada
(n=2,006) |
Parents
(n=586) |
Youth
(n=570) |
More of a problem than in the
past |
66% |
67% |
57% |
No change |
27% |
25% |
28% |
Less of a problem than in the
past |
7% |
8% |
15% |
Q9. As far as you know, is human trafficking becoming more or less of a problem in Canada than it was in the past or has there been no change?
For the most part, perceptions of whether human
trafficking is a growing problem in Canada are quite consistent across
demographic and regional segments. The perception that it is become more of a
problem is more prevalent among women, older people and residents of Ontario
and Manitoba/Saskatchewan. Younger people and Quebecers are less likely to
think this is become more of a problem.
Most feel that human trafficking is not a
serious problem in their own local community.
While Canadians may recognize human trafficking as a serious and
escalating crime in general, when asked to consider its impact closer to home, most
do not believe it is a serious problem in their local community or
neighbourhood. About three in ten feel that human trafficking is at least
somewhat serious in their community, while the remainder either do not think it
is a very or at all serious problem in their community or they are unable to
say. There is little demographic or regional variance in how people respond to
this question with the exception that Ontarians and particularly Indigenous parents
and youth are more likely than other Canadians to think human trafficking is a serious
problem in their local community
Impressions of severity of human trafficking problem in community
Percent who indicate human trafficking in
their community is a serious problem |
Canada
(n=2,006) |
Parents
(n=586) |
Youth
(n=570) |
Net: serious |
31% |
31% |
33% |
Extremely serious |
7% |
8% |
9% |
Somewhat serious |
24% |
23% |
24% |
Net: not serious |
50% |
55% |
48% |
Not very serious |
33% |
35% |
31% |
Not serious at all |
17% |
20% |
17% |
Don’t know |
18% |
14% |
18% |
Q10 . How serious a problem do you think human trafficking (sex and labour trafficking) crimes are within your own neighbourhood or local community?
Most feel that only a minority of young people
in Canada are at serious risk of being victims of human trafficking
When Canadians are asked what proportion of children, youth and young
adults they think are at serious risk of being victims of human trafficking, most
feel that less than half are at serious risk. Almost half feel that only 20% or
less are at serious risk and another three in ten think that a significant 20
to 40 percent are at risk. Just over two in ten feel that about half or more are
at serious risk.
Proportion of younger Canadians at serious risk of being human trafficking victims
Proportion at serious risk |
Canada
(n=2,006) |
Parents
(n=586) |
Youth
(n=570) |
All or most of them (i.e.,
60%-100%) |
7% |
10% |
7% |
About half of them (i.e.,
40%-60%) |
14% |
10% |
18% |
A fair proportion of them
(20%-40%) |
30% |
32% |
31% |
A smaller minority of them
(5%-20%) |
34% |
29% |
32% |
A very small proportion of them
(less than 5%) |
15% |
18% |
13% |
Q11. About what proportion of children, youth and young adults in Canada do you think are at serious risk of being victims of human trafficking?
Response to this question varies very little by
demographic segment. The only notable finding is that Canadians with lower
incomes and Indigenous parents and youth are more likely to think that higher
proportions of younger people in Canada are at serious risk of being victims of
human trafficking.
Half of Canadian parents are at least somewhat
concerned their own child could be a victim of human trafficking.
Parents
of children age up to 19 years of were asked how concerned they are that one of
their own children could be a victim of human trafficking. One half are at
least somewhat concerned, with over two in ten being very concerned. The other half
are not very or at all concerned. Since this question was only asked of the
sub-sample of Canadians with children under the age of 20, there is less scope
for analysis of demographic patterns. Racialized parents, Indigenous parents
and parents from Quebec are more likely to be concerned about this. It is also notable
that 61 percent of parents with daughters only are concerned about their child
ever being a victim of human trafficking compared to 43 percent of parents who
only have sons.
Parents’ level of concern regarding their own children becoming human trafficking victims
Proportion
concerned |
Parents (n=755) |
Net: concerned |
52% |
Very concerned |
22% |
Somewhat concerned |
30% |
Net: not concerned |
48% |
Not very concerned |
34% |
Not at all concerned |
14% |
Q12. How concerned are you that one of your own children could be a victim of human trafficking? Are you…?
Three in ten Canadians believe human
trafficking is quite prevalent and affects many young people. Most feel it happens
occasionally or rarely and relatively few young people.
When Canadians are asked how common they think it is for young people to
be victims of human trafficking it is clear that for the most part they think of
human trafficking as something that either happens occasionally and affects a
minority of young people (54%) or that it is quite rare (15%). However, three
in ten think it is pretty common and affects a lot of young people or is everywhere.
How common it is for young people to be human trafficking victims
How common is human trafficking of young
people |
Canada
(n=2,006) |
Parents
(n=586) |
Youth
(n=570) |
Human trafficking is everywhere
and almost everyone experiences it |
4% |
5% |
3% |
Human trafficking is pretty
common and affects a lot of young people |
27% |
27% |
28% |
Human trafficking happens
occasionally and affects a minority of young people |
54% |
52% |
49% |
Human trafficking is quite rare
and only affects a very small number of young people |
15% |
16% |
19% |
Q14. How common do you think it is for young people (25yrs and under) to be the victims of human trafficking?
Those who are most likely to think that human
trafficking is common include women, those with lower incomes those with lower
levels of education, Indigenous parents and youth and parents of girls.
Canadians tend to identify runaway youth, young
women and girls, low income youth, youth with mental health issues and
Indigenous youth as the most likely potential victims of human trafficking.
Canadians were presented with a randomized list of groups of people and
asked to indicate which ones they think are most likely to be victims of human
trafficking. The groups Canadians are most likely to think are potential
victims of this crime are runaway youth, young women or girls and youth in low
income families. As well, significant minorities feel groups at risk include
youth with mental health issues, Indigenous young people, and young recent
immigrants. Lower proportions feel LGBTQ, young men and boys, visible
minorities and people with disabilities are among the most vulnerable victims
of human trafficking crimes. Two in ten think people of all ages are equally
likely to be a victim. Response to this question is very consistent across all
demographic and regional groups.
