in defense of
MARTIN HEIDEGGER
by
ROBERT J. LEWIS
[This
essay is dedicated to Professor Ernest
Joos, 1923-2011]
_____________________
Man
learns when he disposes everything he does so that it
answers to whatever essentials are addressed to him at
any given moment.
from What is Called Thinking?
(1954)
The
facts -- where facts never reach the truth of things -- are well
known. Martin Heidegger was born in Meskirch, Germany in 1889.
He publishes his magnum opus, Being and Time (Sein
und Zeit), in 1927. He
joins the Nationalist Socialist Party in May of 1933, the year
in which he accepts the prestigious rectorship of Freiburg University.
Ten months later, he resigns the rectorship, well before Hitler
assumes full power. He dies in 1976.
For his
brief, 10-month flirtation with Nazism, whose defining features
had not yet been fully articulated, Heidegger has never been forgiven,
in particular, by Jewish thinkers - meaning those that survived
the death camps. [By 1945, half of the world's 12 million Jews
had been exterminated]. Many have attributed Heidegger's initial
attraction to the National Socialist Party platform to a combination
of idealism and naïveté, and have designated pride
and hubris as the culprits behind his post-war silence. And there
are still others who would have Heidegger situated for all time
somewhere between bad and evil. However mixed have been history's
judgments and pronouncements, we can assume Heidegger, who could
not have avoided self-judgment, was comfortable with what the
world characterized as his 'unacceptable' silence, since he remained
true to it until his death.
Nonetheless,
by war's end, not only was Heidegger's reputation in tatters,
his philosophy, as the extension and product of his highly flawed
person, was undergoing serious devaluation, reasons enough for
us to wonder why, as an act of self-preservation, Heidegger refused
to directly address the issue of his involvement in the Nazi party
and condemn the Nazi platform. George Steiner refers to Heidegger's
"total public silence after 1945 concerning the holocaust
and his own attitudes toward the policies and bestialities of
the Third Reich." But what if Heidegger's silence, in answer
to his deepest deliberations, is precisely that which he deemed
necessary to open up the realm clear thinking requires to manifest
itself?
The word
silence comes from the Latin, silens, meaning to be quiet
or still. Today, we use the word to mean in the absence of sound,
the environment of which is favourable to introspection, interior
dialogue and reading, inaudible activities that grant silence
its breadth and density.
Being
and Time is not an easy read, and doubtless, many of the
author's accusers, in mob fashion, without having read the book,
would have formed their opinions on the backs of others. How should
one characterize Heidegger's silence if he had already decided
not to dignify his accusers with a response? And concerning that
elite cadre of 'Heideggerians,' mostly academic philosophers sufficiently
learned to argue that his flawed philosophy, as an effect, was
underwritten by the flawed man, the cause, he must have concluded
that their agenda-driven extrapolations were unrelated to the
adduced text (Being & Time), which again would preclude
a rejoinder.
The key
to unlocking Heidegger's position on this most troubling aspect
of his life (which apparently didn't trouble him) is explicitly
brought to bear in the methodology he introduces in his elaboration
of Being and Time, the same that percolates through and
invigorates his entire canon. To be in full possession of this
method, which is Heidegger's greatest and lasting contribution
to philosophy, is to hear him speak through silence.
If I
were to pose a single question on Being and Time to determine
whether or not the reader or student has understood the essential
Heidegger, it would be this: What is the one word that is constantly
referred to but never explicitly spelled out in Being and
Time's 488 pages, and why is the word deliberately withheld?
The reference that radiates on every page is 'man,' the meaning
with which we are so familiar it need no longer be questioned.
We know that man enjoys unequivocal dominion over the earth, that
man speaks in many tongues, that man wages war, erects monuments,
propagates his own kind; there is no mystery to who he is and
how he spends his time. So by the time the child comes to utter
'man' for the very first time, the word has been stripped of its
mystery and evocative power. Heidegger understood that if man
is to truly encounter himself, that is set himself on the path
that will disclose his self-estrangement, the word 'man' would
have to be radically deconceptualized, that is severed from all
its familiar contexts and meanings in order to bring about the
conditions necessary for the word's rehabilitation. So in the
earliest pages of Being and Time, Heidegger introduces
the strangest of all words, Da-Sein, which becomes at once the
focal point and obstacle for the reader who finds himself simultaneously
fascinated and frustrated by the word's elusiveness and recalcitrance,
its unwillingness to reveal its character. But gradually, as an
effect and being affected by the activity of thinking, Da-Sein
gestates, it acquires attributes, and later on, the character
of being involved in a world, so readers who have stayed with
the word suddenly discover that it is not the word but themselves
they are discovering, as if for the very first time, that this
Da-Sein is themselves.
It is
through this very deliberate method that the resolute reader is
initiated into the mystery and miracle of his own existence. Heidegger
is proposing that it is not enough to be born once, effortlessly;
but we must give birth to ourselves again, and through this exercise
the outline of what we understand by the word 'meaningful' begins
to reveal its true character.
One can
only imagine the ecstatic, wondrous, humbled state of mind of
the first being who uttered: "I am." And no matter in
how dim a light that initial 'I am' was spoken, it represents
an explosion of light -- not unlike the birth of a galaxy -- when
compared to its contemporary daily usage. When I report 'I am'
hungry or 'I am' sick, the 'I am' is merely an instrument serving
my biological needs, just as when I declare 'I am' going to rent
a DVD or 'I am' going to Acapulco in January, the 'I am' is invoked
as an auxiliary to describe my intentional life. When 'I am' is
used with such facility and assertion, you can be sure that 'why
am I?' when it could have been otherwise, will never be accorded
the priority it deserves among 'the things' thinking can offer
thought to. Heidegger's entire philosophy is an invitation to
recover the sacred, evocative meaning of words that have not survived
the dulling effects of daily usage which trans-mutes them into
hard and fast concepts so the word itself becomes the greatest
obstacle to what it represents - and thus we are introduced to
Da-Sein, a being with thereness. Heidegger believed that in order
to reach the being of things, the thing, or the word that stands
in for the thing, has to be deconceptualized, that is shorn from
its concept or definition.
In
response to his accusers, Heidegger, in the decisive context of
his methodology, which is the definitive advertisement for his
unmistakable manner of speaking, has not been silent. Au contraire.
From his earliest writings until his death, Heidegger has spoken
eloquently and unwaveringly in his condemnation of all historical,
technical and theoretical forces that would impose any limits
on freedom. That he refused, by way of public apology, to explicitly
condemn Nazi atrocities speaks to the unaccountable massive failure
of the academic community, exegetes and metaphysicians to grasp
the essential Heidegger, which is his methodology. In the light
of unrelenting character assassination that dogged the author
of Being and Time throughout his career, it redounds
to his strength of character and belief in his philosophical method
that he did not once compromise his life's work for the sake of
a readership that failed in its essential task: To read -- that
is to hear the writer thinking his thoughts and accurately report
on what has been heard. The parallels between Heidegger and Socrates
and the ignorance-based persecution each had to endure in his
own time speaks volumes to what it means to be ahead of one's
time. Speaking empathetically of Hölderin, Heidegger proposes
that the poet is one who has the courage to live in the destitution
of his times. The same could surely be said of the philosopher.
George
Steiner, about whom it must be said did not shy away from entering
into the public domain his ambivalence toward Heidegger, and isn't
one to let anyone off the hook even remotely connected to Third
Reich politics, refers to the "lyrical humanity" of
the later Heidegger. If not to Heidegger's post-war silence, to
what then is Steiner referring?