Firearms Safety Public Awareness Campaign - Final Integrated Report

Prepared for Public Safety

Supplier:

Ekos Research Associates Inc.

Contract Number:

CW2246850

Contract Value:

$147,363.30 (including HST)

Award Date:

November 04, 2022

Delivery Date:

June 5, 2023

Registration Number:

POR 076-22

For more information on this report, please contact ps.communications-communications.sp@canada.ca

This public opinion research report presents the results of an online survey conducted by Ekos Research Associates Inc. on behalf of Public Safety Canada. The research study was conducted with 2,054 Canadians in a first survey related specifically to handguns, conducted between January 14 and February 02, 2023 and 2,099 in a second survey related to firearms safety in general, conducted between March 16 and 29, 2023.

Cette publication est aussi disponible en français sous le titre Campagne de sensibilisation du public aux enjeux de sécurité relatifs aux armes à feu.

This publication may be reproduced for non-commercial purposes only. Prior written permission must be obtained from Public Safety Canada. For more information on this report, please contact Public Services and Procurement Canada at tpsgc.questions-questions.pwgsc@tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca or at:

Communications Branch

Public Services and Procurement Canada

Portage III Tower A

16A1-11 Laurier Street

Gatineau QC K1A 0S5

Catalogue Number:

PS4-299/2023E-PDF

International Standard Book Number (ISBN):

978-0-660-48195-1

Related publications (registration number: POR 076-22)

Catalogue Number:

PS4-299/2023F-PDF (French Report)

ISBN:

978-0-660-48196-8

© His Majesty the King in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 2023

Table of Contents

• Handgun Survey
  • List of Tables
  • List of Charts
• Firearms Safety Survey
  • List of Tables
  • List of Charts
• Executive Summary
  1. Background and Objectives
  2. Methodology
  3. Key Findings
  4. Note to Readers
  5. Contract Value
  6. Political Neutrality Certification
• Detailed Findings – Handgun Survey
  1. Perceived Risk
  2. Awareness of Measures
  3. Perception of Firearms – Related Measures
  4. Gun Ownership
• Detailed Findings –Firearm Safety Survey
  1. Working with Vulnerable Segments of the Population
  2. Perceived Risk
  3. Awareness of Measures
  4. Perception of measures to address Firearms violence – Related Measures
  5. Perception of Legality of Different Firearms
• Appendices
  1. Methodological Details
  2. Survey Questionnaire – Handgun Survey
  3. Survey Questionnaire – Firearms Safety Survey

Handgun Survey

List of Tables

• Table 1: Reasons for Perceived Poor GC Performance
• Table 2: Profile of Gun Ownership

List of Charts

A. Perceived Risk

• Chart 1: Level of Concern – Firearms Violence is a Threat to Public Safety
• Chart 2: Frequency of Hearing about Firearms Violence
• Chart 3: Perceived Causes of Firearms Violence
• Chart 4: Incidence of Personal Exposure to Firearm Violence
• Chart 5: Perception of Where Firearms Violence Occurs

B. Awareness of Measures

• Chart 6: Overall Familiarity with Programs, Policies and Regulations
• Chart 7: Awareness of Specific Regulatory Measures

C. Perceptions of Firearms-related Measures

• Chart 8: Perceived Balance in Regulations
• Chart 9: Perceived GC Performance in Addressing Gun-related Violence
• Chart 10: Support for Measures to Address Firearms Violence
• Chart 11: Perceived Effectiveness of Measures in Reducing Firearms Violence
• Chart 12: Perceived Legality of Possessing Different Firearms

D. Gun Ownership

• Chart 13: Source of Firearms
• Chart 14: Status of Firearms License
• Chart 15: Reason for Firearm ownership
• Chart 16: Awareness of What to do With Unwanted Handgun
• Chart 17: Perceived Options Regarding Unwanted Handgun

Firearms Safety Survey

List of Tables

• Table 3: Those Working with Vulnerable Groups
• Table 4: Working with Victims of Gun Violence
• Table 5: Views Regarding Red and Yellow Flag Laws
• Table 6: Resources to Providing Support to Victims of Gun Violence
• Table 7: Response Rates (both surveys)
• Table 8: Demographic Table (both surveys)

List of Charts

A. Perceived Risk

• Chart 18: Level of Concern - Firearms Violence is a Threat to Public Safety
• Chart 19 Frequency of Hearing about Firearms Violence
• Chart 20: Sources for Hearing about Firearms Violence
• Chart 21: Perceived Causes of Firearms Violence

B. Awareness of Measures

• Chart 22: Incidence of Personal Exposure to Firearm Violence
• Chart 23: Overall Familiarity with Programs, Policies and Regulations
• Chart 24: Awareness of Specific Regulatory Measures (i)
• Chart 25: Awareness of Specific Regulatory Measures (ii)
• Chart 26: Perceived GC Performance in Addressing Gun-related Violence

C. Perceptions of Firearms-related Measures

• Chart 27: Support for Measures to Address Firearms Violence (i)
• Chart 28: Support for Measures to Address Firearms Violence (ii)

D. Perception of Legality of Different Firearms

• Chart 29: Perceived Legality of Possessing Different Firearms

Executive Summary

A. Background and Objectives

The Government of Canada has introduced the most significant changes to firearms legislation in more than 40 years and is committed to delivering responsible and strong gun control to protect Canadian communities. This includes implementing a national freeze on handguns, revoking firearms licenses from those involved in acts of domestic violence or criminal harassment, and increasing criminal penalties for violations of safety regulations and applicable laws. It also includes providing more tools to combat gun trafficking and smuggling, and creating new "yellow flag" and "red flag" laws to enable courts to temporarily suspend firearms licenses due to unsafe use or require individuals to surrender their firearms to law enforcement if they are deemed a danger to themselves or others.

In 2021, Public Safety Canada launched a firearms awareness campaign, which informed Canadians that the Government of Canada is taking action to prevent gun violence by banning assault-style firearms—among other actions—and intends to implement other firearms-related legislation and regulation changes. The multi-year campaign is evidence-based and built on a variety of insights from public opinion research involving the target audience.

B. Methodology

Two separate national baseline surveys were conducted to help inform this multi-year awareness campaign:

1. A survey designed to explore awareness and attitudes about firearms safety related to handguns, including views about the recently announced national freeze on handguns in Canada.

• Included an oversample of firearm owners.

2. Survey designed to explore national levels of awareness, perceptions and understanding of new firearms regulations & tools that aim to address gun violence.

• Included an emphasis on intimate partner violence and gender-based violence contexts.
• Included an oversample of professionals working in sectors providing services to vulnerable or marginalized populations.

The first survey, related to general firearm safety and the national handgun freeze, was conducted between January 14 and February 2, 2023. The survey included 2,054 Canadians aged 18, including an oversample of 447 Canadians who own at least one firearm. The randomly recruited probability sample carries with it a margin of error of ±2.2% (±4.6% among owners of firearms). The margin of error for other key segments within the sample is between ±3% and ±6, although 8% in Atlantic Canada. The sample source is an in-house Probit panel of randomly recruited Canadians. The survey instrument was delivered online as well as by telephone and available in both official languages. The average length of the survey was 14 minutes online and 19 minutes by telephone. The overall response rate for the survey was 31%.

The second survey, related to general firearm safety and the measures put in place for new firearms was conducted between March 16 and 30, 2023. The survey included a sampling of 2,099 Canadians aged 18+, including an oversample of 450 Canadians who work with vulnerable segments of the population. The randomly recruited probability sample carries with it a margin of error of ±2.1% (±4.6% among those who work with vulnerable segments of the population). The margin of error for other key segments within the sample is between ±3% and ±8. The sample source is an in-house Probit panel of randomly recruited Canadians. The survey instrument was delivered online as well as by telephone and available in both official languages. The average length of the survey was 14 minutes online and 19 minutes by telephone. The overall response rate for the survey was 26%.

Appendix A presents further details on the methodology for the two surveys.

C. Key Findings

Handgun Freeze Survey

Perceived Risk in the Community

The general public are evenly split in terms of their level of concern about the threat of firearms-related violence in their own community. Just under half (48%) are not at all or not very concerned, while just over half (51%) are somewhat or very concerned. Four in ten (41%) say they hear about firearms violence in their own community sometimes or frequently, while close to six in ten (58%) say hearing about this is infrequently. In both cases, residents of smaller or rural communities are considerably less likely to say they are concerned or hear about this frequently in their community. In fact, when asked about where firearms violence is the highest, 66% pointed to downtown/urban core areas, while 13% said this occurs in suburban areas, and only 8% think this is in small towns or other rural communities.

Perceived causes of firearms violence are most often thought to be gangs or organized crime (72%) followed by other criminal activity (42%). One in four believe a main cause is intimate partner or gender-based violence (25%) or self-harm/mental health issues (22%).

Awareness of Programs, Policies and Regulations to Address Firearms Violence

Half of Canadians (48%) feel they are either very or somewhat familiar with variety of programs, policies and regulations related to firearms safety and gun violence prevention. Firearm owners are more likely than other Canadians to say they are familiar with these (84%). Most Canadians (83%) have heard about the restrictions on the sale, purchase, and transfer of handguns. Two in three (64%) have heard about the temporary restrictions on the importation of handguns into Canada. More than half know about action against gun and gang violence (57%) and new measures and funding to tackle smuggling and trafficking of guns (55%), although very few have heard more than a little bit about it. Four in ten (39%) have heard some about expectations for those who train, compete, or coach in areas involving handguns. Firearm owners are about twice as likely to have heard about each of these measures than other Canadians, particularly the restrictions on sales and the temporary restrictions on importation of handguns.

Perceptions of Firearms-Related Measures

One in three Canadians (33%) believe that the regulations of firearms in Canada strikes the right balance. Among the other two-thirds, those who feel the regulation is not strict enough (40%) outweigh those who believe it too be too strict (19%) by two to one. Close to half (46%) of firearm owners believe the regulation is too strict, which is the case among only 14% of other Canadians, who lean toward it being the right balance or not strict enough (45%).

Perceived performance of the Government of Canada when it comes to introducing measures to address gun-related violence is quite low among respondents. Two in three (69%) feel that the performance has been poor (40%) or fair (29%). Only one in four (24%) believe it to be good (20%) or excellent (4%). Firearm owners are much more likely to feel negatively (74% believe the performance has been poor). Some of the most frequently cited reasons for this include believing that it only penalizes registered gun owners (24%), and that the problem is with illegal arms (14%).

Support for measures to address firearms violence is generally high, particularly for action against gun and gang violence (94% support including 75% strong support), and new measures and funding to tackle gun smuggling and trafficking (92% including 74% strong support). Three in five also support (75% including 41% strongly) exemptions to handgun restrictions for people who train, compete, or coach in areas involving handguns, although 15% are opposed to these exceptions. Seven in ten (71%) also support restrictions on the sale, purchase and transfer of handguns (53% strongly), although 25% are opposed to these restrictions. Results are similar for temporary restrictions of the importation of handguns into Canada (69% support with 51% showing strong support), although 23% are opposed to this. Opposition is concentrated more heavily among firearm owners, particularly on the restrictions on the sale and transfer of handguns (64%) and temporary restrictions on their importation into Canada (59%). Thinking about these latter two restrictions on handguns, 46% of firearm owners believe the measures will not be effective, while 32% think they will be somewhat effective and 17% think they will be effective. Firearm owners are much less likely than other Canadians to believe they will be effective, in fact 79% believe they will not be.

In terms of possession of several different types of handguns, the largest proportion of Canadians believe that semi-automatic handguns should not be legal (71%), although this is true of only 32% among firearm owners. Similarly, 61% believe revolvers should not be legal (25% among firearm owners). Much fewer (36%) believe that replica handguns should be illegal (13% among firearm owners).

Profile of Firearm owners

Just over one in five (22%) of the sample own firearms, who typically own between one and three firearms, most often a rifle (80% of firearm owners), or shotgun (72%), followed by a semi-automatic long gun (35%) or handgun (26%). The large majority have owned them for more than five years, and the firearms are typically used a few times a year or less. About two in three own only non-restricted firearms (60%), while 32% own both restricted and non-restricted firearms. Three in four (74%) purchased a firearm from a retailer, and nearly half (47%) inherited a firearm from a family member or friend. One in three (34%) purchased a firearm from an individual, and 24% received one as a gift. Firearms are most often used for target shooting (74%), hunting for food (48%) or hunting for sport (38%).

