Public opinion research study
on boating safety in Canada

Final Report

Prepared for Transport Canada

Supplier Name: Environics Research

Contract Number: T8053-210136/001/CY

Contract Value: $127,524.99 (including HST)

Award Date: 2021-12-03

Delivery Date: 2022-03-16

Registration Number: POR 056-21

For more information on this report, please contact Transport Canada at:
TC.Publicopinion-Opinionpublique.TC@tc.gc.ca

Ce rapport est aussi disponible en Français

Public opinion research study on boating safety in Canada
Final report

Prepared for Transport Canada by Environics Research

March 2022

Permission to reproduce

This publication may be reproduced for non-commercial purposes only. Prior written permission must be obtained from Transport Canada. For more information on this report, please contact Transport Canada at: TC.Publicopinion-Opinionpublique.TC@tc.gc.ca

© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Public Services and Procurement Canada, 2022.

Cat. No. T29-172/2022E-PDF

ISBN 978-0-660-42724-9

Cette publication est aussi disponible en français sous le titre Recherche sur l’opinion publique portant sur la sécurité nautique au Canada.

 

Table of contents

Executive summary. i

Introduction. 1

Detailed findings. 2

I.     Boating characteristics. 2

II.    Awareness of regulations. 13

III.   Preparing vessels for excursions. 28

IV.   Lifejackets and PFDs. 30

V.    Cold water safety. 40

VI.   Impaired boating. 43

Appendix A: Methodology. 48

Appendix B: Quantitative research instrument. 54

 

Executive summary

1.                  Background and objectives

Transport Canada (TC) wants to better understand what Canadians know and do regarding five key issues: lifejacket and Personal Flotation Device (PFD) use; the risks of falling into cold water; the dangers of boating under the influence; ensuring vessels have all required safety equipment; and the importance of pleasure craft licensing.

Research on recreational boaters will allow TC to:

·       Better understand the profiles of recreational boaters and how to target communications efforts effectively.

·       Examine and gain insight into how on water safety is understood.

·       Identify opportunities to deliver and improve messaging, educational tools, educational material to Canadians on the five main areas of focus.

The results of the research will establish a baseline of data from which comparative information can be drawn in future studies on Canadians’ understanding of water safety. The data will also help inform the Office of Boating Safety (OBS)’s communications, awareness and safety education efforts for 2022 and beyond.

2.                  Methodology

Environics Research conducted a dual mode (online and telephone) survey of 2,237 adult Canadians who operated or were guests on boats in the past year or who intend to in the coming year. In the ten provinces, the survey was conducted online. Because the extremely small population in the three Northern territories has insufficient presence on online panels to be surveyed using an online methodology, Environics also conducted a companion telephone survey, targeting 50 completions in each of Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut. The results of these two methodologies were merged for this report.

The online survey was conducted with Canadians who are members of an online panel, from January 17-February 5, 2022. The sampling method was designed to complete interviews with Canadians age 18 and over; hard quotas were set by region (including targets for urban and rural respondents to ensure there would be sufficient responses for analysis by key points; flexible quotas were set for age and gender. The data were statistically weighted to ensure the sample is representative of this population according to the most recently available Census information (region and gender). The sample was not weighted by age, because boat users in the survey were younger than the general population, and age weighting would have skewed the data.

Recreational boat/watercraft operator or guest status - unweighted

As an online survey is a non-probability sample, no margin of sampling error is reported. Although opt-in panels are not random probability samples, online surveys can be used for general population surveys provided they are well-designed and employ a large, well-maintained panel. This survey’s large and carefully designed sample provides robust data for understanding the attitudes of the Canadian boater population and subgroups of interest. The telephone survey was a probability sample and the margin of sampling error on the total of n=150 telephone interviews is ±8.0 at the 95% confidence interval. More information about the methodology for this survey is included in Appendix A.

Notes on differences between online and telephone survey methodologies

This report provides the results of a dual-mode survey. There are well-documented differences in response patterns between online self-completion surveys and telephone surveys with a live interviewer. In general, respondents can be more emphatic or enthusiastic when speaking to an interviewer, due in part to social desirability bias, in which some respondents may answer in a way they (consciously or unconsciously) think will appear more acceptable to the interviewer. With a change to an online methodology, there will often be a decrease in the strong opinion options (i.e., fewer will say “very”), with a corresponding move to the somewhat/moderate options. In these cases, it is useful to see whether the net measures have fundamentally changed or remained stable. As well, for some questions with longer response lists, the telephone respondents were not read the options that were shown to the online respondents, which results in lower mentions among the telephone respondents.

3.                  Cost of research

The cost of this research was $127,524.99 (HST included).

4.                  Key findings

General summary

Canadian boaters generally have moderate levels of knowledge and awareness about key boating safety issues. Understandably, operators are more likely to consider themselves at least somewhat knowledgeable about these issues than are guests. There is good awareness about the dangers of cold water boating and of boating while intoxicated, noting a six in ten majority say they have never experienced boating with someone under the influence. About six in ten say they always using a life jacket or PFD, and over eight in ten say they definitely would wear one if asked to do so by an operator - while this is fairly high, there is clearly room for improvement in compliance. Boaters are not especially knowledgeable about three official boating documents (the Pleasure Craft Operator Card or PCOC, the Pleasure Craft Licence or PCL, and the Pleasure Craft Registration) or the differences between them (for example, over three-quarters think there is a fee to get a pleasure craft licence) which may require additional communications. Boaters also appear to need more information about how to ensure vessels have all required safety equipment and are well prepared for a voyage.

The following are specific findings by topic:

Boating characteristics

·       Canadians are about twice as likely to be a guest (64%) on a recreational vehicle as an operator (17%).

·       Two-thirds (68%) report use of a motorized craft; four in ten (41%) use kayaks and one-third (34%) use canoes. Fewer report using other types of pleasure craft: paddleboards (22%), personal watercraft (like WaveRunners/Sea-Doos/Jet Skis – 15%), sailboats (13%) and rowboats or dinghies (12%).

·       The bulk of powerboats are under 10 metres, with the average being 6.8 metres, while houseboats cover a range of lengths with the average being 11.4 metres. Many boaters cannot estimate the length of motorized vessels.

·       Personal watercraft are the types of recreational watercraft most likely to be used often, with one in ten (11%) reporting daily use or intended use. Close to half or more say they use each type of watercraft less often than monthly.

·       Two-thirds of boaters have been cruising/touring in the past year (66%) or intend to in the coming year (64%); just under half (45%) have gone (49%) or will go (37%) fishing in a boat; fewer indicate other recreational boating activities.

·       From a list of seven potential locations, Canadian boaters are most likely to indicate they typically use recreational watercraft while visiting friends’ or family members’ cottages (41%) or while camping (27%). Around one quarter say they use watercraft at the home of a friend or family member (23%) or on vacation within Canada or other northern/colder locations (23%). Two in ten indicate they have a home on or near the water (21%), or at a cottage or recreational property they own (20%).

·       Recreational boating is most likely to take place on a lake (82%). Three in ten have gone or will go boating on rivers (30%), and two in ten have gone, or will go, boating in an ocean (19%).

·       One-quarter (24%) of boaters have rented a motorized boat. Four in ten (40%) have not but may in the future, and one-third (35%) have not and do not intend to.

Awareness of regulations

·       Three-quarters indicate being either very (22%) or somewhat (54%) knowledgeable about how to keep safe while boating; one-quarter feel they are less knowledgeable (19% not very knowledgeable, 5% not at all knowledgeable.)

·       Six in ten boaters say they are either very (16%) or somewhat (43%) familiar with the formal regulations about recreational boating, and four in ten (41%) are less familiar.

·       Nine in ten (89%) say they are at least somewhat familiar when it comes to the regulations around lifejackets in boats, and close to this (85%) are familiar with boating impairment regulations. Somewhat less, but still a strong majority of three-quarters (74%), are familiar with safe boat operation regulations.

·       Seven in ten possess (23%), or are aware of (45%), the Pleasure Craft Operator Card (PCOC), and two-thirds each have heard of the Pleasure Craft Licence (PCL) (17% have, 49% heard of) or the Pleasure Craft Registration (14% have, 51% heard of). Around one-quarter have not heard of each of the three, and just under one in ten each are uncertain.

·       Those aware of at least one of the three boating documents were asked to indicate what the difference is between the three. The top mentions are that the PCOC is for operators and allows them to drive any craft (27%) and that the PCR is required for registering a boat you own (23%). Fewer say the PCL is required to operate your own watercraft legally (14%).

·       Four in ten Canadian boaters (39%) have taken a boating safety course. Over one-quarter (27%) say it was to obtain the PCOC and about one in ten (12%) say it was another type of course.