Groups most at risk of being human trafficking victims
Groups at most risk |
Canada
(n=2,006) |
Parents
(n=586) |
Youth
(n=570) |
Youth who have run away from home |
65% |
66% |
60% |
Young women or girls |
60% |
60% |
62% |
Young people in low-income
families/welfare system |
53% |
53% |
55% |
Youth with mental health issues |
48% |
48% |
46% |
Indigenous young people |
45% |
43% |
44% |
Young people who recently
immigrated to Canada |
39% |
39% |
41% |
Young men or boys |
30% |
32% |
26% |
Young people identifying as gay/lesbian/bisexual/queer |
28% |
28% |
26% |
Trans/intersex/non-binary young
people |
28% |
29% |
26% |
Visible minorities |
27% |
24% |
30% |
People of all ages are equally
likely to be a victim |
20% |
21% |
18% |
People with disabilities |
19% |
19% |
21% |
I have no idea |
4% |
4% |
4% |
Q15. What specific groups do you think are most likely to be the victims
of human trafficking in Canada?
Human trafficking perpetrators are generally
thought to be organized criminals or strangers who lurk online. Canadians are
less likely to identify people who would be known to the victims as
perpetrators.
Canadians were presented with a list of types of people and asked to
indicate any they think are the most common perpetrators of human trafficking
in this country. Canadians are most likely to think human traffickers are most
likely to be people who are likely not initially known to their victims such as
members of criminal organizations, strangers and people with criminal records. They
are less likely to identify people that victims of human trafficking might know
socially or through work such as intimate partners (past or present), temporary
work firms, friends or family members or business acquaintances. Around one in
seven have no idea. Response this question is quite consistent across
demographic and regional segments though youth – particularly those in the
early 20s are more likely to identify former intimate partners as potential
perpetrators.
Most common human trafficking perpetrators in Canada
Most common perpetrators |
Canada
(n=2,006) |
Parents
(n=586) |
Youth
(n=570) |
Members of criminal organizations |
72% |
75% |
64% |
Strangers (incl. anonymous people online) |
56% |
58% |
62% |
People with criminal records |
44% |
47% |
48% |
Current intimate partners |
23% |
22% |
24% |
Former intimate partners |
22% |
20% |
31% |
Temporary work firms |
19% |
19% |
15% |
Personal friends |
19% |
19% |
23% |
Family members |
19% |
16% |
22% |
Business acquaintances/colleagues/consultants |
15% |
16% |
20% |
Other |
2% |
2% |
2% |
I have no idea |
14% |
14% |
14% |
Q16. In Canada, who do you think are the most common perpetrators of human trafficking?
Canadians tend to think of human trafficking as
something that happens most in big cities, although significant minorities
think it is likely to be happening in border or coastal towns.
From a provided list of possibilities, Canadians are most likely to think
human trafficking is a “big city” crime (79%). Just over one-third each believe
it is likely taking place in border towns or coastal communities; one in three
think is it happening in rural areas. One in seven are unable to say. Response
to this question is quite consistent across demographic and regional segments,
though Ontarians are more likely than other Canadians to think of border towns
as a likely venue for human trafficking.
Where human trafficking is most prevalent in Canada
Most likely locations |
Canada
(n=2,006) |
Parents
(n=586) |
Youth
(n=570) |
In big cities |
79% |
80% |
72% |
In border towns |
38% |
40% |
37% |
In coastal cities/towns with ports |
36% |
38% |
34% |
In small towns/rural areas |
28% |
28% |
26% |
I have no idea |
14% |
14% |
17% |
Q17. Where in Canada do you think human trafficking is most likely to be happening? Is it…
Canadians are most likely to think human
trafficking is more prevalent in Ontario.
Consistent with Canadians thinking human trafficking is a “big city”
problem, they are most likely to think it is taking place most frequently in
more populous provinces such as Ontario (33%), British Columbia (17%) and, to a
much lesser extent, Quebec (6%). Small minorities think it is happening in
other provinces and territories. One-third are unable to say where in Canada
human trafficking is taking place more frequently. These results are consistent
across demographic segments. It is notable that British Columbians are less
likely than other Canadians to think of their own province as the one where
human trafficking is most prevalent.
Most likely province or territory for human trafficking in Canada
Most likely province or territory |
Canada
(n=2,006) |
Parents
(n=586) |
Youth
(n=570) |
Newfoundland
and Labrador |
<1% |
0% |
<1% |
Prince
Edward Island |
<1% |
<1% |
<1% |
Nova Scotia |
1% |
1% |
<1% |
New Brunswick |
<1% |
<1% |
<1% |
Quebec |
6% |
6% |
5% |
Ontario |
33% |
34% |
37% |
Manitoba |
2% |
1% |
2% |
Saskatchewan
|
1% |
<1% |
2% |
Alberta |
1% |
1% |
2% |
British
Columbia |
17% |
18% |
12% |
Yukon |
<1% |
<1% |
<1% |
Northwest Territories |
1% |
<1% |
1% |
Nunavut |
1% |
1% |
1% |
None |
3% |
3% |
2% |
Don’t know |
36% |
35% |
34% |
Q18. Is there any one province/territory where you think human
trafficking is most likely to be happening more frequently?
Canadians tend to associate human trafficking with
such businesses or sectors as massage parlors, domestic service and hospitality.
When Canadians are asked that businesses or industry sectors they think
are most likely to be implicated in human trafficking, they are most likely to
mention massage parlours and strip clubs (82%), domestic service (e.g. nannies,
housekeepers etc.) (57%) and the hospitality sector (e.g. hotels and tourism)
(46%). However, significant proportions of around two in ten Canadians also
mention various other sectors such as farming (23%), manufacturing (21%), large
sporting events (20%) and transportation (16%). Just over one in ten have no
idea what sectors are more likely to be involved in human trafficking. There
are some demographic differences in how Canadians respond to this question. Canadians
with higher incomes, higher levels of education and those living in Ontario and
BC are more likely to identify farming as an industry that may be involved in
human trafficking. Quebecers are far more likely than other Canadians to link
human trafficking to large sporting events.