Firearms Safety Survey

Target Group

One in five members of the sample (21%) work with vulnerable segments of the population. The most popular areas of work are in health or medical services, and in education (26% in each sector) followed by support services (17%). A further subset of those working with vulnerable groups work with victims of gun violence and their families (36%)^[1], although only 9% do so frequently and more than half do so infrequently. The main sources of firearms violence that those who support victims of gun violence see are in the areas of suicide or self-harm, gang violence or organized crime, criminal activity and intimate partner or gender-based violence.

Perceived Risk

The general public are evenly split in terms of their level of concern about the threat of firearms-related violence in their own community. Just under half (47%) are not at all or not very concerned, while just over half (47%) are somewhat or very concerned. Concern is higher outside of one’s own community (73%). Four in ten (43%) say they hear about firearms violence in their own community sometimes or frequently. Residents of smaller or rural communities are considerably less likely to say they are concerned or hear about this frequently in their community. Hearing about firearms-related violence is most likely to occur through the Internet (57%), television (56%) and radio (49%), as well as social media (41%).

Perceived causes of firearms violence are most often thought to be gangs or organized crime (71%) followed by other criminal activity (45%). One in four believe a main cause is intimate partner or gender-based violence (27%) or self-harm/mental health issues (27%).

Awareness of Programs, Policies and Regulations to Address Firearms Violence

Half of Canadians (49%) feel they are either very or somewhat familiar with variety of programs, policies and regulations related to firearms safety and gun violence prevention.

Almost all Canadians (90%) have heard something about the ban on "assault style" firearms. Eight in ten (80%) have heard about the restrictions on the sale, purchase, and transfer of handguns, and nearly as many (76%) have heard of the buyback program to provide compensation for certain banned firearms. Just over half have heard about the ban on magazines capable of holding more than the legal number of bullets (58%). About half know about the requirement for business to maintain an inventory and records sales (48%) or expanding background checks to include applicants’ entire history (50%). Slightly fewer have heard about the requirement for sellers of a non-restricted firearms to validate the buyer’s license with the government (45%) and restrictions on replica air-guns (46%). About half have heard something about the action against gun and gang violence (51%) and new measures and funding to tackle smuggling and trafficking of guns (50%), although few have heard more than a little bit about it. Fewer have heard about red and yellow flag laws (31% and 27%, respectively).

Firearm owners are about twice as likely to have heard about each of these measures than other Canadians, particularly the restrictions on sales and the temporary restrictions on importation of handguns.

Perceptions of Firearms-Related Measures

Perceived performance of the Government of Canada when it comes to introducing measures to address gun-related violence is quite low. Two in three (69%) feel that the performance has been poor (37%) or fair (32%). Only one in four (24%) believe it to be good (21%) or excellent (3%).

Support for measures to address firearms violence is generally high, particularly for new measures and funding to tackle gun smuggling and trafficking (95%) and action against gun and gang violence (94%). About eight in ten also support the eight other measures described in the survey^[2], and 74% indicated support for a buyback program for certain banned firearms, while 63% support restrictions on the sale, purchase, and transfer of mid-velocity 'replica' air guns.

Among those who work with victims of gun violence and their families, 46% believe that red and yellow flag laws will support their work, and 29% believe these laws will be effective in protecting victims and potential victims of gun violence, although 29% also believe they will not be effective and 35% believe they will be somewhat effective.

Among the top sources for resources on providing support to victims and others are non-profit organizations (64%), workplace training (37%) and provincial government (33%), as well as through the federal government (29%) and work/professional networks (29%).

In terms of possession of several different types of handguns, the largest proportion of Canadians believe that semi-automatic handguns should not be legal (71%). Similarly, 60% believe revolvers should not be legal. Much fewer (36%) believe that air guns should be illegal (26% among gun owners). For rifles and shotguns with semi-automatic action, 55% of Canadians believe they should be illegal, while only 25% believe this should be the case for rifles and shotguns with manual action.

D. Note to Readers

Detailed findings are presented in the sections that follow. Overall results are presented in the main portion of the narrative and are typically supported by graphic or tabular presentation of results. Bulleted text is also used to point out any statistically and substantively significant differences between sub-groups of respondents. If differences are not noted in the report, it can be assumed that they are either not statistically significant^[3] in their variation from the overall result, or that the difference was deemed to be substantively too small to be noteworthy. Results for the proportion of respondents in the sample who either said "don’t know" or did not provide a response may not be indicated in the graphic representation of the results in all cases, particularly where they are not sizable (e.g., 10% or less). Results may also not total to 100% due to rounding.

The programmed survey instrument can be found in Appendix B. and Appendix C (Firearms Safety Survey). Note that a handful of survey questions were featured in both the handgun and firearms safety surveys since each included a different sub-sample target group. It was considered important to include these five repeated measures for both gun owners and those working with vulnerable segments of society. It was also considered important to include these items in each survey so that they may be used as analytical tools to better segment other survey responses. These repeated items include: perceived level of concern for firearms violence in one’s own community; frequency of hearing about firearms violence; whether or not they were ever directly affected by firearms violence, reported familiarity with programs, policies and regulations to address firearms violence and perceived government performance in addressing firearms violence. Therefore, results are presented for these questions in each of the two different sets of detailed results chapters of the report.

E. Contract Value

The contract value for the POR project is $147,363.30 (including HST).

Supplier Name:

Ekos Research Associates

PWGSC Contract Number:

CW2246850

Contract Award Date:

November 04, 2022

To obtain more information on this study, please e-mail ps.communications-communications.sp@canada.ca

F. Political Neutrality Certification

I hereby certify as Senior Officer of Ekos Research Associates Inc. that the deliverables fully comply with the Government of Canada political neutrality requirements outlined in the Policy on Communications and Federal Identity and the Directive on the Management of Communications. Specifically, the deliverables do not include information on electoral voting intentions, political party preferences, standings with the electorate, or ratings of the performance of a political party or its leaders.

Signed by Susan Galley (Vice President)

2. Detailed Findings – Handgun Freeze Survey

A. Perceived Risk

The level of concern that firearms-related violence is a threat to public safety in the local community is nearly evenly split. Just less than half are not at all concerned (23%) or not very concerned (26%). Just over half are somewhat (33%) or very concerned (18%).

Those who do not own a firearm (55%) are more concerned about the threat to public safety than firearm owners (30%).

Q15. How concerned are you that firearms-related violence is a threat to public safety in your local community? Are you...?

Base: n=2054

• Concern is higher among residents of Quebec (57%) and Ontario (58%) than in any other region.
• Women (59%) are more likely to be concerned about firearms-related violence than men (44%).
• Concern increases with age; 58% of those aged 65 and over are concerned, compared with 45% of those under age 35.
• Residents who were not born in Canada (62%) are more likely to be concerned than those born in Canada (49%).
• Those with a university education (54%) are more likely than those with college education (46%) to be concerned. However, those with higher income ($100,000 and over) (48%) are less likely to be concerned than those earning less than $60,000 (56%).
• Concern is higher among those living in Urban areas (63%) than in rural settings (34%).

The majority of Canadians report hearing about firearms violence infrequently (39%) or never (19%). Four in ten hear about firearms violence either sometimes (25%) or frequently (16%).

Those who do not own firearms (44%) are nearly twice as likely to report hearing about related violence than firearm owners (24%).

Q16. How often do you hear about firearms violence in your community?

Base: n=2054

• Regionally, residents of Quebec (48%) and Ontario (44%) are more likely than those in other regions to say they hear about firearms violence in their community.
• Women (46%) are more likely than men (37%) to report hearing about firearm violence.
• Those living in urban areas (57%) are more likely to have heard about firearms violence in their community than those in rural settings (15%).

Most Canadians think that the main sources of firearms violence in Canada are gang violence and organized crime (72%). Less than half mentioned general criminal activity such as break and enters and robbery (44%). One in four think that intimate partner or gender-based violence (25%) is a main cause of firearms violence in Canada. Only sightly fewer (22%) indicated suicides, mental health issues, or self harm.

Firearm owners are more likely to say gang violence (83%) or criminal activity (54%) is a main source than those who do not own firearms, who are more likely than their counterparts to indicate intimate partner violence (27%) and accidental death (5%).

Q17. What do you think are the main causes or sources of firearms violence in Canada? Is it...?

Base: n=2054

• Those who are concerned about firearms-related violence (49%) are more likely than those who are less concerned (39%) to point to criminal activity. Those less concerned (27%) are more likely than those concerned (18%) to point to suicide/mental health issues.
• Similarly, those directly affected by gun-related violence are more likely to suggest that gang-violence (76%) and criminal activity (46%) are the main causes. Other Canadians are comparatively more likely (30%) than those directly affected (19%) to say partner violence is a main cause.
• Those who report greater familiarity with programs and policies related to firearms safety more often say gang violence (76%) are the causes, compared with 68% of those who say they are not familiar with these programs and policies.
• Residents of British Columbia and the Territories (80%) are more likely than those in any other region to say gang violence is a main source of firearms violence. Those in the Prairies (50%) and Ontario (48%) are more apt to cite general criminal activity. Residents of Atlantic Canada (38%) and Quebec (31%) are more likely than residents in other regions to believe intimate partner violence is a main source of firearms violence in Canada.
• Men (76%) are more likely than women (69%) to list gang violence; women (29%) are apt to cite intimate partner violence.
• Older Canadians, aged 65 and over (51%), are more likely to point to criminal activity as a source compared with those under age 35 (39%). Younger Canadians are comparatively more likely to say suicide (33%) or accidental death (7%) as a main cause of firearms violence.
• Those with a college education (49%) are more likely than those with a university education (39%) to say criminal activity. Those with a university education are more likely than others to indicate intimate partner violence (30%) as a source.

One in six Canadians (15%) indicated that they have been affected by firearms-related violence. Another 4% said they do not know (3%) or prefer not to say (1%).

Q18. Have you or someone close to you been affected by firearms-related violence (gang violence/organized crime, criminal activity, accidental death or harm, etc.)?

Base: n=2054

• Older Canadians, aged 65 and over, are slightly less likely to report having been or knowing someone who has been affected by firearms-related violence (9% compared with 15% to 18% among other age cohorts.)

Two in three (66%) Canadians believe that downtown or urban core areas have the highest rate of firearms violence. Another 13% think that suburban areas have the highest rate, while 8% indicated small towns and rural areas as areas with the highest rate of firearms violence. Over one in ten (12%) are not sure.

Firearm owners are more likely to say violence happens in downtown areas (75% compared with 65% among other Canadians). They are slightly less likely than other Canadians to cite suburban areas (10% versus 14%) or small towns and rural areas (5% versus 9%).

Q19. Which of the following do you think has the highest rate of firearms violence in Canada? Is it...?

Base: n=2054

• Regionally, those in Quebec (77%) are more likely than those in any other area to say firearms violence happens most often in downtown or core areas. Residents of British Columbia and the Territories (77%) are likely than others across the country to believe this is in suburban areas.
• Younger Canadians, age 35 or younger (12%) are more likely than any other age group to say the highest rate of firearms violence happens in small towns and rural areas.
• Those with a college degree (71%) are more likely than other education levels (63% to 66%) to say firearms violence happens in downtown areas. Those with a high school level of education are comparatively more likely to believe this occurs in suburban areas (18%) relative to other Canadians. Those with a university degree are more likely than those with less education to believe this occurs in small towns and rural areas (12%).

B. Awareness of Measures

Half of Canadians (48%) feel they are either very (12%) or at least somewhat familiar with variety of programs, policies and regulations related to firearms safety and gun violence prevention. Among the other 51%, 35% believe they are not very familiar with them, and 17% say they are not at all familiar with them.

Firearm owners are much more likely to say they are familiar with these programs policies and regulations (84%) compared with other Canadians (42%).