·       Majorities know it is true to some extent that those operating a pleasure craft with a motor over 1 HP are required to carry proof of competency on board (73%), and that a Pleasure Craft Operator Card is not needed if the craft has no motor (59%). Fewer know that if someone on board a vessel is being paid to operate it or pays to ride it, it is not a pleasure craft (43% think this is true, 34% think it is false, and 24% are not sure).

·       Only small proportions of Canadian boaters think people who have been operating recreational boats for a long time don’t need to prove their competency (11% true), or that you don’t need to bring a pleasure craft licence on board with you (14%). However, a strong majority (77%) think it is true there is a fee to get a pleasure craft licence.

·       Close to seven in ten (68%) can select at least one correct acceptable proofs of competency operators of motorized pleasure craft can show. The proof most selected is the Pleasure Craft Operator Card (61%), distantly followed by proof of having passed a recreational boating safety course in Canada before April 1, 1999 (29%). Close to one-quarter (23%) indicate a marine certificate from Transport Canada, and just under two in ten (18%) indicate completion of a rental-boat safety checklist obtained for a specific rental period from the rental agency. Half (49%) also indicate an incorrect “proof.”

·       The most used sources for boating information are friends and family (45%), followed by books and manuals online (32%), websites (23%), books and manuals in print (20%), and social media (18%).

Preparing vessels for excursions

·       Just over four in ten feel very (10%) or somewhat (33%) knowledgeable about what is required to prepare a recreational watercraft for a trip, while a slim majority feel less knowledgeable (33%) or not at all (19%) knowledgeable.

·       Over eight in ten recognize each of three legal requirements for a boating excursion: access to lifejackets or PFDs for all (89%), ensuring equipment is on board and working (87%), and checking the vessel and lights (85%); six in ten (62%) also think reviewing a safety checklist is a legal requirement. Minorities indicate reviewing a safety checklist (41%) or making sure everyone on board is hydrated (13%) are legal requirements when they are in fact optional.

Lifejackets and PFDs

·       Close to half (46%) of boaters say the terms “lifejacket” and “Personal Flotation Device” or PFD refer to different things, higher than when this question was asked in 2001 (36%)[1]. Just over four in ten (44%) say they are the same, and one in ten (10%) are not sure.

·       Those saying lifejackets and PFDs are different things are most likely to say lifejackets are something you wear (18%) or that PFDs are non-wearables like cushions or floater boards (15%). One in ten (11%) say PFDs are only for flotation. Fewer than one in ten mention other specific distinctions.

·       Eight in ten say they wear a lifejacket always (59%) or sometimes (22%); one in ten say they rarely (7%) or never (2%) wear one, and another one in ten (11%) say it varies depending on the circumstances (for example, type of boat or if children are on board).

·       Virtually all boaters say they would definitely (84%) or probably (14%) wear a lifejacket or PFD if they were a guest on someone else’s boat and the operator requested they wear one.

·       Over six in ten (63%) say a lifejacket or Personal Flotation Device (PFD) of the proper size has always been available to them when they have been out in a small boat or watercraft (under 6 meters or 20 feet), and an additional three in ten (29%) say it usually was. Only very small proportions say an appropriate lifejacket or PFD was not usually (4%) or never available (<1%) or are not sure (4%).

·       Of a series of statements about lifejackets, boaters are most likely to agree to some extent that if the operator is wearing a lifejacket they will always wear one too (76% net agreement, 52% strongly) or that people who do not wear lifejackets are irresponsible (73% net agreement, 37% strongly). Half also agree to some extent that lifejackets are uncomfortable because they are too bulky (49%). Minorities agree with three other statements; that they feel uncomfortable wearing a lifejacket when no one else is (32%), that they only wear lifejackets when there are children on the boat (15%), or that only weak swimmers need lifejackets (8%).

·       Nine in ten agree (92%, 63% strongly) wearing a lifejacket is a normal part of boating. Opinion is divided about whether or not it is true there is no law that says you must wear a lifejacket, just that you need one available (41% agree, 45% disagree). Only small minorities agree with two false statements: that it is only important to wear lifejacket if the water is cold (12% agree, 87% disagree) or that people don’t need to wear a lifejacket when they believe the boat is safe (12% agree, 86% disagree).

Cold water safety

·       Over six in ten (63%) correctly indicate cold water (below 15 degrees Celsius/50 degrees Fahrenheit) can pose a danger in any season. Three in ten (29%) indicate winter, and two in ten each choose fall (22%) or spring (21%).

·       Close to eight in ten provide at least one top-of-mind preventive measure boaters should take when the weather is cold. The most common measures are wearing life jackets (20%) and dressing warmly (15%). One in ten cite each of three other measures, including having thermal/heating supplies on board (11%), wearing a wet suit (11%), or keeping warm in general (11%). Two in ten (22%) could not provide any measure.

·       A majority say it is definitely true exposure to cold air and wind while in water-soaked clothing causes hypothermia (58%); around four in ten each say it is definitely true people will lose the effective use of their fingers, arms and legs within 10 minutes of cold water immersion (41%), or that hypothermia sets in when core body temperature drops below 35.0° C (39%). Just under four in ten also think it is definitely true that cold water immersion can paralyze the muscles instantly (37%). One-quarter (23%) also think the one false statement, that immersion in cold water always causes hypothermia, is definitely true.

Impaired boating

·       Over six in ten boaters (63%) say they have never gone boating with someone who appeared to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Of those who have, this has mainly been a rare occurrence (21%); 14 percent have had this happen frequently (2%) or occasionally (12%).

·       Those who witnessed impaired boating even rarely are most likely to say the substance involved was alcohol (85%), followed by cannabis (35%); under one in ten say it was prescription (7%) or illegal drugs (6%).

·       Close to half of those who have witnessed impaired boating indicate the person involved as the operator (10% witnessed operator only, 37% have seen both operator and guests be impaired). Four in ten (42%) have only seen impaired guests.

·       The top reasons given for why someone might operate a boat while impaired are that such people think they can get away with it, due to there being a lack of enforcement (19%), or that they think it is safe to do so because there is less traffic, more open space and lower speeds than is the case with motor vehicles (18%). One in ten (11%) also think they may not be aware of the dangers involved. Fewer than one in ten give other individual reasons, including people being foolish (8%) or irresponsible (7%).

·       Two-thirds (64%) think impaired boating is a serious issue in Canada, one in six (17%) think it isn’t, and two in ten (20%) are not sure.

5.                  Political neutrality statement and contact information

I hereby certify as senior officer of Environics that the deliverables fully comply with the Government of Canada political neutrality requirements outlined in the Communications Policy of the Government of Canada, and Procedures for Planning and Contracting Public Opinion Research. Specifically, the deliverables do not include information on electoral voting intentions, political party preferences, standings with the electorate, or ratings of the performance of a political party or its leaders.

Sarah Roberton

Vice President, Public Affairs

Environics Research Group

sarah.roberton@environics.ca

613-699-6884

Supplier name: Environics Research Group

PWGSC contract number: T8053-210136/001/CY

Original contract date: 2021-12-03

For more information, contact TC.Publicopinion-Opinionpublique.TC@tc.gc.ca)

Introduction

1.                  Background

It has been estimated some 12.4 million adult Canadians enjoy recreational boating each year. With relatively low entry level costs and so much water to explore, it is no surprise recreational boating is a popular pastime, one that has increased significantly in the past year, as people seek out even more ways to explore the outdoors during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Despite the high proportion of Canadians who enjoy boating, there is in fact limited existing research on boating safety in Canada, and few national data sources. Additional research is required to ensure the department is focused on issues that are truly affecting the lives of Canadians. The limited data available on this topic shows that 34 percent of water immersion deaths occur while recreational boating (Canadian Red Cross, 2020). With comprehensive data, Transport Canada can work to reduce the number of boating related fatalities occurring on the water and improve other boating safety issues.

2.                  Research rationale and objectives

Research on recreational boating in Canada is needed to properly target communications, awareness, and safety education efforts. The Office of Boating Safety needs to better understand the demographics of Canadian recreational boaters, safety issues with the types of pleasure craft they use, their level of knowledge about regulations and safety issues and where they get their boating safety related information.

Transport Canada (TC) wants to better understand what Canadians know and do regarding five key issues: Personal Flotation Device (PFD) use; the risks of falling into cold water; the dangers of boating under the influence; ensuring vessels have all required safety equipment; and the importance of pleasure craft licensing.

Research on recreational boaters will allow TC to:

·       Better understand the profiles of recreational boaters and how to target communications efforts effectively.

·       Examine and gain insight into how on water safety is understood.

·       Identify opportunities to deliver and improve messaging, educational tools, educational material to Canadians on the five main areas of focus.

The results of the research will establish a baseline of data from which comparative information could be drawn in future studies on Canadians’ understanding of water safety. The data will also help inform the OBS’s communications, awareness and safety education efforts for 2022 and beyond.