Businesses/sectors most likely to be affected by or involved in human trafficking
Business sector |
Canada
(n=2,006) |
Parents
(n=586) |
Youth
(n=570) |
Massage parlours/strip clubs |
82% |
83% |
78% |
Domestics (i.e., nannies,
housekeepers, etc.) |
57% |
56% |
51% |
Hotels/tourism |
46% |
43% |
51% |
Farming |
23% |
26% |
18% |
Manufacturing industry |
21% |
22% |
20% |
Large sporting events |
20% |
22% |
19% |
Transportation industry |
16% |
17% |
24% |
Embassies |
8% |
11% |
9% |
I have no idea |
12% |
13% |
13% |
Q19. What types of sectors/businesses/industries do you think are most
likely to be affected by or involved in human trafficking crimes?
The vast majority of younger Canadians feel at
least somewhat safe at home, at work, at school and walking in their
neighbourhoods.
Younger Canadians age 16 to 25 were asked to rate how safe they feel while
in four different locations – at home, at work, at school and walking in their
neighbourhood. The vast majority (90%+) of youth feel at least somewhat safe in
all four of these cases. However, it should be noted that a large proportion
only feel somewhat safe as opposed to very safe. Young women are somewhat less
likely than young men to feel very safe at work and at school. There is a
bigger gender gap when it comes to perceptions of safety walking in their neighbourhoods,
where one half (49%) of young men feel very safe compared to just 31 percent of
young women. There is also some tendency for Indigenous youth to be less likely
to feel “very safe” in all four of these situations.
Perceptions of safety of specific locations*
Feel very
safe in location |
Youth
|
Age
16 to 19 |
Age
20 to 25 |
At home |
78%
(n=568) |
82%
(n=259) |
75%
(n=309) |
At work |
56%
(n=485) |
57%
(n=200) |
56%
(n=285) |
At school |
50%
(n=533) |
49%
(n=255) |
51%
(n=278) |
Walking in your neighbourhood |
41%
(n=560) |
43%
(n=255) |
40%
(n=305) |
*The results above are percentaged on the bases of those for whom each location was applicable.
Q20. How safe do you feel in each of the following places?
Eight in ten younger people would be at least
somewhat comfortable discussing personal safety issues with parents or older adults
in their life.
Younger Canadians age 16 to 25 were asked how comfortable they would be
talking with their parents or another older adult about sensitive or personal
safety issues. Eight in ten would be at least somewhat comfortable, with four
in ten being very comfortable. Just under two in ten would be uncomfortable to
some extent in having this type of conversation with an older person.
Level of comfort with talking to older adults or parents about personal safety issues
Level of comfort |
Youth
(n=570) |
Age
16 to 19 (n=259) |
Age
20 to 25 (n=311) |
Net: comfortable |
80% |
80% |
79% |
Very comfortable |
41% |
41% |
41% |
Somewhat comfortable |
39% |
39% |
38% |
Net: not comfortable |
18% |
19% |
18% |
Not very comfortable |
15% |
16% |
14% |
Not comfortable at all |
3% |
3% |
3% |
Q21. How comfortable would you be talking with your parents or another trusted older adult about sensitive or personal safety issues?
Young women are more likely than young men to feel very comfortable
having these kinds of discussions with their parents (46% vs 36%). It is also
notable that racialized youth are less likely to feel very comfortable (30%)
than are other young Canadians.
Nine in ten younger Canadians would usually or
always inform a friend or family member if they were going to meet someone in
person who they’d met online.
Younger Canadians age 16 to 25 were asked how likely they would be to
let someone know if they were planning to meet in person someone they had met
online. Over half (52%) say they would always inform someone else about this,
and a further 37 percent would usually employ this practice. One in ten would usually
not or never inform someone else in this situation.
If younger Canadians would inform others
before meeting
an online acquaintance in person
Response |
Youth
(n=570) |
Age
16 to 19 (n=259) |
Age
20 to 25 (n=311) |
I’d always inform a friend/family
member |
52% |
53% |
52% |
I’d usually inform a
friend/family member |
37% |
36% |
38% |
I’d usually not inform a friend/family
member |
9% |
10% |
8% |
I’d never inform a friend/family
member |
2% |
1% |
2% |
Q22. If you met someone online and planned to meet them in person, how likely would you be to inform a friend or a family member?
There are some key demographic differences in
the extent to which younger Canadians will inform anyone about meeting someone
in person after an online connection. Two-thirds (67%) of young women would
always inform and friend or family member compared to just 39 percent of young
men. It is also notable that while 57 percent of young people who are of
European descent would always inform someone of their plans to meet, this proportion
drops to 42 percent among racialized young Canadians. Among Indigenous youth
the proportion who would always inform someone rises to 59 percent.
One-third of younger Canadians (16-25) are at
least somewhat concerned about personally being a victim of human trafficking;
one in ten are very concerned.
Younger Canadians aged 16 to 25 were asked how concerned they are that
they themselves could be a victim of human trafficking. Personal concern is
lower than parental concern: one-third are at least somewhat concerned, while
two-thirds are not very or at all concerned, with three in ten being completely
unconcerned.
Parents’ level of concern regarding their own children becoming human trafficking victims
Proportion concerned |
Youth
(n=570) |
Age
16 to 19 (n=259) |
Age
20 to 25 (n=311) |
Net: concerned |
33% |
32% |
33% |
Very concerned |
8% |
8% |
8% |
Somewhat concerned |
25% |
24% |
25% |
Net: not concerned |
67% |
68% |
67% |
Not very concerned |
34% |
36% |
33% |
Not at all concerned |
33% |
31% |
34% |
Q13. How concerned are you that you could be a victim of human trafficking? Are you…?
There is no difference in the perception of
person risk of being a victim of human trafficking between 16 to 19-year old
youth and those between the ages of 20 and 25. However, it is notable that
female youth are much more likely than male youth to be at least somewhat
concerned about this (41% vs 26%). Indigenous youth are much more likely than
other youth to be at least somewhat concerned that they could be a victim of
human trafficking with over half (55%) saying they are very (28%) or somewhat (27%)
concerned.
Canadians are most likely to be suspicious of
human trafficking if someone did not have control over important documents, had
excess cash, had more than one cell phone, or had been deceived about their employment.
Canadians were presented with a list of seven
possible warning signs of human trafficking and asked to indicate how
suspicious they would think each was, before undertaking this survey.