Q20. There are a variety of programs, policies and regulations around firearms safety and gun violence prevention. How familiar are you with these?

Base: n=2054

• Familiarity is more likely among residents of the prairie provinces (59%) and British Columbia (56%) compared with other part of the country. It is also higher among men (59%) compared with among women (37%) and those with a college level of education (53%) compared with those with a high school (46%) or university level of education (45%).
• Lack of familiarity is highest in Quebec (68%), among those born outside of Canada (58%), those reporting household incomes of less than $60,000 (57%), and urban residents, compared with other Canadians.

Awareness of these policies is modest overall. Restrictions on the sale, purchase and transfer of handguns is the area where most Canadians (83%) report some awareness (34% saying they have heard a lot about this and 49% saying they have heard a bit about it). Two in three (64%) have heard a lot (22%) or a bit (42%) about the temporary restrictions on the importation of handguns into Canada. Just over half (57%) of Canadians have hear a lot (10%) or a bit (47%) about action against gun and gang violence, although 40% say they have not heard about this. There is a similar level of awareness about the new measures and funding to tackle smuggling and trafficking of guns. Exceptions to handgun restriction for people who are training to compete or coach is the least known policy, with only 39% saying they have heard a lot (8%) or a bit (31%) about this, however, 56% say they have not heard about it.

Q24a-e. To what extent have you heard about each of these policies?

Base: n=2054

• Those most likely to have heard a lot about the restrictions on the sale, purchase and transfer of handguns are residents of the Prairies (44%) and British Columbia or the Territories (42%), men (44%) and those reporting household incomes of $100,000 or higher (39%).
  • Those most apt to say they have not heard about this are residents of Quebec (23%) and those born outside of Canada (23%).
• Temporary restrictions on the importation of handguns is most heard about among residents of the Prairies (30%) and British Columbia or the Territories (28%), men (31%) and those reporting household incomes of $100,000 or higher (27%).
  • Those most apt to say they have not heard about this are residents of Quebec (23%), women (40%), individuals under 35 years of age (38%) and those reporting household incomes of less than $60,000 (40%).
• There are no segments that stand out in terms of considerably higher (or lower) awareness of action against gun and gang violence. This is also the case with respect to new measures and funding to tackle gun smuggling and trafficking.
• Men are more likely to have heard about exceptions for people who train, compete or coach in areas involving handgun (46%).

C. Perception of Firearms – Related Measures

One in three Canadians (33%) believe that the regulation of firearms in Canada strikes the right balance. Among the other two-thirds, those who feel the regulation is not strict enough (40%) outweigh those who believe it to be too strict (19%) by two to one. The remaining 8% do not feel they know enough to comment.

While 45% of those who do not own a firearm believe the regulation is not strict enough, this is the case among only 11% of firearm owners. The reverse is also true. Close to half (46%) of firearm owners believe the regulation is too strict, this is the case among only 14% of other Canadians. Firearm owners are also more likely than others to believe that the regulation strikes the right balance (41% compared with 32% among other Canadians).

Q21. Would you say the regulation of firearms (i.e., handgun restrictions, licence verification, etc.) in Canada is too strict, not strict enough or strikes the right balance?

Base: n=2054

• Those who are concerned about firearms-related violence are more likely (58%) to say the regulation is not strict enough compared with those who are less concerned (22%). The segment that is less concerned is much more likely to say that the regulation strikes the right balance (42%) or is too strict (30%) compared with 25% and 8% respectively among those who are concerned.
• Individuals who report greater familiarity with the programs and policies related to firearm safety are more likely to say the balance is right (37%) or too strict (31%) compared with 29% and 7% respectively among those less familiar.
• There are strong differences in points of view on this issue, largely driven by whether or not one own’s a firearm. Those more likely to see the regulation as not strict enough are residents of Quebec (55%), women (50%), and those who are 65 or older (56%). Individuals with a university-level of education (46%) and urban-dwellers (46%) are also more likely to hold this view than their counterparts.
• Those believing the regulation is too strict are more often residents of the Prairies (33%) and British Columbia or the Territories (25%), men (28%), have a college-level of education (24%) and live in rural areas (25%).
• The view that the regulation strikes the right balance is most often held by those under 35, along with firearm owners (41% in each case).

The majority of Canadians do not view the performance of the Government of Canada positively when it comes to introducing measures to address gun-related violence. Two in three (69%) feel that the performance has been poor (40%) or fair (29%). Only one in four (24%) believe it to be good (20%) or excellent (4%). Another 7% said they do not feel they know enough to comment.

Firearm owners view the Government of Canada performance to be particularly negatively, with 74% indicating it to be poor, and another 14% giving it a rating of fair. Only 10% view it as good (9%) or excellent (1%).

Q22. How would you rate the performance of the Government of Canada when it comes to introducing measures (i.e., regulations, policies, programs, etc.) to address gun-related violence?

Base: n=2054

• The segment finding the regulations to be too strict is overwhelmingly more likely to rate the performance as poor (87%) compared with 28% who say they are not strict enough and 33% who feel the balance is right. Those who are less concerned about firearms violence are also more likely to rate the Government’s performance as poor (48% compared with 33% among those more concerned). Individuals who report greater familiarity with the programs, policies and regulations are also twice as likely to rate the performance as poor (53%) compared with 28% among those less familiar with them.
• Those more likely to view the performance as poor are also residents of the Prairies (50%), live in rural areas (50%), and have a college-level of education (46%) compared with other Canadians. Men (51%) are also more likely to rate it as poor compared with women (29%).
• The performance is more likely to be rated as good among women (23%) compared with men (18%). This is also the case among those with a university level of education (24%) compared with individuals with less education (16% among those with college and 19% among those with high school).

Reasons for rating the Government’s performance as poor to fair are varied and driven by whether or not one views the regulations as too strict or not strict enough (see Table 1).

• Those who feel that the regulation is too strict are much more likely (57%) to say that it is only penalizing registered firearm owners, compared with 30% who feel the balance is right and 2% among those who feel it is too lenient. The same segment is also more likely to say the problem is with illegal arms and criminal activity (23%).

Support for measures to address firearms-related violence in Canada is high, particularly for action against gun and gang violence (94% support including 75% strong support), and new measures and funding to tackle gun smuggling and trafficking (92% including 74% strong support). Three in five also support (75%: 41% strongly) exemptions to handgun restrictions for people who train, compete or coach in areas involving firearms, although 15% are opposed to these measures. Seven in ten (71%) also support restrictions on the sale, purchase and transfer of handguns (53% strongly), although 25% are opposed to these restrictions. Results are similar for temporary restrictions of the importation of handguns into Canada (69% support: 51% strong support), although 23% are opposed to this.

Opposition is considerably more prevalent than the national average among firearm owners, when it comes to temporary restrictions on importation of handguns into Canada (59%) and restrictions on the sale, purchase or transfer of handguns (64%).

Q25a-e. To what extent do you support or oppose each of these measures to address firearms-related violence in Canada?

Base: n=2054

• There are no substantive differences across segments in support or opposition to action against gun and gang violence, and new measures and funding to tackle gun smuggling and trafficking.
• When it comes to exemptions to handguns for those who train, compete or coach in relevant areas, support is highest among those 65 or older (83% compared with 70% to 75% in other age cohorts) and men (80% compared with 71% among women).
• Support for restrictions on the sale, purchase and transfer of handguns is most concentrated among residents of Quebec (83%), women (82%), those born outside of Canada (82%), individuals who are 65 or older (81%), residents of urban areas (78% and those with a university level of education (78%).
  • Opposition is heavily concentrated among those who feel the regulations are too strict, as well as, to a lesser degree, those who are aware of the restriction, those who feel the government performance on this issue is poor and those who are less concerned about firearms-related violence.
  • Opposition is highest among residents of Alberta (40%), men (37%), those living in rural areas (35%), and individuals with a college level of education (34%).
• Patterns of support and opposition are very similar for temporary restrictions on the importation of handguns.

Survey respondents were asked to think about the restrictions on the sale, purchase and transfer of handguns, as well as the temporary restrictions on their importation. Almost half (47%) do not believe that these measures will be effective; seeing them as either not at all (24%) or not very effective (21%). Another one in there (32%) believe they will be only somewhat effective. Only 17% believe these will be effective (13%) or very effective (4%).

As with other views, firearm owners are considerably more negative, with 79% seeing these measures as not all (60%) or not very effective (19%). This is compared with 40% holding the same view among other Canadians, 19% of whom believe the measures to be effective or very effective.

Q26. Thinking about the restrictions on the sale, purchase, and transfer of handguns and the temporary restrictions on their importation, how effective do you feel these will be in reducing firearm related violence?

Base: n=2054

• The segment finding the regulations to be too strict are overwhelming more likely to believe these measures will not be effective (91%) compared with 23% who say they are not strict enough and 50% who feel the balance is right. Those who are less concerned are also more likely to rate the Government’s performance as poor (58% compared with 34% among those more concerned). Individuals who report greater familiarity with the programs, policies and regulations are also twice as likely to rate the performance as poor (59%) compared with 33% among those less familiar with them.
• Also, those who feel the main cause of firearms-related violence is gangs and criminal activity are more apt to see these measures as ineffective (53%). Those who see a primary cause as intimate partner or gender-based violence are more likely than others to see the measures as effective or somewhat (67%).
• Those also most likely to view the measures as ineffective are residents of the Prairie, those in rural areas (55% in each case). This is also true of men (58%) compared with women (33%), and those between the ages of 55 and 64 (52%), and those with a college level of education (54%).
• Those most likely to hold a more positive view are individuals born outside of Canada (30%), residents of the Atlantic (24%), and those under the age of 35 (22%).

When asked about which types of firearms should be legal or illegal, 71% of survey respondents indicated that semi-automatic handguns should be illegal to possess in all (49%) or most (23%)^[4] cases. Only 9% believe they should be legal in all cases. Six in ten (61%) also believe that revolvers should be illegal in all (27%) or most (33%) cases, and only 11% believe they should be legal in all cases. The view is more mixed and leans more heavily toward legal possession in the case of replica handguns (e.g., airsoft, pellet, BB). While 35% believe they should be illegal in all (16%) or most (19%) of cases, 37% think they should be legal in most cases and 21% say they should always be legal.

Q27a-c. To what extent do you think the personal possession of each of the following types of handguns should be legal or illegal?

Base: n=2054

• Those who feel the regulation of firearms is too strict are considerably more likely to say semi-automatic handguns should be legal (78%) compared with those saying the regulation strikes the right balance (26%) or is not strict enough lenient (2%). Those less concerned with firearms violence, but more familiar with the programs, polices and regulations in this area are also more likely to say they should be legal (37% to 40%), as is also the case among those who believe the measures will not effective (47%).
• Individuals most likely to believe that semi-automatic handguns should be illegal are residents of Quebec (84%) and urban-dwellers (77%). They are also more likely to be women (84%), 65 years of age or older (83%), report a household income of less than $60,000 (79%), are born outside of Canada (79%), and have a university level of education (79%).
  • Compared with other Canadians, the view that these guns should be legal is more often held by residents of the Prairies (39%) and British Columbia or the Territories (34%), the college-educated (32%) and those living in rural areas (32%). It is also a belief more often held by men (39%) than women (11%).
• Those who feel the regulation of firearms is too strict are considerably more likely to say revolvers should be legal (89%) compared with those saying the regulation strikes the right balance (40%) or is not strict enough lenient (7%). Those less concerned with firearms violence, but more familiar with the programs, polices and regulations in this area are also more likely to say they should be legal (48% to 51%), as is also the case among those who believe the measures will not effective (58%).
• Those most likely to believe revolvers should be illegal are residents of Quebec (76%) and urban-dwellers (66%). They are also more likely to be women (71%), 65 years of age or older (69%), report a household income of less than $60,000 (70%), are born outside of Canada (69%), and have a university level of education (67%).
  • Compared with other Canadians, the view that revolvers should be legal is more often held by residents of the Prairies (51%) and British Columbia or the Territories (45%), the college-educated (41%) and those living in rural areas (42%). It is also a belief more often held by men (47%) than women (21%).
• Those who feel the regulation is too strict are considerably more likely to say replica handguns should be legal (91%) compared with those saying the regulation strikes the right balance (74%) or is not strict enough lenient (33%). Those less concerned with firearms violence, but more familiar with the programs, polices and regulations in this area are also more likely to say they should be legal (71% to 73%), as is also the case among those who believe the measures will not effective (75%).
• Those most likely to believe that replica handguns should be illegal are residents of Quebec (53%). They are also more likely to be 65 years of age or older (53%), born outside of Canada (50%), women (46%), or report a household income of less than $60,000 (43%).
  • Compared with other Canadians, the view that replica handguns should be legal is more often held by residents of the Prairies (74%) and British Columbia or the Territories (66%), the college-educated (64%) and those living in rural areas (64%). It is also a belief more often held by men (71%) than women (44%).