3.                  Report

This report begins with an executive summary outlining key findings and conclusions, followed by a detailed analysis of the results. A detailed description of the methodology used to conduct this research is presented in Appendix A. The research instrument is presented in Appendix B.
Note: Some columns and rows may not add to 100% due to rounding or multiple mentions. Any base sizes not indicated are total sample.

Detailed findings

I.                   Boating characteristics

1.                  Watercraft use – past year or intent

Canadians are about twice as likely to be a guest on a recreational vehicle than an operator.

To qualify for the survey, respondents had to be adult Canadians who operated or were guests on boats or other recreational watercraft in the past year or who intend to in the coming year. Taken together, over one-third of respondents (36%) have, or will be, operators of watercraft (either solely as an operator or as both operator and guest), while close to two-thirds (64%) were or will be guests.

Recreational boat/watercraft operator or guest status

Q1             In the past 12 months, have you operated or been a guest on a recreational boat or watercraft?

Q2             In the next 12 months, do you intend to operate or be a guest in a recreational boat or watercraft? (BASE: Those who did not go boating in past 12 months)

Being an operator of a recreational boat or watercraft, either in the past year or in the coming year, is higher among the following groups:

·       Territories (60%)

·       Men (44%, vs. 28% of women)

·       Born in Canada (37%, vs. 29% born outside of Canada)

·       Advanced-level swimmers (46%, vs. 28% of beginners, 36% of intermediate swimmers, and 22% of non-swimmers)

2.                  Types of pleasure craft

Two-thirds report use of a motorized craft; four in ten use kayaks and one-third use canoes.

Boaters were asked what types of pleasure craft they have used in the past year or intend to use in the next year, as either an operator or a guest. Boaters are most likely to report using a powerboat (59% overall, 64% of past year users and 48% of intenders). Common across operators and guests. Around four in ten boaters (past year users or intenders) report using kayaks, around one-third use canoes, and two in ten use paddleboards. Fewer report using or intending to use other types of watercraft.

Types of pleasure craft

Q3             Which of the following types of pleasure craft have you used in the past year or intend to use in the next year, either as an operator or a guest?

The following provides a summary of subgroup differences in use of the top three types of watercraft:

Powerboats/motorboats/speedboats are the most used type of watercraft across almost all segments of the boater population. Their use is higher among the following groups:

·       Territories (76%) and Manitoba/Saskatchewan (68%)

·       Rural residents (65%, vs. 57% of urban)

·       Household income $150,000 and over (69%)

·       Those who later in the survey say they are very knowledgeable about boating safety (72%) or who have taken the Pleasure Craft Operator Card (PCOC) course (71%)

Kayak use is higher among younger boaters (54% age 18 to 34) and decreases as age increases (down to 20% age 65 and over). Kayak use is also higher among the following groups:

·       British Columbia (50%)

·       Urban residents (44%, vs. 34% of rural)

·       University degree (48%, vs. 32% with high school or less)

·       Advanced (47%) and intermediate (43%) swimmers

·       Past year operators (53%, vs. 35% guests) and intending operators (54%, vs. 34% guests)

Canoe use is also higher among younger boaters (41% age 18 to 34) and decreases as age increases (down to 23% age 65 and over). Canoe use is also higher among the following groups:

·       Territories (52%) and Ontario (41%)

·       Urban residents (36%, vs. 28% of rural)

·       Men (37%, vs. 31% of women)

·       University degree (41%, vs. 29% with high school or less)

·       English speakers (37%, vs. 29% French speakers)

·       Advanced (43%) and intermediate (34%) swimmers

3.                  Length of most-used motorized watercraft

Many powerboat and houseboat owners are unable to provide a length for the craft they use or m=intend to use most often. The average powerboat length indicated is 6.8 metres; the average boat is 11.4 metres.

Boaters who indicated they used a powerboat or houseboat in the past year, or an intention to use either of these in the coming year were asked to indicate the length of the craft (in feet or metres, converted to metres for reporting purposes). Close to half of powerboat users and almost six in ten houseboat users are unable to estimate the length of the craft. The bulk of powerboats are under 10 metres, with the average being 6.8 metres, while houseboats cover a range of lengths with the average being 11.4 metres.[2]

Lengths of powerboats used/intended

Lengths of houseboats used/intended

Q4             You indicated you used or intend to use the following type of boat. What is the approximate length of the craft? If more than one of that type, please indicate the length of the type you use/intend to use most often.

4.                  Frequency of use of watercraft

One in ten or fewer use or intend to use any type of watercraft daily during the boating season.

Those indicating past or intended use of each type of watercraft were asked how frequently they were or will be used, during the boating season. Frequency of use is generally fairly similar across types of watercraft. Personal watercraft are the most frequently used, with one in ten reporting daily use or intended use. Close to half or more say they use each type of watercraft less than monthly.

Frequency of use of watercraft (past 12 months or intended)

Q5             A) Approximately how frequently did you use this type/these types of watercraft in the past year, during the boating season?
B) Approximately how frequently do you expect to use this type/these types of watercraft in the next year, during the boating season?

BASES: Those who used or intend to use each type of craft

Frequency of watercraft use by type is generally quite similar across subgroups. Reporting more frequent use of most types of watercraft is higher among previous year vessel operators than among previous year guests or next year intenders (operators or guests).

5.                  Boating-related activities

Two-thirds of boaters have been cruising/touring in the past year or intend to in the coming year; just under half have gone or will go fishing in a boat; fewer indicate other recreational boating activities.

Boaters were provided with a list of potential recreational boating activities and asked to indicate which they had done in the past year or intend to do in the next year (multiple responses were permitted). The most commonly reported activity is cruising/touring, selected by two thirds, followed by fishing, by just under one half. Two in ten indicate powerboating, one in ten select waterskiing, and under one in ten mention other boating activities, including commuting, competitions or parasailing.

Boating-related activities in past year or intend to do

Q6             Which of the following recreational boating-related activities have you done in the past year or intend to do in the next year?

Undertaking several of the most popular boating activities is higher among those most likely to boating experience, including past year operators, those who use or intend to use a motorized boat or who have rented one in the past, and those who, later in the survey, say they are very knowledgeable about boating safety or have taken a boating safety course.

Following are notable subgroup differences for the top three activities.

Cruising/touring is the top recreational boating activity across most subgroups but is higher among the following:

·       Quebec (77%)

·       Rural residents (70%, vs. 64% urban)

·       Household income $150,000 and over (73%)

·       Born in Canada (67%, vs. 58% born elsewhere)

Fishing using recreational watercraft is higher among the following:

·       Territories (76%) and MB/SK (55%)

·       Rural residents (52%, vs. 42% urban)

·       Men (53%, vs. 37%)

·       Less than university education (50%, vs. 38% with university)

·       Born in Canada (46%, vs. 53% born elsewhere)

·       Child under age 16 in the home (54%, vs. 41%)

·       Advanced swimmers (54%, vs. 37-43% at other levels)

Powerboating is higher among the following:

·       Urban residents (23%, vs. 18% rural)

·       Household income $150,000 or more (28%)

·       Bachelor’s degree (27%)

·       Advanced swimmers (19%, vs. 6-12% at other levels)

6.                  Locations where recreational watercraft are used

Four in ten Canadian boaters say they most typically use recreational watercraft while visiting the cottages of friends or family members.

From a list of seven potential locations, Canadian boaters are most likely to indicate they typically use recreational watercraft while visiting friends’ or family members’ cottages (41%) or while camping (27%). Around one quarter say they use watercraft at the home of a friend or family member, or on vacation within Canada or other northern/colder locations. Two in ten indicate they have a home on or near the water, or at a cottage or recreational property they own.

Watercraft use is similar regarding visiting friends’ cottages or while camping for past year boaters and next year intenders, but past year boaters are more likely than intenders to indicate boating at the home of friends or family, or at their own home or recreational property; intenders are more likely to indicate watercraft use on vacation in Canada or another northern location.

Where recreational watercraft are typically used

Q7             Where do you typically use recreational watercraft or boats?

Subgroup differences for the top responses follow:

Using watercraft while visiting the cottages or recreational properties of friends or family is a top response across most of the country (with the exception of the Territories – 9%) and across most population subgroups. It is highest among the following groups:

·       Manitoba Saskatchewan (55%, vs. 9% to 45% elsewhere)

·       Urban residents (43%, vs. 34% rural)

·       Past year guests (46%, vs. 33% past year operators)

·       Those who used or intend to use motorized boats (44%, vs. 35%)

·       Those who have not rented a motorized boat but may in the future (46%)

Using watercraft while camping is higher among:

·       Alberta (41%) and Manitoba/Saskatchewan (40%, vs. 18% to 31% elsewhere)

·       Younger boaters (31% under age 50, vs. 17% age 50 and over)

·       Child under 16 at home (34%, vs. 25%)

Using watercraft while on vacation in Canada/other northern location is higher among:

·       Alberta (31%) and B.C. (30%, vs. 17% to 24% elsewhere)

·       Urban residents (26%, vs. 15% rural)

·       Age 35-49 (30%)

·       Allophones (44%) and those born outside Canada (35%)

·       Non-swimmers (35%)

Using watercraft at the home of friends/family is higher among:

·       The Atlantic region (33%), Quebec (28%) and B.C. (30%, vs. 16% to 24% elsewhere)

·       Born in Canada (25%, vs. 17% born elsewhere)

7.                  Bodies of water used for boating

Recreational watercraft are most often used in lakes.