Majorities of two-thirds or more would find each circumstance at least somewhat
suspicious. They would be most suspicious if someone did not have control over their travel or other documents (62%
would be very suspicious), and other signs would be having lots of excess cash,
more than one cell phone, or someone being deceived about the nature of their
job, its location or employer. Still concerning, but perhaps less indicative of
human trafficking, would be someone using fake ID or not being in any contact
with family or friends. The least suspicious activity is someone not being
familiar with the neighbourhood they live or work in.
If warning signs of human trafficking are considered suspicious
Sign is very
suspicious |
Canada
(n=2,006) |
Parents
(n=586) |
Youth
(n=570) |
Someone not having control over
their travel documents or other important documents |
62% |
60% |
57% |
Someone having lots of excess
cash that seemed beyond what they could possibly earn |
46% |
47% |
45% |
Someone having more than one cell
phone or not having control of their own phone |
43% |
42% |
42% |
Someone being deceived about the
nature of their job, its location or employer |
40% |
40% |
44% |
Someone lying about age and/or
using false ID |
35% |
34% |
44% |
Someone claiming not to be in any
contact with family or friends |
32% |
35% |
34% |
Someone not being familiar with
the neighbourhood they live or work in |
18% |
17% |
25% |
Q24. There are a number of warning signs that a person might be the victim of human trafficking. Before doing this survey, if you had seen someone in each of the following situations, how suspicious would you have been that something was wrong and that they could be a victim of human trafficking (sex or labour trafficking)?
There are some demographic patterns in the
extent to which Canadians regard these signs as very suspicious. Younger people
are more likely to be suspicious of some not being familiar with their
neighbourhood or lying about their age and having false ID. In contrast older
people are more likely than others to be suspicious of someone having more than
one cell phone.
The vast majority of Canadians are unaware of
any specific anti-human trafficking organizations
One in ten Canadians are able to name any organization in Canada they
feel is engaged in addressing and raising awareness of human trafficking. The
other nine in ten cannot name any. Five percent of Canadians mention the police
or the RCMP and one percent or less mention a variety of other organizations.
It is notable that younger Canadians and parents of 13 to 19-year olds are even
less likely to be able to name any organization than are Canadians as a whole.
Top-of-mind anti human trafficking organizations
Organization |
Canada
(n=2,006) |
Parents
(n=586) |
Youth
(n=570) |
Police/RCMP |
5% |
3% |
1% |
Government of Canada |
1% |
1% |
1% |
Amnesty International |
1% |
<1% |
<1% |
Canadian women organizations
(e.g., women’s shelters) |
1% |
0% |
0% |
Canadian Centre to End Human Trafficking |
1% |
0% |
<1% |
Covenant House |
<1% |
0% |
<1% |
Canadian Centre for Child
Protection |
<1% |
0% |
1% |
UN/its organizations (UNICEF,
UNESCO, etc.) |
<1% |
<1% |
<1% |
International Justice Mission |
<1% |
<1% |
<1% |
Other |
2% |
3% |
2% |
DK/NA/Not aware of any |
91% |
93% |
94% |
Q25. What organizations, if any, are you aware of in Canada that are trying to address and raise awareness of Human Trafficking?
Three in ten Canadians recall hearing or seeing an ad or PSA on the subject of human trafficking in the past year. Most have vague recollections of who sponsored the ad or PSA.
Three in ten Canadians recall having heard or
seen an ad or public service announcement about human trafficking in the past
year; seven in ten have not. English survey respondents are more likely to have
seen an ad or PSA than are French survey respondents (31% vs 22%). Almost half
(45%) of Indigenous parents and youth have seen or heard an ad.
Awareness of human trafficking advertisement or PSA
Response |
Canada
(n=2,006) |
Parents
(n=586) |
Youth
(n=570) |
Yes (have seen) |
29% |
29% |
32% |
No (have not seen) |
71% |
71% |
68% |
Q26. Have you seen, read or heard any advertising or public service
announcements in the past year on human trafficking?
Those who do recall having seen as ad about human trafficking in the
past year (n=582) have vague recollections of who sponsored the ad or PSA they
saw. The largest numbers just remember having seen or heard a documentary on the
news or that it was sponsored by government or by the police. Only one percent
mention various specific organizations such as the Canadian Centre to End Human
Trafficking or the Kids Hotline.
Sponsor of human trafficking advertisement or PSA – among those aware
Response |
Total
(n=582) |
Parents
(n=165) |
Youth |
Saw/heard documentaries on
TV/radio/CBC |
12% |
12% |
9% |
Government
(federal/provincial/city) |
10% |
11% |
8% |
Police/Crime Stoppers/RCMP |
9% |
9% |
3% |
Global/international organization
(e.g., Amnesty International, UN, etc.) |
3% |
4% |
4% |
Read an article/attended a
speech/lecture about subject |
3% |
1% |
5% |
Canadian Centre to End Human
Trafficking |
1% |
2% |
1% |
Canadian Centre for Child
Protection/Kids Hotline |
1% |
4% |
1% |
Public Safety Canada |
1% |
1% |
2% |
Covenant House |
1% |
2% |
1% |
Other |
6% |
3% |
6% |
Not sure/just remember
seeing/reading/hearing the ad |
55% |
54% |
60% |
Q27. What
organization sponsored the ad about human trafficking that you saw, read or
heard?
Base: Those seeing and ad or PSA on this topic in the past year
Seven in ten Canadians would contact their local police if they suspected human trafficking activity. One quarter would not know what to do.
Canadians were asked what they would do if they were suspicious of a
human trafficking crime happening around them; multiple responses were
accepted. The most likely response, by far, would be to contact the local
police. One-third would talk to a friend or trusted family member. Very few
would take other actions; one quarter would not know how to respond or would do
nothing.
Response to suspicion of a human trafficking crime
Response |
Canada
(n=2,006) |
Parents
(n=586) |
Youth
(n=570) |
Contact local police to report it |
74% |
80% |
57% |
Talk to a friend or trusted
family member about it |
30% |
26% |
50% |
Talk to my boss (if observed in
the workplace) |
14% |
15% |
22% |
Other |
3% |
3% |
1% |
None of these/nothing |
3% |
3% |
2% |
I would not know how to respond
or what to do |
22% |
18% |
34% |
Q28. What would you do if you were suspicious of a human trafficking crime
happening around you? Would you…?