D. Gun Ownership

Just over one in five (22%) members of the survey sample reported owning a firearm, including handgun, rifle or shotgun. Among those who own a firearm, the majority own more than one, with 33% owning at least five firearms. Most (87%) have owned their firearms for more than five years.

Less than one in five firearm owners use their firearms frequently with 5% reporting once a week or more and 12% using their firearms a few times a month. Nearly half (45%) use their firearms a few times a year. One in four use their firearms once a year or less. The remainder (13%) report never using their firearms.

Most gun owners have a rifle (80%) and/or a shotgun (72%). Other types of firearms owned include semi-automatic long guns (35%), handguns (26%), and airsoft or replica firearms (18%). There is a small incidence of black powder or muzzleloader firearms (2% of the 15% of firearm owners).

Three in five (60%) gun owners report having non-restricted firearms only. One in three (32%) have a combination of both non-restricted and restricted firearms. Only 3% have only restricted firearms.

Three in four (74%) firearm owners purchased a firearm from a retailer. Nearly half (47%) inherited a firearm from a family member or friend. Others purchased a firearm from an individual (34%) or received the firearm as a gift (24%).

Q10. How have you obtained your firearm(s)? (Multiple responses possible)

Base: n=446

• There are no substantive differences in results based on specific segments of firearm owners.

Three in four (76%) firearm owners reports having a valid and up to date Possession and Acquisition Licence (PAL) number. Another 1% indicated they have a valid PAL number, but that some of the information is out of date. One in ten (10%) firearm owners said they had a PAL in the past, but the license has since expired. Another one in ten (10%) indicated they have never had a PAL number.

Q12. Do you currently have a valid PAL (Possession and Acquisition Licence) number? (NB: Please be assured once again that your answer will remain anonymous and will never be traced back to you)

Base: n=446

• Owners of handguns (96%) and semi-automatic long guns (89%) are more likely than other owners to say their PAL number is valid and up to date. Among rifle and shotgun owners, 79%-80% say the same, as is the case for 76% of replica gun owners.
• Those individuals who have obtained their firearms from a family member or friend (71%) are less likely than other firearm owners to say their PAL is valid and up to date.
• Firearm owners aged 44 and under (84 to 88%) are more likely than their older counterparts to have a valid PAL. Those aged 65 and over are apt to say they have never had a pal number (19%).

About two in three (64%) firearm owners have a firearm for use in target shooting or sport. Nearly half (48%) have a firearm to hunt for food, while 38% have a firearm to hunt for sport. One in three (32%) were gifted a firearm through inheritance. One in four (24%) own a firearm for their safety, protection or self-defence. Nearly one in five (17%) are firearms collectors. Fewer than one in ten has a firearm for work-related reasons (9%), as part of Indigenous tradition or treaty rights (6%), or for vermin control (4%)^[5].

Q14. People own firearms for many different reasons. Which of the following are the main reasons you own a firearm? (Multiple responses possible)

Base: n=446

• Firearm owners aged 35-54 are more likely than younger or older counterparts to own their firearms for target shooting (77%) or hunting for food (62 to 66%). Those aged 35-44 are apt to say they own their firearm for self-defence (39%) than those younger (23%) or older (12 to 25%). Firearm owners aged 45-54 are more likely to have inherited their firearm (50%), compared with those younger (26 to 35%) or older (22 to 33%).

The majority (57%) of handgun owners, 26% of the firearm owners in the sample, said they know what to do with a handgun they no longer want to own; 35% do not and another 8% are not sure.

Q28. With the announcement of the restriction on the sale, purchase, and transfer of handguns, would you know what to do with a handgun that you no longer wanted to own?

Base: n=119

• There are no substantive differences in results based on specific segments of firearm owners.

Among the 57% of handgun owners who said they know what to do if they no longer want to own a handgun, just over half (54%) said they would turn it over to the police, law enforcement or RCMP. Over one in ten (13%) would sell it to a buyer or export it to the USA to sell, while 4% said they would destroy the handgun. Over one in ten (14%) stipulated that they would never have a situation where they no longer want to own their firearm.

Q29. What would you do with a handgun that you no longer want to own?

Base: n=67

• There are too few cases to allow for subgroup analysis of differences.

Detailed Findings – Firearm Safety Survey

A. Working With Vulnerable Segments of the Population

Of the overall sample of 2062, 21% indicated that they work with vulnerable segments of the population. One in four of these individuals work in the medical/health and wellness sector (25%). And another 16% work in social services.

• Services with 2% or higher shown

Of those in the sample who work with vulnerable segments of the population, 36% indicated that they have interacted or worked with gun violence victims or their friends and families. More than half do so infrequently (50%) or never (4%), or (11%) said they do not know. One in four do so sometimes (25%) and 9% do so frequently. Similarly, 13% indicated that some (11%) or much (2%) of their job is focused in this area, while 84% said this is either a small part of their job (42%) or no part of their job (42%).

The type of firearms violence that this segment sees in their work is connected with suicide (35%), gang violence (33%) and criminal activity (30%) as well as intimate/partner violence (27%).

• The concentration of those working in areas related to criminal activity is higher in Ontario (42%).
• The concentration of those working in areas related to suicide and mental health issues is higher among the university-educated (42%) than those with less education, as well as among women (41%) compared with men (27%).

B. Perceived Risk

The level of concern that firearms-related violence is a threat to public safety in the local community is nearly evenly split. Just less than half (47%) are not at all concerned (20%) or not very concerned (27%). Just over half (53%) are somewhat (32%) or very concerned (20%). Concern about the threat of firearms related violence is considerably higher outside of one's own community. In this case 73% expressed some (40%) or considerable (32%) concern^[6].

Those who work with vulnerable segments of the population are more concerned about the threat to public safety than firearm owners. As with all Canadians, they are much more likely to be concerned about the threat outside of their own community (on par with the rest of Canadians at 72%) although 51% are also concerned about the threat in their own community.

Q9. How concerned are you that firearms-related violence is a threat to public safety in your local community? Are you...?

Q10. How concerned are you that firearms-related violence is a threat to public safety outside your local community (i.e., in other parts of Canada)?

Base: n=20: 99

• Concern for firearms-related violence in their community is highest in Quebec (60%), as well as among those living in urban areas (63%) compared with other Canadians. This is also the case among those who are 65 or older (67%), and those who are 55 to 64 (60%), as well as among women (61%), and individuals who have been a victim or someone who has been a victim of gun violence (61%).
• Concern is lowest among firearm owners (77%), and residents of the Atlantic (61%), and rural communities (61%).
• Concerns about firearms-related violence outside one's community are also more likely to be a concern among those 65 or older (87%), those 55 to 64 (79%) and women (82%) compared with others.

More than half of Canadians (57%) report hearing about firearms violence infrequently (39%) or never (18%). Four in ten (43%) hear about firearms violence either sometimes (26%) or frequently (17%). Results are largely the same among those who work with vulnerable segments of the population.

Q11. How often do you hear about firearms violence in your community?

Base: n=20: 99

• Regionally, residents of Quebec (54%) are more likely than those in other regions to say they hear about firearms violence in their community.
• Women (47%) are more likely than men (39%) to report hearing about firearms violence.
• Those living in urban areas (58%) are more likely to have heard about firearms violence in their community than those in rural settings (21%).

Sources of Information

The most frequently noted sources for hearing about firearms-related violence in their own community are from the Internet (57%) and television (56%) and followed by the radio (49%) and social media (41%). Other sources include word of mouth (33%) and print media (27%).

Those who work with vulnerable segments of the population are more likely than other Canadians to note the Internet (63%), social media (50%) and word of mouth (31%) as sources.

Q12. From what sources do you hear information about firearms violence in your community?

Base: n=20: 99

• The Internet is identified as a source more often among residents of Ontario (62%), those under 35 (68%), and to a lesser extent those 35 to 44 (64%) compared with other Canadians.
• Like the Internet, social media is used predominantly by those under 35 (55%) and 35 to 45 (50%), and also stands out among residents of the Atlantic (51%) compared with others. It is also used more often by women (45%) compared with men (37%). Individuals working with vulnerable segments of the population in the education sector are also more likely to hear about gun violence through social media (54%), which is also true of those working directly with victims (52%).
• Television is noted more often among residents of Quebec (68%), those who are 65 or older (71%), and to a lesser extent, those who are 55 to 64 (66%), compared with other Canadians.
• Radio is more commonly cited by those 45 to 64 (55%).
• Word of mouth is more often noted among individuals working with vulnerable segments of the population in the education sector (43%) and those working directly with victims (50%).

Perceived Causes

Most Canadians think that the main sources of firearms violence in Canada are gang violence and organized crime (71%). Less than half mentioned general criminal activity such as break and enters and robbery (45%). Just over one in four think that intimate partner or gender-based violence and suicides, mental health issues, or self-harm as primary causes of firearms violence in Canada (27% in each case).

Those who work with vulnerable segments of the population are more likely than other Canadians to point to suicides, mental health issues, or self-harm (36%) as main sources of firearms violence.

Q13. What do you think are the main causes or sources of firearms violence in Canada? Is it...?

Base: n=20: 99

• Individuals who work with victims of gun violence and their families in the area of social services are more likely than other Canadians to note suicide or mental health as a cause of firearms violence (42%).
• Those who are concerned about firearms-related violence (49%) are more likely than those who are less concerned (41%) to point to criminal activity.
• Individuals who feel the government is doing a poor job in terms of control measures are more likely than others to point to gangs and organized crime (77%). Those who feel the government is doing a good job are more likely than others to indicate intimate partner or gender-based violence as a cause (36% compared with 17% of those who rate the government poorly).
• Residents of Ontario (51%) are more apt to cite general criminal activity. Residents of Quebec (31%) are more likely than residents in other regions to believe intimate partner or gender-based violence is a main source.
• Men (76%) are more likely than women (67%) to list gang violence; women (32%) are apt to cite intimate partner or gender-based violence compared with men (21%).
• Older Canadians, aged 65 and over (32%), are more likely to point to intimate partner or gender-based violence as a source compared with those under age 35 (23%). Younger Canadians are comparatively more likely to say suicide (37%) as a main cause of firearms violence.
• Those with a high school education (54%) are more likely than those with a university education (40%) to indicate criminal activity as a source.

One in six Canadians (15%) indicated that they have been affected by firearms-related violence. Another 4% said they do not know (2%) or prefer not to say (1%). Those who work with vulnerable segments of the population are considerably more likely (24%) to say they have or know someone who has been affected by firearms-related violence.

Q14. Have you or someone close to you been affected by firearms-related violence (gang violence/organized crime, criminal activity, accidental death or harm, etc.)?

Base: n=20: 99

• Residents of the Atlantic are more likely than others across the country to know someone or have personal been affected by firearms violence (21%).

C. Awareness of Measures

Half of Canadians (49%) feel they are either very (10%) or at least somewhat familiar (39%) with variety of programs, policies and regulations related to firearms safety and gun violence prevention. Among the other 51%, 36% believe they are not very familiar with them, and 15% say they are not at all familiar with them.

Those who work with vulnerable segments of the population are somewhat more likely to say they are familiar with these programs policies and regulations (54%).

Q15. There are a variety of programs, policies and regulations around firearms safety and gun violence prevention. How familiar are you with these?