Of three types of bodies of water, recreational boating is most likely to take place on one of the country’s two million lakes. Three in ten have gone or will go boating on rivers, and two in ten go boating in an ocean. Past year boaters are more likely than intenders to report boating in rivers, but boating on lakes or oceans is similar.

Bodies of water used for boating

Q8             In what bodies of water do you go boating most often?

Boating in lakes is the top response across the country from a low of 58 percent in the Atlantic to a high of 93 percent in Manitoba/Saskatchewan. Atlantic residents are among the most likely to report boating in rivers (34%, second highest to Quebec at 39%) and, understandably, boating in oceans is highest in the Atlantic (49%) and B.C. (42%, vs. 6% to 24% elsewhere).

Boating in lakes is higher among the following groups:

·       Speak English at home (84%)

·       Those who have rented a motorized boat (90%)

·       Those who later in the survey say they are very or somewhat knowledgeable about boating safety (84%) or have taken a boating safety course (86%),

Boating in rivers is higher among the following groups:

·       Under age 65 (33%, vs. 17% 65 and over)

·       Speak French at home (39%)

·       Indigenous Peoples (46%, vs. 30% non-Indigenous)

·       Child under 16 at home (35%, vs. 29%)

·       Those who later in the survey say they are very knowledgeable about boating safety (36%) or have taken a PCOC course (39%)

Boating in oceans is higher among the following groups:

·       Urban dwellers (21%, vs. 14% rural)

·       Household income $150,000 or more (25%)

·       University degree or higher (23%)

·       Born outside of Canada (28%, vs. 17% Canadian-born)

8.                  Motorized boat rental

One-quarter of Canadian boaters have rented a motorized boat.

One-quarter of boaters have rented a motorized boat. Four in ten have not but may in the future, and one-third have not and do not intend to. Past year operators are more likely to have rented a motorized boat than are past year guests or intenders (whether operators or guests).

If ever rented a motorized boat

Q9             Have you ever rented a motorized boat?

Having rented a motorized boat is a minority across the country, from a low of 14 percent in the Territories to a high of 37 percent in B.C. Renting motorized boats is higher among the following groups:

·       Urban dwellers (27%, vs. 13% rural)

·       Men (30%, vs. 18% of women)

·       Allophones (42%)

·       Non-Indigenous Peoples (24%, vs. 16% of Indigenous Peoples)

·       Child under 16 at home (30%, vs. 22%)

·       Advanced-level swimmers (30%)

II.                Awareness of regulations

1.                  Self-assessed knowledge about how to keep safe while boating

Three-quarters say they are at least somewhat knowledgeable about how to keep safe while boating.

Boaters were asked to rate how knowledgeable they feel they are about how to keep safe while boating. Three-quarters indicate they are either very (22%) or somewhat (54%) knowledgeable; one-quarter feel they are less knowledgeable. Past-year operators are more likely than intending operators, or guests in either period, to say they are very knowledgeable about boating safety; intending operators are also more likely than intending guests to be at least somewhat knowledgeable.

Self-assessed knowledge about boating safety

Q10           How knowledgeable would you say you are about how to keep safe while boating

A majority in all regions rate themselves as being at least somewhat knowledgeable about boating safety, though this is lower in Quebec (66%) than elsewhere (75% in B.C. up to 95% in the Territories). Being at least somewhat knowledgeable is lowest among those age 18 to 34 (71%) and increases as age increases (to a high of 87% age 65 and over).

The following groups are the most likely to say they are at least somewhat knowledgeable about boating safety:

·       Rural residents (82%, vs. 74% urban)

·       Men (80%, vs. 72% of women)

·       Less than university education (79%, vs. 72% with a degree or higher)

·       Speak English at home (79%, vs. 68% who speak French and 61% who speak other languages)

·       Born in Canada (79% vs. 61% born elsewhere)

·       Child under age 16 in the home (80%)

·       Advanced swimmers (88%)

·       Those who have boated in a motorized boat (79%) or who have rented a motorized boat (86%)

·       Those who have taken a safe boating course (97% PCOC course, 92% other course)

2.                  Self-assessed knowledge about formal regulations about recreational boating

Six in ten say they are either very or somewhat familiar with the formal regulations about recreational boating.

Boaters were also asked to rate their level of familiarity with the formal regulations about recreational boating. Six in ten are either very (16%) or somewhat (43%) familiar with these, and four in ten are less familiar. Past year boat operators are significantly more likely than others to indicate being familiar with regulations; intending guests have the least familiarity.

Self-assessed knowledge about formal boating regulations

Q11           How familiar would you say you are about the formal regulations about recreational boating?

At least slim majorities of most subgroups say they are “very or somewhat” familiar with formal regulations concerning recreational boating, with the following being the exceptions:

·       Intend to go boating as guests in the coming year (42%)

·       Those who did not use or do not intend to use a motorized boat (49%, vs. 63% who have)

·       Those not very or at all knowledgeable about boat safety in general (8%)

·       Those who have not taken a boating safety course (40%)

·       Those who are not sure if lifejackets and PFDs are the same or different (35%)

·       Speak language other than English or French at home (45% familiar)

·       Born outside of Canada (47%, vs. 61% born in Canada)

·       Beginner swimming level (45%) and non-swimmers (40%), compared to advanced swimmers (74%)

Being at least somewhat familiar with the formal regulations are highest among the following groups:

·       Territories (71%)

·       Rural residents (68%, vs. 56% urban)

·       Men (67%, vs. 50% of women)

·       Ages 65 and over (69%)

·       Apprentice/college/some university education (66%)

·       Indigenous Peoples (70%, vs. 58% non-Indigenous)

3.                  Familiarity with official recreational boating regulations

At least three-quarters say they are very or somewhat familiar with the official regulations for three specific aspects of boating, with lifejacket use and impairment having higher familiarity than safe operation.

Boaters were asked to indicate their level of familiarity with the official regulations governing three specific aspects of recreational boating. Nine in ten say they are at least somewhat familiar when it comes to the regulations around lifejackets in boats, and close to this are familiar with boating impairment regulations. Somewhat less, but still a strong majority of three-quarters, are familiar with safe boat operation regulations.

As with other regulation questions, familiarity is higher among past year boat operators than past year guests or intenders (operators or guests).

Familiarity with official recreational boating regulations

Q13           How familiar would you say you are with official regulations about the following aspects of recreational boating?

Being at least somewhat familiar with regulations around all three aspects of boating is higher among in the Atlantic region and the Territories, among rural residents, and those age 50 or over, those born in Canada, motorized boat users/ intenders or renters, and intermediate or advanced swimmers. Familiarity is also linked to having taken a safe boating course. Men are more likely than women to be familiar with the regulations around impairment while boating or safe boat operation, but familiarity with lifejacket regulation is similar by gender.

4.                  Boating document awareness

At least two-thirds of boaters have at least heard of each of three specific boating documents; the Pleasure Craft Operator Card (PCOC) is the document most likely for boaters to personally have.

Canadian boaters were asked if they are aware of, or personally have, three documents related to boating. Seven in ten possess, or are aware of, the Pleasure Craft Operator Card (PCOC), and two-thirds each have heard of the Pleasure Craft Licence (PCL) or the Pleasure Craft Registration. Around one-quarter have not heard of each of the three, and just under one in ten each are uncertain.

In all cases, operators are more likely than guests to have the document personally, and guests are more likely to have heard of it but not have it personally, or to have never heard of it.

Boating document awareness

Q14           Which of the following documents are you aware of, or personally have?

Having a PCOC personally ranges from a low of 16 percent in Alberta to a high of 28 percent in Quebec; having a PCL ranges from a low of 8 percent on the Territories to a high of 20 percent in Quebec. Having a Pleasure Craft Registration is statistically similar across the country. Men are more likely than women to report having each of the three documents.