It is notable that younger Canadians give
significantly different responses to this question. They are significantly less
likely to say they would call the police and much more likely to say they would
talk to a friend or trusted family member about it. It is also notable that one
third of them (34%) would not know what to do or how to respond.
Nine in ten Canadians are not aware of any specific anti-human trafficking help lines or web sites.
Nine in ten Canadians are not aware of any help lines or websites
specifically to support people facing the prospect of being pressured into
human trafficking. Among the one in ten who provide a response, Canadians would
most likely turn to calling 911 or the police. Just one percent mention
specific organizations.
Response to being pressured into human trafficking crime
Response |
Canada
(n=2,006) |
Parents
(n=586) |
Youth
(n=570) |
911/police |
4% |
5% |
3% |
Kids Help Line |
1% |
3% |
1% |
Canadian Centre to End Human
Trafficking |
1% |
<1% |
<1% |
RCMP |
1% |
1% |
<1% |
Public Safety Canada |
<1% |
<1% |
1% |
Other |
3% |
3% |
1% |
Don’t know of any specific help
lines/websites |
90% |
88% |
94% |
Q29. If you or someone you knew was potentially being pressured into
human trafficking, are there any specific help lines or websites you know of
where you could turn to for support?
Six percent of Canadians are aware of the Canadian Human Trafficking Hotline after prompting
When prompted, six percent Canadians are aware of the Canadian Human
Trafficking Hotline that provides support to victims, provides general
information on human trafficking and helps facilitate the reporting of incidences
of human trafficking. This proportion rises to nine percent among younger
Canadians. Among Indigenous parents and youth, the proportion who have heard of
this hotline rises to 26 percent.
Aware of Canadian Human Trafficking Hotline
Response |
Canada
(n=2,006) |
Parents
(n=586) |
Youth
(n=570) |
Yes |
6% |
6% |
9% |
No |
94% |
94% |
91% |
Q30. Have you ever heard of the Canadian Human Trafficking Hotline that
provides support to victims, provides general information on human trafficking,
and helps facilitate incident reporting?
This research consisted of an
online survey of 2,236 Canadians age 16 and over. Survey respondents were
selected from registered members of an online panel. Since the samples used in
online panel surveys are based on self-selection and are not a random
probability sample, no formal estimates of sampling error can be calculated. Although
opt-in panels are not random probability samples, online surveys can be used
for general population surveys provided they are well designed and employ a
large, well-maintained panel.
Sample
design
and weighting
Environics Research conducted an
online survey of Canadians who are members of an online panel, from March 2 to
27, 2020. The sampling method was designed to complete interviews with 1,000
Canadians age 16 and over, and with oversamples of target groups.
Quotas and weights were set by age, gender, and
region.
To get feedback from younger respondents,
invitations were sent to panellists profiled as parents, who were asked for
permission to have their children aged 16 to 17 complete the survey themselves.
Parents were provided
with a comprehensive overview of the survey, including how the results will be
used and who was sponsoring the survey. Parent had the right to refuse on
behalf of their child and the child also had the right to refuse.
Environics
Research conducted
an online survey of 2,236 Canadians, 16 years of age and older. In addition to
a survey of the 1,000 members of the general public, the survey oversampled
subgroups of interest: 500 parents of children aged 13 to 19, 250 youth ages 16
to 19, 250 young adults aged 20 to 25, and 230 Indigenous parents and youth. This
size of sample provides robust data to understand behaviours, opinions,
and attitudes within the total population and subgroups of interest for each
parents and youth. Environics set quotas by age, gender, and region, and the
data have been weighted to ensure the sample is representative of these
populations according to the most recently available Census information.
An oversample of 230 surveys were completed with Indigenous people who
were part of the target subgroups of being either parents of 13 to 19-year olds
or 16 to 25 years of age themselves. Due to challenges in weighting the
Indigenous oversample of target audiences, a separate set of tables was prepared
(n = 290) that combines the 230 people from the Indigenous oversample plus the 60
Indigenous youth and parents who responded to the general public survey.
The survey
achieved the following distributions:
General
public, plus general public oversamples |
||
Target group |
Actual |
Actual |
General population |
2,006 |
2,006 |
Youth and young adults |
570 |
301 |
16-19
years old |
259 |
114 |
20-25
years old |
311 |
188 |
Parents of children aged 13-19 years old |
586 |
566 |
Indigenous Canadians |
308 |
66 |
Total respondents |
2,006 |
2,006 |
Atlantic Canada |
142 |
145 |
Quebec |
489 |
491 |
Ontario |
772 |
767 |
Prairies |
336 |
333 |
BC |
204 |
203 |
*Results are weighted
by region, gender and age to 2016 Census data.
Indigenous
from general public, plus oversamples |
||
Target group |
Actual |
Actual |
Indigenous |
290 |
290 |
Youth and young adults |
194 |
194 |
16-19
years old |
79 |
79 |
20-25
years old |
115 |
115 |
Parents of children aged 13-19 years old |
96 |
96 |
Questionnaire
design
Public Safety Canada
provided Environics with an outline of topics to be covered in the survey. Environics
then designed questionnaire in consultation with PSC to ensure its research
objectives were met. Upon approval of the English questionnaires, Environics
arranged for the questionnaires to be translated into French by professional
translators.
Environics’ data analysts
programmed the questionnaires, then performed thorough testing to ensure
accuracy in set-up and data collection. This validation ensured that the data
entry process conformed to the surveys’ basic logic. The data collection system
handles sampling invitations, quotas and questionnaire completion (skip
patterns, branching, and valid ranges).
The final survey
questionnaire is included in Appendix B.
The survey was conducted by
Environics using a secure, fully featured web-based survey environment. The
interviews took place from March 2 to 27, 2020. The median interview length was
11 minutes.
All respondents were
offered the opportunity to complete the surveys in their official language of
choice. All research work was conducted in accordance with the Standards for
the Conduct of Government of Canada Public Opinion Research – Online Surveys
and recognized industry standards, as well as applicable federal legislation
(Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, or PIPEDA).
The data from this survey
are statistically weighted to ensure the sample is as representative of this
population as possible according to the most recently available Census
information.
The
completion results are presented in the following table.