Base: n=20: 99

• Familiarity is more likely among residents of the prairie provinces (59%) and in rural areas (54%) compared with other parts of the country. It is also higher among men (56%) compared with among women (41%) and those with a college level of education (53%) compared with those with a university level of education (45%).
• Lack of familiarity is highest in Quebec (67%), among those born outside of Canada (65%), compared with other Canadians.

Awareness of these policies is modest overall, although awareness of the ban on "assault-style" firearms is high with 56% indicating they have heard a lot about this and another 34% saying they have heard a bit about this. Restrictions on the sale, purchase and transfer of handguns is also something that 35% of Canadians have heard a lot about and a further 45% have heard a bit about it. Similarly, 32% have heard a lot and 44% have heard a little bit about a "buyback" program whereby the government will provide compensation for the collection of banned assault-style firearms. Close to six in ten Canadians have also heard either a lot (21%) or a little bit (37%) about banning the sale or transfer of magazines capable of holding more than the legal number of bullets.

About half of Canadians have heard about:

• Action against gun and gang violence (52%; 10% have heard a lot while 42% have heard a little bit)
• Expanding background checks to include a review of applicants' life history (50%; 13% have heard a lot)
• New measures and funding to tackle gun smuggling and trafficking (50%; 9% have heard a lot)
• Requiring businesses to maintain inventory and sales records of non-restricted firearms (48%; 14% have heard a lot)
• Restrictions on the sale, purchase, and transfer of mid-velocity 'replica' air guns (46%; 11% have heard a lot)
• Requiring a seller of non-restricted firearms to validate their buyer's license with the government. (45%; 13% have heard a lot).

There is lower awareness of the 'red flag' (33%) and 'yellow flag' laws (27%).

Those who work with vulnerable segments of the population are somewhat more likely than other Canadians to have heard a lot about the requirement for business to maintain inventory and sales records (18%), and action against gun and gang violence (15%).

Q17 a-l. To what extent have you heard about each of these policies?

Base: n=20: 99

• Those who have heard a lot about banning assault-style firearms are more likely to own a firearm (81%) and be familiar with firearms policies (76%). They are more often men (65%), and residents of the Prairies (64%) or Ontario (63%) compared with other Canadians.
  • Awareness is lowest among residents of Quebec (15%) and those born outside of Canada (17%).
• Awareness of the restrictions on the sale, purchase and transfer of handguns is highest among those own a firearm (70%) and are familiar with firearms policies (55%), as well as those who feel the government is doing a poor job (47%). It is also the case among men (45%), residents of the Prairies and Ontario (40% in each region), and those under 35 (40%).
  • Awareness is lowest in Quebec (31%), and among those unfamiliar with the firearms policies (28%), as well as those born outside of Canada (26%).
• Awareness of the buyback program is higher among firearm owners (56%). Those who are familiar with the policies (47%), as well as those not concerned about gun violence (37%). It is also higher in the Prairies (43%), and among men (37%).
  • Awareness is lowest in Quebec (47%) and among those under 35 (30%).
• Awareness of the ban on sales or transfers of magazines capable of holding more than the legal limit are firearm owners (57%), those who are familiar with the policies (36%), those with a negative view regarding government policies (31%), individuals who work with vulnerable populations (30%), as well as men (30%).
  • It is lowest in Quebec (50%), among women (48%), and those born outside of Canada (52%), as well urban residents (42%).
• Awareness of the other measures is also higher among those who own firearms and are familiar with the policies.
• Awareness is somewhat higher among those who work with vulnerable populations than among other Canadians regarding action against gun and gang violence (20%), the need for business to maintain inventories and sales records (26%), and sellers to validate licenses with the government (22%).

D. Perception of Measures to Address Firearms Violence – Related Measures

Most Canadians do not view the performance of the Government of Canada positively when it comes to introducing measures to address gun-related violence. Two in three (69%) feel that the performance has been poor (37%) or fair (32%). One in four (24%) believe it to be good (21%) or excellent (3%). Another 8% said they do not feel they know enough to comment.

Those who work with vulnerable segments of the population view the Government of Canada performance somewhat more positively, with 27% indicating it to be good.

Q16. How would you rate the performance of the Government of Canada when it comes to introducing measures (i.e., regulations, policies, programs, etc.) to address gun-related violence?

Base: n=20: 99

• Those working with vulnerable segments of the population, including those who work to support victims of gun violence and their families are more likely than other Canadians to rate the performance as good (27%).
• Individuals who own firearms are largely negative about the Government of Canada's performance on addressing gun-related violence (70% rating the performance as poor). Individuals who report greater familiarity with the programs, policies and regulations are nearly twice as likely to rate the performance as poor (48%) compared with those less familiar with them (26%). Those who are not concerned about gun violence as more likely to rate the Government's performance as poor (42% compared with 32% among those more concerned).
• Those more likely to view the performance as poor are also residents of rural areas (44%), and have a high school level of education (43%) compared with other Canadians. Men (46%) are also more likely to rate it as poor compared with women (28%).

Support for measures to address firearms-related violence in Canada is high, particularly for new measures and funding to tackle gun smuggling and trafficking (95% including 81% strong support) and action against gun and gang violence (94% support including 77% strong support). Roughly eight in ten support the following measures:

• Requiring a seller of non-restricted firearms to validate their buyer's license with the government (86%);
• A 'yellow flag' law that would allow a Chief Firearms Officers to temporarily suspend a license of anyone posing a danger (86%);
• Requiring businesses to maintain inventory and sales records of non-restricted firearms (85%);
• Banning the sale or transfer of magazines capable of holding more than the legal number of bullets (83%);
• Expanding background checks to include a review of applicants' life history (82%);
• A 'red flag' law that would enable anyone to make an application to the court to immediately remove firearms from someone's possession who may pose a danger (82%);
• Banning "assault-style" firearms (78%); and,
• Restrictions on the sale, purchase, and transfer of handguns (77%).

Only slightly fewer support a "buyback" program whereby the government will provide compensation for the collection of certain banned firearms (74%) and restrictions on the sale, purchase, and transfer of mid-velocity 'replica' air guns (63%).

Those who work with vulnerable segments of the population indicated similar levels of support as other Canadians across these measures.

Q18 a-l. To what extent do you support or oppose each of these measures to address firearms-related violence in Canada?

Base: n=20: 99

• Support is almost universal for action on gun and gang violence and tackling smuggling and trafficking.
• Support for other areas is much more likely among those who are concerned about firearms-related violence and those who feel the government is doing a good job compared with other Canadians.
• Apart from measures related to smuggling, and action on gun and gang violence, as well as the yellow and red flag laws, support is also higher among residents of Quebec, women, and those who are 65 or older, as well as among those born outside of Canada.
• Support for the buyback program is also higher among those in the health sector who support victims of gun violence and their families (83%).
• With the exception of measures related to smuggling, and action on gun and gang violence, opposition is much higher among firearm owners and those who feel the government is doing a poor job compared with other Canadians.

Those working to support victims of firearms violence were asked whether these red or yellow flag laws would support their work with vulnerable populations. Close to half (46%) indicated that they would support their work, while 33% said they would not and 20% do not know. The view is divided regarding the effectiveness of such laws in protecting victims or potential victims of gun violence. While 30% believe they would be effective, 35% see them as likely to be somewhat effective and 29% believe the effectiveness will be limited.

• The perception that red or yellow flag laws would support their work is higher among women (53%) compared with men (31%). It is also more prevalent among those most concerned about gun violence with their own community (58%), and those with a more positive view about government performance in this area (64%).

Among the top sources for resources on providing support to victims and others are non-profit organizations (64%), workplace training (37%) and provincial government (33%), as well as through the federal government (29%) and work/professional networks (29%). About one in five would turn to municipal government sources (22%) or educators (19%).

• Workplace training is reported as a source more often among those with a college level of education (49%), and among those who are positive about the Government of Canada's performance related to firearms violence (48%).

E. Perception of Legality of Different Firearms

When asked about which types of firearms should be legal or illegal, 71% of survey respondents indicated that semi-automatic handguns should be illegal to possess in all (47%) or most (24%) cases. Only 9% believe they should be legal in all cases. Six in ten (60%) also believe that revolvers should be illegal in all (29%) or most (31%) cases, while 35% believe they should be legal in some (23%) or all (12%) cases. The view is more mixed and leans more heavily toward legal possession in the case of air guns such as airsoft, pellet, BB guns. While 26% believe they should be illegal in all (11%) or most (15%) of cases, 67% think they should be legal in most (39%) or all (28%) cases. Rifles and shotguns are viewed differently based on their loading mechanism. The views of those who work with vulnerable segments of the population is in line with other Canadians in this regard.

Q19 a-e. To what extent do you think the personal possession of each of the following types of handguns should be legal or illegal?

Base: n=20: 99

• In terms of possession of semi-automatic handguns:
  • Those more likely to think this type of handgun should be illegal compared with other Canadians are those concerned about handgun violence (85%) and feel the Government is doing a good job in terms of measures (87%). This is also the case among those over 65 (84%), residents of Quebec (81%), and women (80%).
  • Those more likely to think this type of handgun should be legal relative to others are firearm owners (67%), those not concerned about gun violence (38%) and individuals who see the Government as doing a poor job (47%). It is also the case among men (36%) and those under 35 (32%).
• In the area of revolvers:
  • Individuals more likely to think this type of handgun should be illegal live in Quebec (75%), are 65 years of age or older (75%), are concerned about gun violence (74%) and feel the Government is doing a good job in terms of measures (74%). This is also true of women and those with a university level of education (67% in each case) compared with other Canadians.
  • Those most likely to think this type of handgun should be legal are firearm owners (74%), those who are not concerned about gun violence (50%) and see the Government as doing a poor job (55%). It is also more likely to be the case among men (45%) residents of the Prairies (45%) and those under 35 (46%).
• Rifles and shotguns with semi-automatic loading are more often thought to be the type of handguns that should be:
  • Illegal among those who are concerned about gun violence (68%) and those who feel the Government is doing a good job in terms of measures (72%). It is also more likely to be the case among those born outside of Canada (70%), women (64%), urban residents (61%), and those with a university level of education (62%) compared with other Canadians.
  • Legal among firearm owners (85%), those who are not concerned about gun violence (55%) and individuals who see the Government as doing a poor job (63%). It is also more likely to be the case among men (53%) rural residents (48%) and those under 35 (47%).
• Possession of air guns more often thought to be the type of handgun that should be:
  • Illegal among those who are concerned about gun violence (37%) and those who feel the Government is doing a good job in terms of measures (37%). It is also more likely to be the case among residents of Quebec (42%), those born outside of Canada (35%), women (35%), those are 65 years of age or older (34%), as well as urban residents (32%).
  • Legal among firearm owners (97%), those who are not concerned about gun violence (80%) and see the Government as doing a poor job (78%). It is also more likely to be the case among men (79%), rural residents (74%), particularly in the Atlantic (76%) and in the Prairies (74%).
• Possession of rifles and shotguns with manual loading are more often thought to be the type of handguns that should be:
  • Illegal are born outside of Canada (43%) and those concern about handgun violence (34%)
  • Legal are firearm owners (97%), residents of the Prairies (81%), men (79%) and rural residents (78%).

Appendices

A. Methodological Details

The survey sample was drawn from our randomly recruited panel Probit. Probit panellists were selected using a random-digit dial (RDD) landline-cell phone hybrid sample frame. Prior to conducting the survey, the instrument was tested with 32 cases in English and 15 cases in French. The 47 cases included 35 completed online and 12 completed by telephone. Additional questions were placed on the pretest version of the questionnaire asking about length, flow, clarity of wording and so on to elicit feedback from respondents. Minimal changes were made as a result of the testing, although a few questions were removed in order to stay within the intended survey length.

The survey was administered between January 14 and February 2, 2023, using a bilingual questionnaire, installed on a secure web-server controlled by Ekos. The email invitation included a description and purpose of the survey (in both languages) along with a link to the survey website. The survey database was mounted using a Personalized Identification Number (PIN), so only individuals with a PIN were allowed access to the survey (the PIN was included in the email invitation). The questionnaire was prefaced with a brief introduction to the study and rationale for the research. The voluntary and confidential nature of the survey was also emphasized. Survey data collection adhered to all applicable industry standards. All invited panel members were informed of their rights under current Privacy legislation, as well as how to obtain a copy of their response and results of the survey.