Having each of the documents is higher among the following groups:

PCOC

·       Rural residents (30%, vs. 21% urban)

·       Household income $80,000 and over (28%, vs. 19% under $80,000)

·       College/some university/apprentice (27%)

·       Speak French at home (30%)

·       Born in Canada (26%)

·       Child under 16 at home (28%)

·       Intermediate (25%) and advanced (32%) swimmers

PCL

·       Rural residents (22%, vs. 15% urban)

·       College/some university/apprentice (22%)

·       Born in Canada (18%)

·       Intermediate (18%) and advanced (25%) swimmers

Pleasure Craft Registration

·       College/some university/apprentice (18%)

·       Intermediate (14%) and advanced (23%) swimmers

5.                  Perceived difference between boating documents

Those aware of boating documents are most likely to say the PCOC is for drivers and permits operation of any boat, that the PCR is required for registering an owned boat, and that the PCL is required to operate an owned boat legally.

Those aware of at least one of the three boating documents were asked to indicate to the best of their knowledge what the difference is between the three, without prompting. Over six in ten give at least one response. The top mentions are that the PCOC is for operators and allows them to drive any craft (27%) and that the PCR is required for registering a boat you own (23%). Slightly fewer say the PCL is required to operate your own watercraft legally (14%). Ten percent or fewer mention other individual differences. Past year operators are the most likely to mention the PCOC is for the driver, that the CR is for registering an owned craft, or that a license number/plate is affixed to the boat.

Perceived difference between boating documents – top responses (3% or more)

Q15           To the best of your knowledge, what is the difference between a Pleasure Craft Operator Card, a Pleasure Craft Licence and a Pleasure Craft Registration?
BASE: At least aware of one official boating document (n=1,734)

Responses are generally similar across subgroups, with a few notable differences.

·       Those in rural regions are more likely than those in urban locations to say the PCR is required for registering an owned boat (31%, vs. 21%), that the PCL is required to operate an owned boat legally (18%, vs. 12%), or that a licence number/plate is affixed on the boat as proof of registration (14%, vs. 9%).

·       That the PCOC is for the boat operator is highest among those with post-graduate education (32%), those born in Canada (28%, vs. 19% born elsewhere).

·       Saying the PCR is required for registering an owned boat ranges from a low of 21 percent in Ontario to highs of 30 percent in the Atlantic region and 40 percent in the Territories.

·       Being able to state any differences is higher among those who are very or somewhat knowledgeable about boat safety, and those who have taken the PCOC course.

6.                  Have taken a boating safety practices program or course

Four in ten have taken a boating safety program or course, with over a quarter saying it was to obtain the PCOC.

Four in ten Canadian boaters have taken a boating safety course (including two-thirds of past year operators). Over one-quarter say it was to obtain the PCOC and one in ten say it was another type of course. Having taken a PCOC course is highest among past 12 month boat operators (57%); intending operators are also more likely to have taken any course than are intending guests.

Have taken a boating safety practices program or course

Q16           Have you ever taken part in a program or course where you learned about safe boating practices or skills?

Having taken the PCOC course is a minority of those who have used or intend to use a motorized boat (31%) or who have rented a motorized boat (40%). Taking the course is linked to being very familiar with boating safety (59%).

Having taken the PCOC course is a minority but higher among the following:

·       Rural residents (33%, vs. 25% of urban)

·       Men (35%, vs. 19% of women)

·       Apprentice/college/some university (32%)

·       Born in Canada (29%, vs. 16% born elsewhere)

·       Child under 16 in the home (31%, vs. 26%)

·       Advanced swimmers (36%)

7.                  Truth of statements about boating documents (true statements)

Majorities of boaters know it is true that those operating a pleasure craft with a motor over 1 HP are required to carry proof of competency on board, and that a Pleasure Craft Operator Card is not needed if the craft has no motor. Just over four in ten know payment to operate or ride in a boat means it is not a pleasure craft.

Boaters taking the survey online were shown statements about boating documents and asked the extent to which they consider each to be true or false. Majorities know it is true to some extent that those operating a pleasure craft with a motor over 1 HP are required to carry proof of competency on board (73%), and that a Pleasure Craft Operator Card is not needed if the craft has no motor (59%). However, there is less consensus on the statement that if someone on board a vessel is being paid to operate it or pays to ride it, it is not a pleasure craft: just over four in ten think this is true, one-third think it is false, and one quarter are not sure either way.

Truth of statements about boating documents (true statements)
Base: Online respondents

Q17           Please indicate if you think the following statements are true or false.
BASE: Online respondents (n=2,087)

Past year operators are more likely than past year guests to indicate these statements are definitely true; guests are more likely than operators not to know. Past year operators are also more likely to think these are definitely true than are those intending to operate a boat next year. Thinking each of the three true statements are definitely true is also linked to having taken a PCOC course or to indicating one is very or somewhat knowledgeable about boat safety.

The following are the groups most likely to feel each true statement is definitely true:

People who operate a pleasure craft with a motor over 1 HP are required to carry on board proof they are competent to operate it:

·       Quebec residents (46%, vs. 29% to 36% of others)

·       Rural residents (42%, vs. 34% urban)

·       Ages 65+ (50%, vs. 30% ages 18-34 and 37% ages 35-64)

·       Indigenous boaters (49%, vs. 36% non-Indigenous)

You don’t need a Pleasure Craft Operator Card if the pleasure craft has no motor

·       Quebec residents (30%, vs. 14% to 26% of others)

·       Men (28%, vs. 21% women)

·       Ages 50+ (32%, vs. 21% ages 18-34 and 24% ages 35-49)

·       Advanced-level swimmers (32%)

·       Have rented a motorized boat (33%, vs. 23% who have not)

If someone on board a vessel is being paid to operate it or if someone pays to ride it, it is not a pleasure craft

·       Rural residents (21%, vs. 14% urban)

·       Men (21%, vs. 14% women)

·       Ages 65+ (32%, vs. 11% 18-34 and 16% 35-64)

·       Advanced-level swimmers (22%)

8.                  Truth of statements about boating documents (false statements)

Majorities know it is false that long-time recreational boat operators do not have to prove competency, or that you don’t need to bring a pleasure craft licence on board with you. However, it is widely believed – by over three-quarters- there is a fee to get a pleasure craft licence.

Only very small proportions of Canadian boaters think two false statements are true: that people who have been operating recreational boats for a long time don’t need to prove their competency (11% true), or that you don’t need to bring a pleasure craft licence on board with you (14%). However, a strong majority (77%) think it is true there is a fee to get a pleasure craft licence.[3]

Truth of statements about boating documents (false statements)
Base: Online respondents

Q17           Please indicate if you think the following statements are true or false - BASE: Online respondents (n=2,087)

For these three false statements the differences between past year operators and others are not marked, and they are as likely as others to think there is a fee for the PCL. Thinking each of the three false statements are definitely false is also linked to having taken a PCOC course or to indicating one is very knowledgeable about boat safety.

The following are the groups most likely to feel each false statement is definitely false:

People who have been operating recreational boats for a long time don’t need to prove their competency

·       Rural residents (67%, vs. 61% urban)

·       Age 35+ (66%, vs. 56% age 18-34)

You don’t need to bring a pleasure craft licence on board with you

·       Rural residents (59%, vs. 51% urban)

·       Apprentice/college/some university (57%)

·       Born in Canada (55%, vs. 41% born elsewhere)

·       Used/will use motorized boat (56%, vs. 46%)

There is a fee to get a pleasure craft licence

·       Rural residents (8%, vs. 3% urban)

·       Men (6%, vs. 3% women)

·       Age 65+ (11%)

9.                  Proof of competency for motorized pleasure craft

Around seven in ten boaters can name at least one correct acceptable proof of competency for operators of motorized pleasure craft, with six in ten selecting the PCOC; half indicate an incorrect proof, notably the Pleasure Craft Licence.

When asked to identify acceptable proofs of competency operators of motorized pleasure craft can show, close to seven in ten can select at least one from a list of six (of which four were correct and two incorrect – multiple choices were permitted). The proof most selected is the Pleasure Craft Operator Card, chosen by six in ten, distantly followed by proof of having passed a recreational boating safety course in Canada before April 1, 1999, by three in ten. Close to one-quarter indicate a marine certificate from Transport Canada, and just under two in ten indicate completion of a rental-boat safety checklist obtained for a specific rental period from the rental agency. Just under half incorrectly indicate a Pleasure Craft Licence from Transport Canada is proof of operator competency.

Being able to indicate any correct proof of competency is higher among past year operators than others; past year guests and intending guests or operators are more likely than previous year operators to say they do not know.

Acceptable proof of competency for motorized pleasure craft

Q18           Which of the following are accepted as proof of competency for operators of motorized pleasure craft?

This was an open-ended question for residents of the Territories who were surveyed by telephone and, as a result, they were less likely to be able to cite correct proofs than those who were shown a list online. Still, four in ten were able to name a correct proof top-of-mind: most often the PCOC (23%) or proof of passing a safety course prior to April 1, 1999 (14%). One-third gave an incorrect proof, namely the PCL (35%). Note as well that residents of Nunavut and the Northwest Territories are not required to have proof of operator competency.