Contact disposition
Disposition |
Total sample |
Total invitations (c) |
62,176 |
2,236 |
|
Qualified
break-offs (e) |
822 |
Disqualified (f) |
2,121 |
Not responded (g) |
53,945 |
Quota filled (h) |
3,052 |
Contact rate = (d+e+f+h)/c |
13.23% |
Participation
rate = (d+f+h)/c |
11.91% |
The following table presents the weighted
distribution of survey participants by key demographic and other variables.
General public |
Total
sample |
Age |
|
16-25 |
15% |
26-45 |
32% |
46-59 |
25% |
60+ |
28% |
Gender |
|
Female |
49% |
Male |
51% |
Other |
- |
Education |
|
High
school or less |
20% |
College/tech |
29% |
University |
49% |
Household income |
|
Under
$40,000 |
12% |
$40,000-$80,000 |
24% |
$80,000-$100,000 |
14% |
Over
$100,000 |
31% |
Language of survey |
|
English |
76% |
French |
24% |
Indigenous sample |
Total
sample |
Status |
|
First
Nation |
61% |
Inuit |
4% |
Metis |
34% |
Gender |
|
Female |
51% |
Male |
48% |
Other |
1% |
Age/Parent |
|
16-19 |
27% |
20-25 |
40% |
Parent
of 13-19-year old |
33% |
human
trafficking AWARENESS SURVEY
MARCH 2020
LANDING PAGE
Please select your preferred language for completing
the survey / SVP choisissez votre langue préférée pour remplir le sondage.
1 English /
Anglais
2 Français /
French
Introduction
Environics
Research, an independent research company, is conducting this survey on behalf
of Public Safety Canada which is a department of the Government of Canada. We
would like to thank you for taking the time to answer this very important
survey to help contribute to policies to ensure the safety of all Canadians.
Your
participation is voluntary, and your answers will remain anonymous and stored
securely. The survey will take about 10 minutes to complete. You may opt-out of the survey at any time if
the topics covered are too difficult. To view our privacy policy, click here
[INSERT LINK].
The
information collected through the research is subject to the provisions of the
Privacy Act, legislation of the Government of Canada, and to the provisions of
relevant provincial privacy legislation.
Programming note: link is to https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/P-21/
The
survey is best completed on a computer or a tablet. If you are completing this
survey on a smart phone, please turn the device to landscape
(horizontal/sideways) mode so that all questions display correctly.
If you have any questions about the subject
matter of the survey, please contact Derek Leebosh of Environics Research at
Derek.Leebosh@environics.ca.
xxx
Please click on >> to continue.
D1. In what year were you born?
Open-ended numeric: ____ RANGE:
1916-2004
If 16yrs+
continue, otherwise thank and terminate
IF Q.A is
between 16 and 19YRS or 20 and 25YRS - APPLY TO AGE QUOTAS + ASK YOUTH
QUESTIONS
IF Q.A
less than 16YRS, TERMINATE WITH THANKS
IF Q.A is
more than 25, ASK SCREENING QUESTION D2 AND IF A PARENT APPLY TO QUOTA AND POSE
PARENT QUESTIONS
If 26yrs+, ask:
D2. Are you the
parent or primary caregiver to any children in the following age categories?
Select all that apply
1.
Children under the age of 13 [TERMINATE IF ONLY OPTION SELECTED]
2.
Children between 13 and 15
3.
Children between 16 and 19
4.
Children 20 or over [TERMINATE IF ONLY
OPTION SELECTED]
5.
I have no children [EXCLUSIVE] [TERMINATE IF OPTION SELECTED]
CONSIDER PARENT IF CHILD IS/ARE 0 – 19 YRS (CODES 1 –
3)
D3. What is your
gender identity?
Select one response
Randomize
01
- Male
02
– Female
03
– Other gender [ANCHOR]
D4. What is your province
of residence?
Select one response
IF
SELECTED A VALID region (NO CODE 14 AT Q.d4) CONTINUE, OTHERWISE TERMINATE
D5. What are the first 3 digits of your
postal code?
Postal
code: ___ ___ ___
D6. Do you identify
as Indigenous, that is to say First Nation, Inuit or Metis?
Select one response
1 Yes, First Nation [APPLY TO INDIGENOUS OVERSAMPLE]
2 Yes, Inuit
[APPLY TO INDIGENOUS OVERSAMPLE]
3 Yes, Metis [APPLY TO INDIGENOUS OVERSAMPLE]
4 No, I am not Indigenous
IF PARENT
OF A CHILD 0 – 19 YRS (CODES 1 – 3), ASK:
D7. What gender(s) do
your children identify as?
Select all that apply
Randomize
1 Male
2 Female
3 Other gender [ANCHOR]
continue TO SURVEY…
HUMAN TRAFFICKING STUDY
GEN POP (16YRS+) [N of
2250]
NATIONAL
Section 2: Safety and human
trafficking in context/general awareness
Q1. This survey will
explore issues around safety for children, youth and young adults in Canada.
How serious an issue do you consider each of the following to be to the safety
of children, youth and young adults in Canada?
Select one response for each
1
- Extremely serious issue
2
- Somewhat serious issue
3
- Not a very serious issue
4
- Not a serious issue at all
Randomize
- Show in carousel format
a.
Guns and gangs
b.
Cyberbullying
c.
Human trafficking (labour and sex trafficking)
d.
Illegal drug use
e.
Climate change
f.
Child sexual exploitation/harassment online
g.
Hate crimes
h.
Gender-based violence
Q2. When you think of
threats to the safety of our children, youth and young adults, what would you
say are the top three most serious issues facing these populations today in
Canada?
Drag and drop from list, most serious issue to 3rd most serious issue
Randomize |
RANKING |
Guns and
gangs |
1 |
Cyberbullying |
2 |
Human
trafficking (labour and sex trafficking) |
3 |
Illegal
drug use |
|
Climate
change |
|
Child
sexual exploitation/harassment online |
|
Hate crimes |
|
Gender-based
violence |
|
Q3. There has been
some discussion recently of the issue of “human trafficking” in Canada. How
would you rate your own understanding of the issue of human trafficking? Do you
think you understand this issue…?
Select one response
1
- Very well
2
- Somewhat well
3
- Not very well
4
- Not at all
Q4. How would you
define the term “human trafficking”? What is it?