As shown below the overall response rate is 31%.

Respondents were informed in the invitation that all responses are completely confidential and no responses will be linked to individual names.

The database was reviewed following data collection for data quality, outliers, coding requirements, weighting and construction of independent variables, and was used to explore sub-group patterns (e.g., by age, gender and so on) in the analysis. Weighting of the sample was based on population parameters according to the latest Census on age, gender and region of the country for each of the general public. The 22% of the sample who are firearm owners were weighted to 15% of the sample based on the incidence in our sample prior to any efforts to oversample this segment.

The following table presents a sample profile for the survey.

B. Survey Questionnaire – Handgun Freeze

Online Introduction

Thank you for agreeing to complete this survey. All your responses will be kept strictly confidential. A few reminders before beginning. Si vous préférez répondre au sondage en français, veuillez cliquer sur français.

Please rest assured that your answers are completely confidential (this means that no individual will be associated with the survey's results - rather, they will be rolled up into large categories to protect the confidentiality of each respondent) and that this survey is voluntary. It is being directed by Ekos Research, and administered according to the requirements of the Privacy Act. To view our privacy policy, click here. The survey is registered with the Canadian Research Insights Council's (CRIC) Research Verification Service System. Click here if you wish to verify its authenticity (project code 20230112-EK521).

Instructions

On each screen, after selecting your answer, click on the "Continue" or "Back" buttons at the bottom of the screen to move forward or backwards in the questionnaire.

If you leave the survey before completing it, you can return to the survey URL later, and you will be returned to the page where you left off. Your answers up to that point in the survey will be saved.

If you have any questions about how to complete the survey, please call Ekos at 1-866-211-8881 or email us at online@ekos.com. Thank you in advance for your participation.

Phone Introduction

Good morning/afternoon/evening, Bonjour, I'm calling from Ekos Research Associates. May I speak with [name of respondent]?

We are conducting a survey with Canadians 18 years of age or older. The survey collects opinions about firearms regulations in Canada. Please be assured that we are not selling or soliciting anything. Would you prefer to be interviewed in English or French?/Préférez-vous répondre en français ou en anglais?

Your participation in the survey is completely voluntary and your responses will be kept entirely confidential. It is being administered according to the requirements of the Privacy Act. Results will not be reported on an individual basis, but rolled into groups of 20 or more to preserve confidentiality. Your decision on whether or not to participate will not affect any dealings you may have with the Government of Canada. The survey is registered with the Canadian Research Insights Council's (CRIC) Research Verification Service System (If asked: Visit https://canadianresearchinsightscouncil.ca/rvs/home/?lang=en if you wish to verify its authenticity (project code 20230112-EK521)).

May I begin?

If asked: This survey should take about 15 minutes.

• Continue: 1
• Refuse (Thank & terminate): 9

Privacy

This call may be recorded for quality control or training purposes.

QPROV

What is your province/territory of residence?

• Please specify: 98
• Alberta: 1
• British Columbia: 2
• Manitoba: 3
• New Brunswick: 4
• Newfoundland and Labrador: 5
• Nova Scotia: 6
• Ontario: 7
• Prince Edward Island: 8
• Quebec: 9
• Saskatchewan: 10
• Northwest Territories: 11
• Nunavut: 12
• Yukon: 13
• Prefer not to say: 99

QPOSTC

To ensure we include people from all parts of Canada, what are the first three characters of your postal code?

• Please specify: 77
• Prefer not to answer: 99

QAREA

Which of the following best describes where you live?

• An urban area: 1
• A suburban area: 2
• A small town, rural or remote area: 3
• An Indigenous community: 4
• Prefer not to answer: 99

QAGEX

In what year were you born?

• Year: 77
• 2006 or more recent: 9998
• Prefer not to say: 9999

QAGEA

Are you at least 18 years of age?

• Yes: 1
• No: 2
• Prefer not to say: 99

QAGEY

Hesitant, QAGEX; <18 or NR, terminate

In which of the following age categories do you belong?

• Less than 18 years old: 1
• 18 to 24: 2
• 25 to 34: 3
• 35 to 44: 4
• 45 to 54: 5
• 55 to 64: 6
• 65 or older: 7
• Prefer not to say: 99

QSEX

What is your gender?

• Male gender: 1
• Female gender: 2
• Gender diverse: 3
• Prefer not to say: 99

Q6

This survey explores awareness and understanding about firearms regulations in Canada. Please be assured that your responses will be strictly confidential and will not be linked to you in any way.

Do you own a firearm of any kind (i.e., handgun., rifle, shot gun, etc)?

• Yes, I own a firearm: 1
• No, I do not own a firearm: 2
• Prefer not to say: 99

Q7

How many firearms do you currently own?

• One: 1
• Two: 2
• Three: 3
• Four: 4
• Five: 5
• More than five: 6
• Don't know: 99

Q8A

Which of the following types of firearms do you own?

• Rifle: 1
• Shotgun: 2
• Semi-automatic long gun: 3
• Handgun: 4
• Airsoft/replica firearms: 5
• Other, specify: 77
• Don't know: 99

Q8 [1,8]

Which of the following types of firearms do you own?

Check all that apply.

• Rifle: 1
• Shotgun: 2
• Semi-automatic long gun: 3
• Handgun: 4
• Airsoft/replica firearms: 5
• Other, specify: 77
• Don't know: 99

Q9

How long have you owned any firearms? Has it been...?

• Less than a year: 1
• One to two years: 2
• Two to five years: 3
• More than five years: 4
• Don't know: 99

Q10A

How have you obtained your firearm?

• Purchased from a retailer: 1
• Purchased from an individual: 2
• Inherited from a family member or friend: 3
• Received as a gift: 4
• Imported from another country: 5
• Don't know: 99

Q10 [1,8]

How have you obtained your firearm(s)?

Check all that apply.

• Purchased from a retailer: 1
• Purchased from an individual: 2
• Inherited from a family member or friend: 3
• Received as a gift: 4
• Imported from another country: 5
• Don't know: 99

Q11

On average, approximately how often do you use your firearms?

• Once a week or more: 1
• A few times a month: 2
• A few times a year: 3
• Once a year or less: 4
• Never: 5
• Don't know: 99

Q12

Do you currently have a valid PAL (Possession and Acquisition Licence) number?

(NB: Please be assured once again that your answer will remain anonymous and will never be traced back to you)

Check one

• Yes, my PAL number is valid and up to date: 1
• Yes, I have a valid PAL number, but some of my information is out of date: 2
• No, I had a PAL in the past, but it has expired: 3
• No, I have never had a PAL number: 4
• Prefer not to say: 98
• Don't know: 99

Q13

What classifications of firearms do you own?

• Non-restricted only: 1
• Restricted only: 2
• Both non-restricted and restricted: 3
• Don't know: 99

Q14 [1,11]

People own firearms for many different reasons. Which of the following are the main reasons you own a firearm?

Check all that apply.

• Hunting for sport: 1
• Hunting as part of Indigenous tradition or treaty right: 2
• Hunting for food: 3
• Target shooting for sport (recreational or competitive): 4
• I'm a firearms collector: 5
• Safety/protection/self-defence: 6
• Gifted through inheritance: 7
• Work-related (employment requirement, animal control, etc.): 8
• Other reason, specify: 77
• Prefer not to say: 99

Q15

How concerned are you that firearms-related violence is a threat to public safety in your local community? Are you...?

• Very concerned: 1
• Somewhat concerned: 2
• Not very concerned: 3
• Not at all concerned: 4
• Don't know: 99

Q16

How often do you hear about firearms violence in your community?

• Frequently: 1
• Sometimes: 2
• Infrequently: 3
• Never: 4
• Don't know: 99

Q17 [1,2]

What do you think are the main causes or sources of firearms violence in Canada? Is it...?

Select two

• Gang violence/organized crime: 1
• Criminal activity (i.e. break and enters, robbery, etc.): 2
• Intimate partner violence/gender-based violence: 3
• Suicide/mental health/self-harm: 4
• Accidental death or harm: 5
• Other, specify: 77
• Don't know: 99

Q18

Have you or someone close to you been affected by firearms-related violence (gang violence/organized crime, criminal activity, accidental death or harm, etc.)?

• Yes, I or someone close to me has been affected by firearms-related violence.: 1
• No, I have not nor has anyone I know been affected by firearms-related violence.: 2
• Don't know: 98
• Prefer not to say: 99

Q19

Which of the following do you think has the highest rate of firearms violence in Canada? Is it...?

Check one

• Downtown area/urban core: 1
• In suburban areas: 2
• In small towns and rural areas: 3
• Don't know: 99

Q20

There are a variety of programs, policies and regulations around firearms safety and gun violence prevention. How familiar are you with these?

• Very familiar: 1
• Somewhat familiar: 2
• Not very familiar: 3
• Not at all familiar: 4
• Don't know: 99

Q21

Would you say the regulation of firearms (i.e. handgun restrictions, licence verification, etc.) in Canada is too strict, not strict enough or strikes the right balance?

• Too strict: 3
• Strikes the right balance: 2
• Not strict enough: 1
• Don't know: 99

Q22

How would you rate the performance of the Government of Canada when it comes to introducing measures (i.e. regulations, policies, programs, etc.) to address gun-related violence?

• Excellent: 1
• Good: 2
• Fair: 3
• Poor: 4
• Don't know: 99

Q23 [1,3]

Why do you feel this way?

• Please specify: 77
• Don't know: 99

Q24A

The federal government has developed policies to address handgun related crime and violence. To what extent have you heard about each of these policies?

Restrictions on the sale, purchase, and transfer of handguns

• Heard a lot about this: 1
• Heard a bit about this: 2
• Had not heard about this at all: 3
• Don't know: 99

Q24B

The federal government has developed policies to address handgun related crime and violence. To what extent have you heard about each of these policies?

Temporary restrictions on the importation of handguns into Canada

• Heard a lot about this: 1
• Heard a bit about this: 2
• Had not heard about this at all: 3
• Don't know: 99

Q24C

The federal government has developed policies to address handgun related crime and violence. To what extent have you heard about each of these policies?

Exemptions to handgun restrictions for people who train, compete or coach in a handgun shooting discipline that is on the programme of the International Olympic or Paralympic Committee.

• Heard a lot about this: 1
• Heard a bit about this: 2
• Had not heard about this at all: 3
• Don't know: 99

Q24D

The federal government has developed policies to address handgun related crime and violence. To what extent have you heard about each of these policies?

Action against gun and gang violence (i.e., gang prevention programs, investments and funding, etc.)

• Heard a lot about this: 1
• Heard a bit about this: 2
• Had not heard about this at all: 3
• Don't know: 99

Q24E

The federal government has developed policies to address handgun related crime and violence. To what extent have you heard about each of these policies?

New measures and funding to tackle gun smuggling and trafficking

• Heard a lot about this: 1
• Heard a bit about this: 2
• Had not heard about this at all: 3
• Don't know: 99

Q25A

To what extent do you support or oppose each of these measures to address firearms related violence in Canada?

Restrictions on the sale, purchase, and transfer of handguns

• Strongly support: 1
• Somewhat support: 2
• Somewhat oppose: 3
• Strongly oppose: 4
• Don't know: 99

Q25B

To what extent do you support or oppose each of these measures to address firearms related violence in Canada?

Temporary restrictions of the importation of handguns into Canada

• Strongly support: 1
• Somewhat support: 2
• Somewhat oppose: 3
• Strongly oppose: 4
• Don't know: 99

Q25C

To what extent do you support or oppose each of these measures to address firearms related violence in Canada?

Exemptions to handgun restrictions for people who train, compete or coach in a handgun shooting discipline that is on the programme of the International Olympic or Paralympic Committee.

• Strongly support: 1
• Somewhat support: 2
• Somewhat oppose: 3
• Strongly oppose: 4
• Don't know: 99

Q25D

To what extent do you support or oppose each of these measures to address firearms related violence in Canada?