Identifying at least one correct proof is highest among the following groups:

·       Quebec residents (77%, vs. 41% to 66% of others)

·       Rural residents (73%, vs. 66% urban)

·       Men (72%, vs. 64% of women)

·       Age 50+ (74%, vs. 66% under age 50)

·       Born in Canada (69%, vs. 61% born outside of Canada)

·       Advanced swimmers (74%)

·       Used/will use motorized boat (71%, vs. 62%)

·       Have rented a motorized boat (73%, vs 68%)

·       Those very knowledgeable about boating safety (69%)

·       Those who would definitely wear a lifejacket or PFD if asked by the operator (66%)

10.             Sources of information about boating

The most used sources of information about boating are friends and family. Online books/manuals. Websites, and printed books/manuals.

Boaters were given a list of seven potential sources of information (and permitted to enter others) and asked which they use. Multiple responses were permitted. The most used sources for boating information are friends and family, followed by books and manuals online, websites, books and manuals in print, and social media. One in ten or fewer use other sources, notably government websites and searching Google.

Those who were guests on boats in the past year are more likely than past year operators to rely on friends/family for boating information. Past year operators are more likely than past year guests to use more formal sources (books/manuals in print or online, websites including government sites). Source differences are less marked between intending operators and guests.

Sources of information about boating

Q12           Where do you look for information about boating?

There are a few subgroups patterns in mentions of boating information sources:

·       Territorial boaters, who were surveyed by telephone and not read a list of sources, are less likely to mention the responses that were shown to online boaters, and more likely to just indicate they get information from websites (44%), government websites (23%) and Google searching (27%).

·       Men are more likely than women to indicate as sources online books/manual, print books/manuals (25%), and online manuals (9%).

·       Using friends and family as a source of information is higher in the Atlantic (49%), among those aged 18-29 (50%), and Allophones (61%).

·       Using books/manuals (online or in print) is higher among those who have rented motorized boats, those who took a safe boating course (PCOC/other), and those very knowledgeable about boat safety.

III.             Preparing vessels for excursions

1.                  Self-assessed level of knowledge about preparing boats for a trip

Just over four in ten are at least somewhat knowledgeable about how to prepare boats for a trip, but only one in ten feel very knowledgeable.

Boaters were asked to rate how knowledgeable they feel they are about what is required to prepare a recreational watercraft for a trip. Just over four in ten feel very or somewhat knowledgeable, while a slim majority feel less knowledgeable.

Seven in ten past year operators rate themselves as being at least somewhat knowledgeable about preparing for boating excursions; intending operators are more likely to provide this rating than are those who intend to be guests.

Self-assessed level of knowledge about preparing boats for a trip

Q19           How knowledgeable would you say you are about what is required to prepare a recreational watercraft for a trip?

Owing to the social desirability bias inherent in the telephone survey methodology, Territorial residents are more likely than those surveyed online to rate themselves as being at least somewhat knowledgeable (80%, vs. 37%, vs. 49%). Being knowledgeable about trip preparation is linked to higher levels of knowledge about boat safety in general and having taken a safe boating course. Feeling they are at least somewhat knowledgeable about preparing for a boating trip is higher among the following groups:

·       Rural residents (48%, vs. 41% urban)

·       Men (54%, vs. 32%)

·       Age 35 and over (48%, vs. 35%)

·       Apprentice/college/some university (50%)

·       Indigenous Peoples (54%, vs. 42% non-Indigenous)

·       Born in Canada (45%, vs. 32% born elsewhere)

·       Child under 16 at home (47%, vs. 41%)

·       Advanced level swimmers (61%)

·       Used/intend to use motorized boat (48%, vs. 32%)

·       Rented motorized boat (61%)

2.                  Perceptions of legal requirements for boating excursions

Over eight in ten recognize each of three legal requirements for a boating excursion (access to lifejackets or PFDs for all, ensuring equipment is on board and working, and checking the vessel and lights); six in ten also think reviewing a safety checklist is a legal requirement.

Boaters were shown (or read) a list of six things to do to prepare for a boating trip and asked if each is required by law or optional. Close to nine in ten say the three legally required preparations are in fact required by law. Six in ten also feel reviewing a safety checklist is also a legal requirement, and four in ten think this about checking the weather. A majority of seven in ten are aware making sure everyone on board is hydrated is optional.

Perceptions of legal requirements for boating excursions

Q20           To the best of your knowledge, are the following required by law or optional when preparing for a boating excursion?

Majorities across the country and subgroups of the boating population recognize the three real legal requirements. That all three are legally required is higher among rural residents, those who are very or somewhat knowledgeable about boating safety, those who have taken the PCOC course, and those who would definitely wear a lifejacket or PFD is asked to do so by a vessel operator.

IV.            Lifejackets and PFDs

1.                  If lifejackets and PFDs are the same thing or different

Close to half of boaters say the terms “lifejacket” and “Personal Flotation Device” or PFD refer to different things, higher than the proportion saying this in 2001.

Boaters were asked if the terms “lifejacket” and “Personal Flotation Device” or PFD refer to the same thing, or if there are differences between the two. Close to half (46%) say these are different things, notably higher than when this question was asked in 2001. Just over four in ten day they are the same, and one in ten are not sure.

Knowing lifejackets and PFDs differ is higher among operators than guests.

If lifejackets and PFDs are the same thing or different

Q21           In your opinion, do the terms “lifejacket” and “Personal Flotation Device” or PFD refer to the same thing, or are there differences between the two?

*2001 results are from “Canadian Boater Attitudes Toward Personal Flotation Devices,” conducted by Environics Research for the Office of Boating Safety, Canadian Coast Guard, and Fisheries and Oceans Canada.

Thinking the terms denote different things is similar across the country (44% to 51% and 65% in the Territories) but lowest in Quebec (36%), where a majority feel they are the same thing (54%).[4] That they are different is higher among the following groups:

·       Intermediate (46%) and advanced level swimmers (52%)

·       Very (49%) or somewhat (48%) knowledgeable about boating safety

·       Have taken the PCOC (53%) or another type of safety course (58%)

2.                  How lifejackets and PFDs differ

The main ways boaters feel lifejackets and PFDs differ are that lifejackets are wearable, that PDFs are cushions or other non-wearables, and that PFDs are just for flotation.

Those who indicated the terms lifejackets and PFDs refer to different things were asked to say how they differ, without prompting. Close to two in ten say it is because lifejackets are something you wear, and around one in seven say PFDs are non-wearables like cushions or floater boards. One in ten say PFDs are only for flotation. Fewer than one in ten mention other differences. The responses are roughly similar to those given in a survey about PFDs conducted in 2001, although more in that study spontaneously said lifejackets will ensure you stay face up in the water, or that PFDs will not do that.

How lifejackets and PFDs differ (top mentions – 4% or more in 2022)
BASE: Those who say PFDs are different than lifejackets

Q22           In what ways are Personal Flotation Devices (PFD) different from lifejackets?
BASE: Those who know PFDs are different than lifejackets

*2001 results are from “Canadian Boater Attitudes Toward Personal Flotation Devices,” conducted by Environics Research for the Office of Boating Safety, Canadian Coast Guard, and Fisheries and Oceans Canada.

Saying lifejackets will ensure you remain face up is highest in the Territories (20%). Saying a lifejacket is something you wear is fairly similar across the country, but lowest in Quebec (4%) and highest in Alberta (28%). It is also higher among the following:

·       Urban dwellers (21%, vs. 11% rural)

·       Men (22%, vs. 15% women)

·       Those who have not taken a boating safety course (24%)

3.                  Lifejacket or PFD use – typically or in the future

Six in ten say they always wear/will wear a lifejacket or PFD when they go boating.

Boaters were asked how often they typically wear, or will wear, a lifejacket when they go boating. Eight in ten say they wear a lifejacket at least sometimes, and six in ten say they always wear one. Only one in ten say they rarely or never wear a lifejacket or PFD and another one in ten say it varies depending on the circumstances. Those intending to go boating in the next year are more likely than those who went boating in the previous year to indicate life jacket or PFD compliance.

Lifejacket or PFD use – typically or in the future

Q23           Boaters: How often do you typically wear a lifejacket or Personal Flotation Device (PFD) when you go boating?
Intenders: How often will you wear a lifejacket or Personal Flotation Device (PFD) when you go boating?

Indicating lifejackets/PFDs are always be worn is a majority across the country and all subgroups of the boating population, but higher among the following:

·       Age 35 and over (62%, vs. 53% age 18-34)

·       Household income $40,000 to under $80,000 (64%)

·       Born outside of Canada (65%, vs. 57% born in Canada)

·       Beginner (66%) and non-swimmers (68%, vs. 55% of intermediate and 57% of advanced swimmers)

·       Those only using/intending to use non-motorized boats (63%, vs. 56% using motorized vessels)

4.                  Lifejacket or PDF wear if requested by operator

Virtually all boaters would at least probably wear a lifejacket if requested to do so by the vessel operator; over eight in ten would definitely wear one in that case.