Type response below
|
|
Q5. People sometimes
talk about someone being “groomed” or “grooming” another person. Do you feel
you know what “grooming” is?
Select one response
1
- Yes, definitely
2
- Yes, I think so
2
- No, I do not
NEW SCREEN
In fact, “grooming” is a scheme used by offenders that involves
building trust with individuals and the adults around them, in an effort to
gain access to and control them. Grooming is an attempt to manipulate someone
into becoming a cooperative participant, reducing the likelihood of them
tipping off someone and increasing the likelihood the victim will repeatedly
return to the offender.
Q6. Here is a list of
things that could happen to a person – do you consider each to be an example of
human trafficking, or not?
Select one response for each
1
- Is human trafficking
2
- Is NOT human trafficking
3
- Unsure
Randomize
- Show in carousel format
a.
Someone being pressured into the sex trade
b.
Someone being forced to work against their will
c.
People having their organs removed or harvested against their will
d.
People willingly smuggled across international borders
e.
People smuggled across international border for the purpose of being exploited
in another country
Q7. To what extent do
you agree or disagree with the following statements about human trafficking?
Select one response for each
1 - Strongly
agree
2
- Somewhat agree
3
- Somewhat disagree
4
- Strongly disagree
9
– No opinion
Rotate
- Show in carousel format
A.
Human trafficking is a growing problem in Canada that can have long-term
consequences for victims
B.
If I report human trafficking to the authorities, I’m confident they’d take it
very seriously
C.
Human trafficking is something that mostly happens in other countries and is
less of an issue in Canada.
D.
Youth in Canada are generally safe online from perpetrators grooming for the
purposes of human trafficking.
E.
Forced labour crimes are very rare in Canada
Section 3: Perceptions of
risk
Q8. Human trafficking
is defined as - "the recruitment, transportation, harbouring and/or
exercising control, direction or influence over the movements of a person in
order to exploit that person” - typically through sexual exploitation or forced
labour. It is often described as a modern form of slavery. Examples of human
trafficking include:
•
Sex trafficking: when someone is forced or coerced into prostitution for
someone else’s financial benefit (e.g., in a brothel, a massage parlour or a
strip club)
•
Labour exploitation or practices similar to slavery: when someone is forced to
work for little to no pay
•
Removal of organs without consent
Knowing
this definition, how serious a problem would you say that human trafficking is
in Canada? Is it…?
Select one response
1
- Extremely serious problem
2
- Somewhat serious problem
3
- Not a very serious problem
4
- Not a serious problem at all
5
- Don’t know
Q9. As far as you
know, is human trafficking becoming more or less of a problem in Canada than it
was in the past or has there been no change?
Select one response
1
- More of a problem than in the past
2
- Less of a problem than in the past
3
- No change
Q10. How serious a
problem do you think human trafficking (sex and labour trafficking) crimes are
within your own neighbourhood or local community?
Select one response
1
- Extremely serious problem
2
- Somewhat serious problem
3
- Not a very serious problem
4
- Not a serious problem at all
5
- Don’t know
Q11. About what
proportion of children, youth and young adults in Canada do you think are at
serious risk of being victims of human trafficking?
Select one response
1
- All or most of them (i.e. 60%-100%)
2
- About half of them (i.e. 40%-60%)
3
- A fair proportion of them (20%-40%)
4
- A smaller minority of them (5%-20%)
5
- A very small proportion of them (less than 5%)
ASK ALL
PARENTS
Q12. How concerned are
you that one of your own children could be a victim of human trafficking? Are
you…?
Select one response
1
- Very concerned
2
- Somewhat concerned
3
- Not very concerned
4
- Not at all concerned
ASK ALL
YOUTH (16 TO 25YRS)
Q13. How concerned are
you that you could be a victim of human trafficking? Are you…?
Select one response
1
- Very concerned
2
- Somewhat concerned
3
- Not very concerned
4
- Not at all concerned
ASK ALL
Q14. How common do you
think it is for young people (25yrs and under) to be the victims of human
trafficking?
Select one response
1
- Human trafficking is quite rare and only affects a very small number of young
people
2
- Human trafficking happens occasionally and affects a minority of young people
3
- Human trafficking is pretty common and affects a lot of young people
4
- Human trafficking is everywhere and almost everyone experiences it
Q15. What specific groups do you think are most likely to be the
victims of human trafficking in Canada?
Select all that apply
Randomize
01 - Young men or boys
02 - Young women or girls
03 - Trans, intersex, and non-binary young people
04 - Young people who identify as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or queer
05 - Indigenous young people
06 - Young people who have recently immigrated to Canada
07 - Young people in low income families/ welfare system
08 - Youth who have run away from home
09 - Youth with mental health issues
10 - Visible minorities
11 - People with disabilities
12 - Other types of young people (specify) ____________ [Anchor]
13 - People of all ages are equally likely to be a victim [Anchor] [Exclusive]
14
- I have no idea [Anchor]
[Exclusive]
Q16. In Canada, who do
you think are the most common perpetrators of human trafficking?
01
- Strangers (Inc. anonymous people online)
02
- People with criminal records
03
- Members of criminal organizations
04 - Business acquaintances/colleagues/consultants
05
- Personal friends
06
- Family members
07
- Former intimate partners
08
- Current intimate partners
09
- Temporary work firms
10
– Other (Specify) ______________
11
- I have no idea [Anchor]
[Exclusive]
Q17 Where in Canada do
you think human trafficking is most likely to be happening? Is it…
Select all that apply
1 - In big cities
2 - In small towns/rural areas
3 - In border towns
4
- In coastal cities/towns with ports
5 - I have no idea [EXCLUSIVE]
Q18 Is there any one
province/territory where you think human trafficking is most likely to be
happening more frequently? [DROP DOWN LIST]
Select one response
01 - Newfoundland and Labrador
02 - Prince Edward Island
03 - Nova Scotia
04 - New Brunswick
05 - Quebec
06 - Ontario
07 - Manitoba
08 - Saskatchewan
09 - Alberta
10 - British Columbia
11 -Yukon
12 - Northwest Territories
13 - Nunavut
14 - None
15 – Don’t Know
Q19 What types of
sectors/businesses/industries do you think are most likely to be affected by or
involved in human trafficking crimes?