Action against gun and gang violence (i.e., gang prevention programs, investments and funding, etc.)

• Strongly support: 1
• Somewhat support: 2
• Somewhat oppose: 3
• Strongly oppose: 4
• Don't know: 99

Q25E

To what extent do you support or oppose each of these measures to address firearms related violence in Canada?

New measures and funding to tackle gun smuggling and trafficking

• Strongly support: 1
• Somewhat support: 2
• Somewhat oppose: 3
• Strongly oppose: 4
• Don't know: 99

Q26

Thinking about the restrictions on the sale, purchase, and transfer of handguns and the temporary restrictions on their importation, how effective do you feel these will be in reducing firearm related violence?

• Very effective: 1
• Effective: 2
• Somewhat effective: 3
• Not very effective: 4
• Not at all effective: 5
• Don't know: 99

Q27A

To what extent do you think the personal possession of each of the following types of handguns should be legal or illegal?

Revolvers

• Illegal in all cases: 1
• Illegal in most cases: 2
• Legal in most cases: 3
• Legal in all cases: 4
• Don't know: 99

Q27B

To what extent do you think the personal possession of each of the following types of handguns should be legal or illegal?

Semi-automatic handguns

• Illegal in all cases: 1
• Illegal in most cases: 2
• Legal in most cases: 3
• Legal in all cases: 4
• Don't know: 99

Q27C

To what extent do you think the personal possession of each of the following types of handguns should be legal or illegal?

Replica handguns (e.g., airsoft, pellet, BB)

• Illegal in all cases: 1
• Illegal in most cases: 2
• Legal in most cases: 3
• Legal in all cases: 4
• Don't know: 99

Q28

With the announcement of the restriction on the sale, purchase, and transfer of handguns, would you know what to do with a handgun that you no longer wanted to own?

• Yes, I do know what to do with a handgun I no longer want to own: 1
• No, I do not know what to do with a handgun I no longer want to own: 2
• Don't know: 99

Q29 [1,3]

What would you do with a handgun that you no longer want to own?

• Please specify: 77
• Don't know: 99

QEDUC

To finish up, we have just a few questions about you for statistical purposes only. Please be assured that your answers will remain completely confidential.

What is the highest level of formal education that you have completed?Less than high school diploma or equivalent?

• I am still in high school: 1
• High school diploma or equivalent: 2
• Trade certificate or diploma (apprenticeship, technical institute, trade, or vocational school): 3
• College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma (other than trades certificates or diplomas): 4
• University (undergraduate degree): 5
• University (graduate or professional degree): 6
• Prefer not to say: 99

QBORN

Were you born in Canada or another country?

• Canada: 1
• Other country, please specify: 77
• Prefer not to say: 99

QETHN [1,2]

Which of the following best describes your ethnic background or nationality?

Select up to two responses:

• British isles (English, Scottish, Irish, Welsh): 1
• French: 2
• Other European (i.e. German, Italian, Ukrainian, Polish, Dutch, etc.): 3
• Indigenous/First Nations/Métis/Inuit: 4
• Chinese : 5
• Other East or Southeast Asian (i.e., Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Filipino, etc.): 6
• South Asian (i.e., Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan or Bangladeshi): 7
• African : 8
• Latin American: 9
• Middle East/West Asian (i.e., Iran, Turkey, etc.): 10
• Caribbean: 11
• Other, please specify: 77
• Prefer not to say: 99

QINC

Which of the following categories best describes your total household income? That is, the total income of all persons in your household combined, before taxes.

Select one only:

• Under $20,000: 1
• $20,000 to just under $40,000: 2
• $40,000 to just under $60,000: 3
• $60,000 to just under $80,000: 4
• $80,000 to just under $100,000: 5
• $100,000 to just under $150,000: 6
• $150,000 and above: 7
• Prefer not to say: 99

Thank You

Thank you for taking the time to complete this survey, it is greatly appreciated.

THNK2

In light of your responses, you would not be eligible to continue with this study. Thank you for taking the time to assist us.

C. Survey Questionnaire – Firearms Safety Survey

Online Introduction

Thank you for agreeing to complete this survey. All your responses will be kept strictly confidential. A few reminders before beginning. Si vous préférez répondre au sondage en français, veuillez cliquer sur français.

Please rest assured that your answers are completely confidential (this means that no individual will be associated with the survey's results - rather, they will be rolled up into large categories to protect the confidentiality of each respondent) and that this survey is voluntary. It is being directed by Ekos Research, and administered according to the requirements of the Privacy Act. To view our privacy policy, click here. The survey is registered with the Canadian Research Insights Council's (CRIC) Research Verification Service System. Click here if you wish to verify its authenticity (project code 20230112-EK521).

Instructions

On each screen, after selecting your answer, click on the "Next" or "Back" buttons at the bottom of the screen to move forward or backwards in the questionnaire.

If you leave the survey before completing it, you can return to the survey URL later, and you will be returned to the page where you left off. Your answers up to that point in the survey will be saved.

If you have any questions about how to complete the survey, please call Ekos at 1-866-211-8881 or email us at online@ekos.com. Thank you in advance for your participation.

Telephone Introduction

Good morning/afternoon/evening, Bonjour, I'm calling from Ekos Research Associates. May I speak with [name of respondent]?

We are conducting a survey with Canadians 18 years of age or older. The survey collects opinions about firearms regulations in Canada. Please be assured that we are not selling or soliciting anything. Would you prefer to be interviewed in English or French?/Préférez-vous répondre en français ou en anglais?

Your participation in the survey is completely voluntary and your responses will be kept entirely confidential. It is being administered according to the requirements of the Privacy Act. Results will not be reported on an individual basis, but rolled into groups of 20 or more to preserve confidentiality. Your decision on whether or not to participate will not affect any dealings you may have with the Government of Canada. The survey is registered with the Canadian Research Insights Council's (CRIC) Research Verification Service System

(if asked: Visit https://canadianresearchinsightscouncil.ca/rvs/home/?lang=en if you wish to verify its authenticity (project code 20230112-EK521)).

May I begin?

If asked: This survey should take about 15 minutes.

• Continue: 1
• Refuse (Thank & terminate): 9

Privacy

This call may be recorded for quality control or training purposes.

QPROV

What is your province/territory of residence?

• Please specify: 98
• Alberta: 1
• British Columbia: 2
• Manitoba: 3
• New Brunswick: 4
• Newfoundland and Labrador: 5
• Nova Scotia: 6
• Ontario: 7
• Prince Edward Island: 8
• Quebec: 9
• Saskatchewan: 10
• Northwest Territories: 11
• Nunavut: 12
• Yukon: 13
• Prefer not to say : 99

QPOSTC

To ensure we include people from all parts of Canada, what are the first three characters of your postal code?

• Please specify: 77
• Prefer not to answer : 99

QAREA

Which of the following best describes where you live?

• An urban area: 1
• A suburban area: 2
• A small town, rural or remote area: 3
• An Indigenous community: 4
• Prefer not to answer : 99

QAGEX

In what year were you born?

• Year: 77
• 2006 or more recent: 9998
• Prefer not to say: 9999

QAGEA

Are you at least 18 years of age?

• Yes: 1
• No: 2
• Prefer not to say : 99

QAGEY

In which of the following age categories do you belong?

• Less than 18 years old: 1
• 18 to 24: 2
• 25 to 34: 3
• 35 to 44: 4
• 45 to 54: 5
• 55 to 64: 6
• 65 or older: 7
• Prefer not to say : 99

QSEX

What is your gender?

• Male gender: 1
• Female gender: 2
• Gender diverse: 3
• Prefer not to say : 99

Q6

This survey explores awareness and understanding about firearms regulations in Canada. Please be assured that your responses will be strictly confidential and will not be linked to you in any way.

Do you own a firearm of any kind (i.e., handgun., rifle, shot gun, etc)?

• Yes, I own a firearm: 1
• No, I do not own a firearm: 2
• Prefer not to say : 99

Q7

Do you work with vulnerable populations (people with low social or economic status who have less access to financial, educational, social, and health resources. This may include women and children, those living in poverty, members of the 2SLGBTQI+ community, etc.)?

• Yes, I work with vulnerable populations: 1
• No, I do not work with vulnerable populations: 2
• Prefer not to say : 99

Q8

Please choose the category that best describes your job/sector:

• Medical/health/wellness services: 1
• Police and security services: 2
• Social/support services: 3
• Advocacy: 4
• Education: 5
• Legal services: 6
• Other, please specify: 77
• Prefer not to say : 99

Q9

How concerned are you that firearms-related violence is a threat to public safety in your local community? Are you...?

• Very concerned: 1
• Somewhat concerned: 2
• Not very concerned: 3
• Not at all concerned: 4
• Don't know : 99

Q10

How concerned are you that firearms-related violence is a threat to public safety outside your local community (i.e. in other parts of Canada)?

• Very concerned: 1
• Somewhat concerned: 2
• Not very concerned: 3
• Not at all concerned: 4
• Don't know : 99

Q11

How often do you hear about firearms violence in your community?

• Frequently: 1
• Sometimes: 2
• Infrequently: 3
• Never: 4
• Don't know : 99

Q12 [1,8]

From what sources do you hear information about firearms violence in your community?

• Television: 1
• Radio: 2
• Web/Internet: 3
• Print: 4
• Social media (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok, etc.): 5
• School or community organization: 6
• Word of mouth (from a neighbour, friend or family member): 7
• Promotional materials/newsletters: 8
• Don't know : 99

Q13 [1,2]

What do you think are the main causes or sources of firearms violence in Canada? Is it...?

Select two

• Gang violence/organized crime: 1
• Criminal activity (i.e. break and enters, robbery, etc.): 2
• Intimate partner violence/gender-based violence: 3
• Suicide/mental health/self-harm: 4
• Accidental death or harm: 5
• Other, specify: 77
• Don't know : 99

Q14

Have you or someone close to you been affected by firearms-related violence (gang violence/organized crime, criminal activity, accidental death or harm, etc.)?

• Yes, I or someone close to me has been affected by firearms-related violence.: 1
• No, I have not nor has anyone I know been affected by firearms-related violence.: 2
• Don't know: 98
• Prefer not to say : 99

Q15

There are a variety of federal programs, policies, and regulations around firearms safety and gun violence prevention. How familiar are you with existing firearms policy and legislation in Canada?

• Very familiar: 1
• Somewhat familiar: 2
• Not very familiar: 3
• Not at all familiar: 4
• Don't know : 99

Q16

How would you rate the performance of the Government of Canada when it comes to introducing measures (i.e. regulations, policies, programs, etc.) to address gun-related violence?

• Excellent: 1
• Good: 2
• Fair: 3
• Poor: 4
• Don't know : 99

Q17A

The federal government has developed policies, programs, and regulations to address firearms related crime and violence. To what extent have you heard about each of these measures?

Banning "assault-style" firearms

• Heard a lot about this: 1
• Heard a bit about this: 2
• Had not heard about this at all: 3
• Don't know : 99

Q17B

The federal government has developed policies, programs, and regulations to address firearms related crime and violence. To what extent have you heard about each of these measures?

A "buyback" program whereby the government will provide compensation for the collection of certain banned firearms

• Heard a lot about this: 1
• Heard a bit about this: 2
• Had not heard about this at all: 3
• Don't know : 99

Q17C

The federal government has developed policies, programs, and regulations to address firearms related crime and violence. To what extent have you heard about each of these measures?

Restrictions on the sale, purchase, and transfer of handguns

• Heard a lot about this: 1
• Heard a bit about this: 2
• Had not heard about this at all: 3
• Don't know : 99

Q17D

The federal government has developed policies, programs, and regulations to address firearms related crime and violence. To what extent have you heard about each of these measures?

Action against gun and gang violence (e.g., gang prevention programs, investments and funding to provinces, territories, municipalities, and Indigenous communities, etc.)

• Heard a lot about this: 1
• Heard a bit about this: 2
• Had not heard about this at all: 3
• Don't know : 99

Q17E

The federal government has developed policies, programs, and regulations to address firearms related crime and violence. To what extent have you heard about each of these measures?