Boaters surveyed online were asked if they would wear a lifejacket or PFD if they were a guest on someone else’s boat and the operator requested they wear one. Virtually all would at least probably do so and over eight in ten say they definitely would. Past year boaters are somewhat more likely to say they probably would, while next year intenders are more likely to say they definitely would wear a lifejacket or PFD if requested to do so.

Lifejacket or PDF wear if requested by operator
Base: Online respondents

Q24           If you were a guest on somebody else’s boat and the person in charge of the boat asked you to put on a lifejacket or Personal Flotation Device (PFD), would …?
BASE: Online respondents (n=2,087)

Definitely wearing a lifejacket or PFD if requested to do so by a boat operator is a strong majority across the country and all subgroups; the following are the most likely to say they definitely would:

·       Rural residents (87%, vs. 82% urban dwellers)

·       Women (87%, vs. 80% men)

·       Age 50-64 (91%)

·       Household income $40,000 to under $80,000 (88%)

·       University degree or higher (86%)

·       Non-swimmers (91%)

·       Those who think the terms lifejacket and PFD mean the same thing (87%)

5.                  Lifejacket or PDF availability

Over nine in ten boaters say a lifejacket or PFD of the proper size has always or usually been available to them when they have been out in a small boat or watercraft.

Boaters were asked to think about when they have been out in a small boat or watercraft (under 6 meters or 20 feet), and then asked how often a lifejacket or Personal Flotation Device (PFD) of the proper size was available to them. Over six in ten (63%) say this was always the case, and an additional three in ten say it usually was. Only very small proportions say an appropriate lifejacket or PFD was not usually or never available (4%) or are not sure (4%).

Past year boaters are more likely than those intending to go boating in the next year to say an appropriate lifejacket or PFD has always been available to them; the latter are more likely to say they are not sure.

Lifejacket or PFD availability

Q25           Thinking about when you have been out in a small boat or watercraft (under 6 meters or 20 feet), how often was a lifejacket or Personal Flotation Device (PFD) of the proper size available to you?

Majorities across the country and boater subgroups say appropriate lifejackets or PFDs are always available to them. Saying this is lowest among those age 18 to 34 (51% - this group is the most likely to say usually) and increases as age increases, up to 76 percent of those age 50 and over. The following are the most like to say lifejackets or PFDs are always available to them:

·       Territories (80%, vs. 57% to 65% of others)

·       Non-Indigenous Peoples (64%, vs. 58% of Indigenous Peoples)

·       Those using or intending to use motorized boats (65%, vs. 58% who only use non-motorized boats)

·       Those very knowledgeable about boating safety (77%) or who have taken the PCOC course (72%)

·       Those who would definitely use a lifejacket or PFD if asked to do so by the operator (69%)

6.                  Level of agreement with statements about lifejackets

From a series of statements, boaters are most likely to agree to some extent that if the operator is wearing a lifejacket they always wear one too, and that people who do not wear lifejackets are irresponsible. They are least likely to agree that only weak swimmers need lifejackets.

Boaters taking the survey online were shown a series of statements about lifejackets and asked the extent to which they agree or disagree with each. They are most likely to agree to some extent that if the operator is wearing a lifejacket they will always wear one too (76% net agreement, 52% strongly) or that people who do not wear lifejackets are irresponsible (73% net agreement, 37% strongly). They are least likely to agree that only weak swimmers need lifejackets. Half also agree to some extent that lifejackets are uncomfortable because they are too bulky. Minorities agree with three other statements; that they feel uncomfortable wearing a lifejacket when no one else is (32%), that they only wear lifejackets when there are children on the boat (15), or that only weak swimmers need lifejackets (8%).

Level of agreement with statements about lifejackets
Base: Online respondents

Q26           Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements about lifejackets or Personal Flotation Devices (PFD).
BASE: Online respondents (n=2,087)

Overall agreement with these statements is generally similar across subgroups, with no clear response patterns emerging. Quebecers are less likely than others to agree they always wear a lifejacket if the operator is wearing one, but it is still a two-thirds majority (64%, vs. 79% to 84%). The following groups are the most likely to agree to some extent with each statement:

If the operator is wearing a lifejacket, I always wear one too

·       Born outside Canada (82%, vs. 75% born in Canada)

·       Next year boating intenders (81%, vs. 74% past year boaters)

·       Would definitely wear a lifejacket or PFD if asked (81%, vs. 56% less than definite)

People who do not wear lifejackets are irresponsible

·       Age 50 and over (79%, vs. 71% under age 50)

·       Urban dwellers (75%, vs. 68% rural residents)

·       Past year guests (73%, vs. 67% past year operators)

·       Born outside Canada (80%, vs. 72% born in Canada)

·       Next year boating intenders (80%, vs. 70% past year boaters)

·       Non-users of motorized boats (79%, vs. 71% motorized boat uses/intenders)

·       Would definitely wear a lifejacket or PFD if asked (78%, vs. 50% less than definite)

Lifejackets are uncomfortable because they are too bulky

·       Age 18-64 (51%, vs. 35% 55+)

·       Women (54%, vs. 43% men)

·       Rural residents (54%, vs. 47% urban dwellers)

·       Born in Canada (51%, vs. 39% born outside Canada)

·       Less than very knowledgeable about boating safety (51%, vs. 40% very knowledgeable)

I feel uncomfortable wearing a lifejacket when no one else is

·       Age 18-49 (35%, vs. 24% age 50+)

·       Not very knowledgeable about boating safety (40%)

·       Would probably/not wear a lifejacket or PFD if asked (47%, vs. 29% wo would definitely wear one)

I only wear a lifejacket if there are children on the boat

·       Age 18-49 (16%, vs. 11% age 50+)

·       Speak French at home (19%, vs. 14% who speak English and 5% of Allophones)

·       Indigenous Peoples (2%, vs. 14% non-Indigenous)

·       Born in Canada (16%, vs. 9% born outside Canada)

·       Less than university education (17%, vs. 12% with a degree)

·       Past year boaters (17%, vs. 11% next year intenders)

Only weak swimmers need lifejackets

·       Age 18-49 (10%, vs. 4% age 50+)

·       Men (11%, vs. 5% women)

·       Advanced level swimmers (12%)

·       Past year boaters (10%, vs. 4% next year intenders)

7.                  Level of agreement with statements about lifejackets

Nine in ten boaters agree to some extent wearing lifejackets is a normal part of boating; four in ten agree there is no law saying you must wear a lifejacket, only one needs to be available. A strong majority of close to nine in ten disagree with false statements about lifejackets.

Boaters were asked to indicate their level of agreement with four statements about lifejackets. Nine in ten agree to some extent (over six in ten strongly) that wearing a lifejacket is a normal part of boating. Opinion is divided about whether or not it is true there is no law that says you must wear a lifejacket, just that you need one available (41% agree, 45% disagree). Only small minorities agree with two false statements: that it is only important to wear lifejacket if the water is cold (12% agree, 87% disagree) or that people don’t need to wear a lifejacket when they believe the boat is safe (12% agree, 86% disagree).

Level of agreement with statements about lifejackets
Base: Online respondents

Q27           For each of the following statements, please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements about lifejackets or Personal Flotation Devices (PFD)

Agreement levels are generally similar across the country and across boater population subgroups; strong agreement with key statements is higher among the following groups:

Wearing a lifejacket is a normal part of boating

·       Territories (81%)

·       Age 50 and over (71%, vs. 56% 18-34)

·       Next year intending guests (71%)

There is no law that says you must wear a lifejacket, just that you need one available

·       Born in Canada (16%, vs. 10% born elsewhere)

·       Advanced (20%) and intermediate (15%) swimmers

·       Past year boat operators (24%)

·       Very knowledgeable about boating safety (31%)

·       Took PCOC course (28%)

V.               Cold water safety

1.                  Seasons in which cold water is a potential danger to boaters in Canada

Close to two-thirds of Canadian boaters recognize that cold water is a potential danger in all seasons.

Recreational boaters were provided a list of seasons and asked in which of these cold water (below 15 degrees Celsius/50 degrees Fahrenheit) poses a potential danger to boaters in Canada; multiple responses were offered, except “all of the above,” “none of the above” and “not sure” were single mentions. Over six in ten correctly note cold water can pose a danger in any season. Three in ten indicated winter, and two in ten also chose fall or spring.

Seasons when cold water is a potential danger to boaters in Canada

Q28           During what seasons do you think cold water (below 15 degrees Celsius/50 degrees Fahrenheit) poses a potential danger to boaters in Canada?