Select all that apply
1 - Massage parlours/strip clubs
2 - Hotels/tourism
3 - Large sporting events
4 - Embassies
5 - Farming
6 - Domestics (i.e. nannies, housekeepers etc.…)
7
- Manufacturing industry
8
- Transportation industry
9
- I have no idea [EXCLUSIVE]
Section 4: Perceptions of
safety/grooming/warning signs
ASK ALL 16-25-year olds – OTHERS SKIP TO
Q24
Q20. How safe do you
feel in each of the following places?
Select one response for each
1 - Very safe
2 - Somewhat
safe
3 - Not very
safe
4 - Not safe at
all
9 - Does not
apply
Randomize - Show in
carousel format
A.
At home
B.
At work
C.
At school
D.
Walking in your neighbourhood
Q21. How comfortable
would you be talking with your parents or another trusted older adult about
sensitive or personal safety issues?
Select one response
1 - Very
comfortable
2 - Somewhat
comfortable
3 - Not very
comfortable
4 - Not
comfortable at all
9 - Not
applicable
Q22 If you met someone
online and planned to meet them in person, how likely would you be to inform a
friend or a family member?
Select one response
1 - I’d always
inform a friend/family member
2 - I’d usually
inform a friend/family member
3 - I’d usually
not inform a friend/family member
4 - I’d never
inform a friend/family member
ASK ALL
Q24. There are a number
of warning signs that a person might be the victim of human trafficking. Before
doing this survey, if you had seen someone in each of the following situations,
how suspicious would you have been that something was wrong and that they could
be a victim of human trafficking (sex or labour trafficking)?
Select one response for each
1 - Very
suspicious
2
- Somewhat suspicious
3
- Not very suspicious
4
- Not suspicious at all
Randomize
- Show in carousel format
A.
Someone having more than one cellphone or not having control of their own phone
B.
Someone having lots of excess cash that seemed beyond what they could possibly
earn
C.
Someone claiming not to be in any contact with family or friends
D.
Someone lying about age and/or using false ID
E.
Someone not being familiar with the neighborhood they live or work in
F.
Someone not having control over their travel documents or other important
documents
G.
Someone being deceived about the nature of their job, its location or employer
Section 5: Awareness of HT ad
campaigns/organizations and how to respond
Q25. What
organizations, if any, are you aware of in Canada that are trying to address
and raise awareness of Human Trafficking?
Select one response
1
- I am aware of (SPECIFY)__________________________
2
- Not aware of any
Q26. Have you seen,
read or heard any advertising or public service announcements in the past year
on human trafficking?
Select one response
1 - Yes
2 - No
IF YES AT
Q.26, ASK:
Q27. What organization
sponsored the ad about human trafficking that you saw, read or heard?
Type response below
|
|
ASK ALL
Q28. What would you do
if you were suspicious of a human trafficking crime happening around you? Would
you…?
Select all that apply
01 - Do nothing [Anchor]
02 - I would not know how to respond or what to do [Anchor]
03 - Talk to a friend or trusted family member about it
04 - Talk to my boss (if observed in the workplace)
05 - Contact local police to report it
98 - Other (specify) __________ [Anchor]
99 - None of these [Anchor]
[Exclusive]
Q29. If you or someone
you knew was potentially being pressured into human trafficking, are there any
specific help lines or websites you know of where you could turn to for
support?
Select one response
1 - No, I don’t
know of any specific help lines or websites
2 - Yes, there
is (PLEASE SPECIFY) ________________________
Q30. Have you ever
heard of the Canadian Human Trafficking Hotline that provides support to
victims, provides general information on human trafficking, and helps
facilitate incident reporting?
Select one response
1
- Yes
2
- No
Continue
with next section
Section 6: Demographics
To finish up, we have just a few questions about you for
statistical purposes only. Please be
assured that your answers will remain completely confidential.
D8. Are you
currently…?
Select all that apply.
1
- In school full-time
2
- In school part-time
3
- Not a student
D9. Are you
currently…?
Select all that apply.
1
- Working full-time
2
- Working part-time
3
- Not working
D10. Which of the following
is the highest level of education that you have completed?
Select one response
1
- Less than high school diploma or equivalent/I am still in high school
2
- High school diploma or equivalent
3
- Trade certificate or diploma (apprenticeship, technical institute, trade or
vocational school)
4
- College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma (other than
trades certificates or diplomas)
5
- University (undergraduate degree)
6
- University (graduate or professional degree)
9
- Prefer not to say
D11 Were you born in
Canada or in another country?
Select one response
01
– Canada
02
– Other country
ASK ALL EXCEPT
THOSE WHO IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS (codes 1 – 3 IN Q. D6)
D12 Which of the
following best describes your ethnic background or nationality? [Allow up to 2
responses]
Select up 2 responses
01 British Isles (English, Scottish,
Irish, Welsh)
02 French
03 Other European (i.e., German, Italian,
Ukrainian, Polish, Dutch, etc.)
04 Chinese
05 Filipino
06 Other East or Southeast Asian (i.e.
Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Thai etc.)
07 South Asian (i.e., Indian, Pakistani,
Sri Lankan, or Bangladeshi)
08 African/Black
09 Latin American
10 Arab
11 West Asian (e.g., Afghan, Iranian,
Turkish)
98 Other (SPECIFY) ______________
D13. Which of the
following categories best describes your total household income? That is, the
total income of all persons in your household combined, before taxes.
Select one response
01
- Under $20,000
02
- $20,000 to just under $40,000
03
- $40,000 to just under $60,000
04
- $60,000 to just under $80,000
05
- $80,000 to just under $100,000
06
- $100,000 to just under $150,000
07
- $150,000 and above
99
- Prefer not to answer
This
completes the survey. On behalf of the Government of Canada, thank you for your
valuable input. If you would like to know more about human trafficking and how
to identify the warning signs, please visit https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/cntrng-crm/hmn-trffckng/index-en.aspx .
If
you feel you are currently the victim of human trafficking or know somebody
that might currently be in a situation of exploitation, please call 1-833-900-1010.
In
the coming months, the results of this survey will be available on the Library
and Archives Canada website.
This completes the
survey.
Thank you very much for
your participation.