New measures and funding to tackle gun smuggling and trafficking at the border

• Heard a lot about this: 1
• Heard a bit about this: 2
• Had not heard about this at all: 3
• Don't know : 99

Q17F

The federal government has developed policies, programs, and regulations to address firearms related crime and violence. To what extent have you heard about each of these measures?

Expanding background checks to include a review of a firearms license applicant's entire life history

• Heard a lot about this: 1
• Heard a bit about this: 2
• Had not heard about this at all: 3
• Don't know : 99

Q17G

The federal government has developed policies, programs, and regulations to address firearms related crime and violence. To what extent have you heard about each of these measures?

Requiring businesses to maintain inventory and sales records of non-restricted firearms for tracing purposes

• Heard a lot about this: 1
• Heard a bit about this: 2
• Had not heard about this at all: 3
• Don't know : 99

Q17H

The federal government has developed policies, programs, and regulations to address firearms related crime and violence. To what extent have you heard about each of these measures?

Banning the sale or transfer of magazines capable of holding more than the legal number of bullets

• Heard a lot about this: 1
• Heard a bit about this: 2
• Had not heard about this at all: 3
• Don't know : 99

Q17I

The federal government has developed policies, programs, and regulations to address firearms related crime and violence. To what extent have you heard about each of these measures?

Requiring a seller of non-restricted firearms to validate a buyer's licence with the government

• Heard a lot about this: 1
• Heard a bit about this: 2
• Had not heard about this at all: 3
• Don't know : 99

Q17J

The federal government has developed policies, programs, and regulations to address firearms related crime and violence. To what extent have you heard about each of these measures?

Restrictions on the sale, purchase, and transfer of mid-velocity 'replica' air guns

• Heard a lot about this: 1
• Heard a bit about this: 2
• Had not heard about this at all: 3
• Don't know : 99

Q17K

The federal government has developed policies, programs, and regulations to address firearms related crime and violence. To what extent have you heard about each of these measures?

'Red flag' law that would enable anyone to make an application to the court to immediately remove firearms from someone's possession who may pose a danger to themselves or others

• Heard a lot about this: 1
• Heard a bit about this: 2
• Had not heard about this at all: 3
• Don't know : 99

Q17L

The federal government has developed policies, programs, and regulations to address firearms related crime and violence. To what extent have you heard about each of these measures?

'Yellow flag' law that would allow a Chief Firearms Officer to temporarily suspend a licence for an individual who may pose a danger to themselves or others

• Heard a lot about this: 1
• Heard a bit about this: 2
• Had not heard about this at all: 3
• Don't know : 99

Q18A

To what extent do you support or oppose each of these measures to address firearms related violence in Canada?

Banning "assault-style" firearms

• Strongly support: 1
• Somewhat support: 2
• Somewhat oppose: 3
• Strongly oppose: 4
• Don't know : 99

Q18B

To what extent do you support or oppose each of these measures to address firearms related violence in Canada?

A "buyback" program whereby the government will provide compensation for the collection of certain banned firearms

• Strongly support: 1
• Somewhat support: 2
• Somewhat oppose: 3
• Strongly oppose: 4
• Don't know : 99

Q18C

To what extent do you support or oppose each of these measures to address firearms related violence in Canada?

Restrictions on the sale, purchase, and transfer of handguns

• Strongly support: 1
• Somewhat support: 2
• Somewhat oppose: 3
• Strongly oppose: 4
• Don't know : 99

Q18D

To what extent do you support or oppose each of these measures to address firearms related violence in Canada?

Action against gun and gang violence (e.g., gang prevention programs, investments and funding to provinces, territories, municipalities, and Indigenous communities, etc.)

• Strongly support: 1
• Somewhat support: 2
• Somewhat oppose: 3
• Strongly oppose: 4
• Don't know : 99

Q18E

To what extent do you support or oppose each of these measures to address firearms related violence in Canada?

New measures and funding to tackle gun smuggling and trafficking at the border

• Strongly support: 1
• Somewhat support: 2
• Somewhat oppose: 3
• Strongly oppose: 4
• Don't know : 99

Q18F

To what extent do you support or oppose each of these measures to address firearms related violence in Canada?

Expanding background checks to include a review of a firearms license applicant's entire life history

• Strongly support: 1
• Somewhat support: 2
• Somewhat oppose: 3
• Strongly oppose: 4
• Don't know : 99

Q18G

To what extent do you support or oppose each of these measures to address firearms related violence in Canada?

Requiring businesses to maintain inventory and sales records of non-restricted firearms for tracing purposes

• Strongly support: 1
• Somewhat support: 2
• Somewhat oppose: 3
• Strongly oppose: 4
• Don't know : 99

Q18H

To what extent do you support or oppose each of these measures to address firearms related violence in Canada?

Banning the sale or transfer of magazines capable of holding more than the legal number of bullets

• Strongly support: 1
• Somewhat support: 2
• Somewhat oppose: 3
• Strongly oppose: 4
• Don't know : 99

Q18I

To what extent do you support or oppose each of these measures to address firearms related violence in Canada?

Requiring a seller of non-restricted firearms to validate a buyer's licence with the government

• Strongly support: 1
• Somewhat support: 2
• Somewhat oppose: 3
• Strongly oppose: 4
• Don't know : 99

Q18J

To what extent do you support or oppose each of these measures to address firearms related violence in Canada?

Restrictions on the sale, purchase, and transfer of mid-velocity 'replica' air guns

• Strongly support: 1
• Somewhat support: 2
• Somewhat oppose: 3
• Strongly oppose: 4
• Don't know : 99

Q18K

To what extent do you support or oppose each of these measures to address firearms related violence in Canada?

'Red flag' law that would enable anyone to make an application to the court to immediately remove firearms from someone's possession who may pose a danger to themselves or others

• Strongly support: 1
• Somewhat support: 2
• Somewhat oppose: 3
• Strongly oppose: 4
• Don't know : 99

Q18L

To what extent do you support or oppose each of these measures to address firearms related violence in Canada?

'Yellow flag' law that would allow a Chief Firearms Officer to temporarily suspend a licence for an individual who may pose a danger to themselves or others

• Strongly support: 1
• Somewhat support: 2
• Somewhat oppose: 3
• Strongly oppose: 4
• Don't know : 99

Q19A

To what extent do you think the personal possession of the following firearms should be legal or illegal?

Rifles and shotguns, that are manual action (e.g., pump, break)

• Illegal in all cases: 1
• Illegal in most cases: 2
• Legal in most cases: 3
• Legal in all cases: 4
• Don't know : 99

Q19B

To what extent do you think the personal possession of the following firearms should be legal or illegal?

Rifles and shotguns, that are semi-automatic action

• Illegal in all cases: 1
• Illegal in most cases: 2
• Legal in most cases: 3
• Legal in all cases: 4
• Don't know : 99

Q19C

To what extent do you think the personal possession of the following firearms should be legal or illegal?

Revolvers

• Illegal in all cases: 1
• Illegal in most cases: 2
• Legal in most cases: 3
• Legal in all cases: 4
• Don't know : 99

Q19D

To what extent do you think the personal possession of the following firearms should be legal or illegal?

Semi-automatic handguns

• Illegal in all cases: 1
• Illegal in most cases: 2
• Legal in most cases: 3
• Legal in all cases: 4
• Don't know : 99

Q19E

To what extent do you think the personal possession of the following firearms should be legal or illegal?

Air guns (e.g., airsoft, pellet, BB)

• Illegal in all cases: 1
• Illegal in most cases: 2
• Legal in most cases: 3
• Legal in all cases: 4
• Don't know : 99

Q20

Firearms safety and gun violence impacts people and communities across Canada. Whether a firearm is discharged or used as a threat, it can have a significant impact on individuals and communities. Individuals may be directly affected as victims or may be friends, family or community members of victims. This section will focus on where you may see the impacts of gun violence as it relates to your work with vulnerable populations.

Have you ever interacted or worked (in a paid or volunteer capacity) with victims of gun violence or with the close family, friends or community members of victims?

• Yes, I have interacted or worked with victims of gun violence or with their family/friends: 1
• No, I have never interacted or worked with victims of gun violence or with their family/friends: 2
• Don't know : 99

Q21

How frequently do you interact or work with victims of gun violence or close family, friends or community members of victims in your work?

• Frequently: 1
• Sometimes: 2
• Infrequently: 3
• Never: 4
• Don't know : 99

Q22

How much of your job is focused on working with victims of gun violence and their friends, families, or community members?

• All of my job: 1
• Most of my job: 2
• Some of my job: 3
• A small part of my job: 4
• None of my job: 5
• Don't know : 99

Q23 [1,2]

What are the main sources of firearms violence that you see in your work? Is it...?

Select two

• Gang violence/organized crime: 1
• Criminal activity (i.e. break and enters, robbery, etc.): 2
• Intimate partner violence/gender-based violence: 3
• Suicide/mental health/self-harm: 4
• Accidental death or harm: 5
• Other, specify: 77
• Don't know : 99

Q24

The Government of Canada is proposing new legislation for "red flag" and "yellow flag" laws that would enable anyone to make an application to the court to immediately remove firearms from an individual's possession ("red flag" law), or for the Chief Firearms Officer to temporarily suspend a firearms licence for individuals who may pose a danger to themselves or others ("yellow flag" law). Would you use red flag/yellow flag laws to support your work with vulnerable populations with any perceived firearm-related safety concerns?

• Yes, red flag/yellow flag laws would support my work: 1
• No, red flag/yellow flag laws would not support my work: 2
• Don't know : 99

Q25

In your opinion, how effective would red flag/yellow flag laws be in protecting victims or potential victims of gun violence?

• Very effective: 1
• Effective: 2
• Somewhat effective: 3
• Not very effective: 4
• Not at all effective: 5
• Don't know : 99

Q26 [1,11]

Where would you go for resources on providing support to victims of gun violence and their friends, families or community members?

Check all that apply

• Federal government: 1
• Provincial government: 2
• Municipal government: 3
• Non-profit organizations (victim support networks, Red Cross, etc.): 4
• Professional training/development programs (specific to your field): 5
• Workplace training (occupational health and safety, mental health, HR, etc.): 6
• Education (university, college, etc.): 7
• Work colleagues or management: 8
• Other, specify: 77
• Don't know : 99

QEDUC

To finish up, we have just a few questions about you for statistical purposes only. Please be assured that your answers will remain completely confidential.

What is the highest level of formal education that you have completed? Less than high school diploma or equivalent/I am still in high school: 1

• High school diploma or equivalent: 2
• Trade certificate or diploma (apprenticeship, technical institute, trade, or vocational school): 3
• College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma (other than trades certificates or diplomas): 4
• University (undergraduate degree): 5
• University (graduate or professional degree): 6
• Prefer not to say : 99

QBORN

Were you born in Canada or another country?

• Canada: 1
• Other country, please specify: 77
• Prefer not to say : 99

QETHN [1,2]

Which of the following best describes your ethnic background or nationality?

Select up to two responses:

• British isles (English, Scottish, Welsh): 1
• French: 2
• Other European (i.e. German, Italian, Ukrainian, Polish, Dutch, etc.): 3
• Indigenous/First Nations/Métis/Inuit: 4
• Chinese: 5
• Other East or Southeast Asian (i.e., Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Filipino, etc.): 6
• South Asian (i.e., Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan or Bangladeshi): 7
• African: 8
• Latin American: 9
• Middle East/West Asian (i.e., Iran, Turkey, etc.): 10
• Caribbean: 11
• Other, please specify: 77
• Prefer not to say : 99

QINC

Which of the following categories best describes your total household income? That is, the total income of all persons in your household combined, before taxes.

Select one only:

• Under $20,000: 1
• $20,000 to just under $40,000: 2
• $40,000 to just under $60,000: 3
• $60,000 to just under $80,000: 4
• $80,000 to just under $100,000: 5
• $100,000 to just under $150,000: 6
• $150,000 and above: 7
• Prefer not to say : 99

Thank You

Thank you for taking the time to complete this survey, it is greatly appreciated.

THNK2

In light of your responses, you would not be eligible to continue with this study. Thank you for taking the time to assist us.