Awareness that cold water can pose a risk in any season is a majority across the country, but highest in the Territories (86%) and Manitoba/Saskatchewan (75%) and lowest in Quebec (55%); Quebecers are the most likely to indicate spring (28%) or fall (29%). Knowing cold water is dangerous in all seasons is higher among the following groups:

·       Rural (72%, vs. 60% urban)

·       Age 35 and over (71%, vs. 49% under age 35)

·       Household income $80,000 and over (67%, vs. 56% under $80,000)

·       College or more education (66%, vs. 50% high school or less)

·       Non-Indigenous Peoples (65%, vs. 51% Indigenous)

·       Born in Canada (64%, vs. 55% born outside of Canada)

·       Those who definitely wear a lifejacket or PFD is asked by a boat operator (66%, vs. 44% who probably would or would not).

Knowing cold weather can be dangerous in any season is not higher among those who claim to have higher levels of boat safety knowledge.

2.                  Top-of-mind preventative measures when water is cold

The most mentioned preventive measures for boating in cold weather are wearing lifejackets and dressing warmly/thermal layers

Close to eight in ten provide at least one top-of-mind preventive measure boaters should take when the weather is cold. The most common measures are wearing life jackets (20%) and dressing warmly (15%). One in ten cite each of three other measures, including having thermal/heating supplies on board, wearing a wet suit, or keeping warm in general. Fewer mention other individual measures. Two in ten are unable to say.

Top-of-mind preventative measures when water is cold (Top mentions – 3% or more)

Q29           What, if any, preventative measures should boaters take when the water is cold, and why?

Mentions are quite similar across the boater population. Residents of the Territories are more likely than others to mention dressing warmly or in layers (26%, vs. 12% to 18% elsewhere). Women are more likely than men to mention either wearing lifejackets (23%, vs. 16%) or having warming equipment on board (13%, vs. 9%). Those saying they are very knowledgeable about boat safety are more likely than others to mention a number of measures, including wearing a life jacket, dressing warmly, having PFDs on board, knowing the route, having a floating suit, or having a safety plan/being prepared.

3.                  Truth of statements about cold water boating

Majorities of boaters say it is at least somewhat true that exposure to cold air and wind while in water-soaked clothing causes hypothermia, that hypothermia causes loss of use of extremities within 10 minutes, that it sets in when core temperature is below 35° C, and that immersion in cold water can instantly paralyze muscles.

Boaters were shown five statement about hypothermia and asked to indicate the extent to which each is true or false. Majorities of from about six in ten to nine in ten indicate each is at least somewhat true, even the false statement that immersion in cold water aways causes hypothermia.

A majority of close to six in ten say it is definitely true exposure to cold air and wind while in water-soaked clothing causes hypothermia; around four in ten each say it is definitely true that people will lose the effective use of their fingers, arms and legs within 10 minutes of cold water immersion, or that hypothermia sets in when core body temperature drops below 35.0° C. Just under four in ten also think it definitely true cold water immersion can paralyze the muscles instantly. One-quarter also think the one false statement, that immersion in cold water always causes hypothermia, is definitely true.

Truth of statements about cold water boating

Q30           Please indicate if you believe the following statements are true or false.

While responses are generally similar across most subgroups, there are a few notable differences. Men are more likely than women to say three statements are definitely true: that there is effective loss of extremities within 210 minutes, that hypothermia sets in when the core body temperature drops below 35° C, and that immersion in cold water always causes hypothermia.

Thinking all statements are definitely true is higher among those over age 35, those who say they are very knowledgeable about boat safety, who have taken a PCOC course and those who would definitely wear a lifejacket or PFD if asked (even the false statement).

VI.            Impaired boating

1.                  If have ever gone boating with impaired person

Close to two-thirds of boaters say they have never gone boating with someone who was impaired.

Boaters were asked how often, if ever, they have gone boating with someone who appeared to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Over six in ten (63%) say this has never happened and two percent are unsure. Of those who have, this has mainly been a rare occurrence. Only two percent admit to this happening frequently.

Frequency of boating with impaired person

Q31           How often, if ever, have you gone boating with someone who appeared to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol?

Having never gone boating with an impaired person is the dominant response across subgroups. Having done so at least occasionally is a minority, but somewhat higher among, the following groups:

·       Age 35-49 (17%)

·       Born in Canada (15%, vs. 9% born outside Canada)

·       Child under age 16 in the home (17%)

·       Those who have rented a motorized boat (22%)

·       Those who have taking a safe boating course (18% PCOC course, 21% other course, vs. 11% who did not take a course)

·       Those who would probably or would not wear a lifejacket or PFD if asked (31%, vs. 10% who would definitely comply)

2.                  Substances observed during boating

Alcohol is by far the most observed substance boaters report having seen be part of boating.

Those who frequently, occasionally, or rarely have gone boating with an impaired person (n=813) were asked what substances they have witnessed being used while boating. A list of five substances was provided, with an opportunity to wrote in others. Over eight in ten (84%) indicate it was alcohol.

Substances observed during boating
Base: Those who observed substance use while boating
(multiple responses were permitted)

Q32           What substances have you seen be involved with boating?
BASE: Those who have gone boating with someone who appeared to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol (n=813)

Alcohol is the most observed substance across the country and all subgroups, but is higher among the following groups:

·       B.C. (95%)

·       Age 50+ (93%, vs. 81% younger)

·       Household income $80,000 and over (88%, vs 77% under $80K)

·       University degree (90%, vs. 80% with less education)

·       Non-Indigenous Peoples (87%, vs. 79% Indigenous Peoples)

·       No child under 16 in the home (86%, vs. 79%)

·       Used/will use a motorized boat (87%, vs. 77%)

Mentions of other substances are generally similar across subgroups; cannabis is mentioned by those in B.C. (53%) and the Territories (57%).

3.                  If impaired person was boat operator or guest

Almost half who have witnessed impaired boating have seen operators be impaired; four in ten have only seen impaired guests.

Close to half of those who have witnessed impaired boating indicate the person involved as the operator (10% witnessed operator only, 37% have seen both operator and guests be impaired). Four in ten have only seen impaired guests.

Past year boat operators are more likely than past year guests to have witnessed operator impairment, or both operators and guests. Past year guests are more likely than past year operators to have seen only impaired guests. Intending operators and guests respond similarly to each other.

If impaired person was boat operator or guest
Base: Those who observed substance use while boating

Q33           Have you seen an impaired person be… ?
BASE: Those who have gone boating with someone who appeared to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol (n=813)

Having seen a boat operator be impaired is higher among the following:

·       Territories (71%)

·       Rural residents (54%, vs. 43%)

·       Age 35-49 (52%)

·       Past year operators (54%)

·       Very knowledgeable about boating safety (53%)

4.                  Reasons people might not follow impaired boating laws

The most common reasons given for why people might choose to go boating while impaired are that they are hard to catch/not enough enforcement, that they might think it is safe (lower speeds, less traffic on the water) or that they are not aware of the dangers involved.

All boaters, whether or not they have personally witnessed impaired boating were asked why some people who would not operate a motor vehicle while impaired might think it is okay to operate a boat after using alcohol or drugs. The top reasons are that such people think they can get away with it, due to there being a lack of enforcement, or that they think it is safe to do so because there is less traffic, more open space and lower speeds than is the case with motor vehicles. One in ten also think they may not be aware of the dangers involved. Fewer than one in ten give other individual reasons, including people being foolish or irresponsible. One in ten do not provide a reason.

Reasons people might not follow impaired boating laws (Top mentions – 5% or more)

Q34           Some people who would not operate a motor vehicle while impaired might think it is okay to operate a boat after using alcohol or drugs. Why do you think people might not follow laws about impaired boating?

Responses are generally similar across subgroups. Thinking people boat while impaired because there is not enough enforcement/hard to be caught is higher among the following:

·       Rural residents (25%, vs. 17% urban)

·       Household income $80,000 or more (23%, vs. 15% under $80,000)

·       Born in Canada (20%, vs. 14% born elsewhere)

·       Past year operators (23%)

·       Very or somewhat knowledgeable about boating safety (21%, vs. 14% with less knowledge)

5.                  If impaired boating is a serious problem in Canada

Two-thirds of boaters feel impaired boating is a serious problem in Canada, under two in ten do not think it is, and two in ten are unsure how serious it is.

All boaters were asked if they think impaired boating is a serious issue in Canada or not. Two-thirds think it is, one in six think it isn’t, and two in ten are not sure. That it is a serious issue is the dominant response across the country, although somewhat lower in Alberta (51%) and B.C. (58%) than in other regions of the country.

If impaired boating is a serious problem in Canada

Q35           Do you think impaired boating is a serious problem in Canada, or not?

Saying impaired boating is a serious problem is a majority across all subgroups, but highest among those who speak French at home (69%), those who think lifejackets and PFDs are not the same (67%) and those who would definitely wear a lifejacket if asked to do so by a boat operator (66%) than those who probably would or would not (54%).