once natural, now a scourge
CHILD MARRIAGE
by
NONYELUM A. UJAM
___________________________________________________________
Nonyelum
A. Ujam works in Development Finance at the Central Bank of Nigeria
and is pursuing a master’s degree at Harvard in Development
Practice.
PREAMBLE:
UNICEF defines child marriage as “a marriage of a girl
or boy before the age of 18. Child marriage affects both girls
and boys, but it affects girls disproportionately, especially
in South Asia."
There
once was a tribal time when girls reached puberty they were
eligible for marriage. The practice was considered normal and
natural. In the West child-marriage (under 18) is legally frowned
upon. However, Sharia law equates puberty with adulthood, contending
that a pubescent girl is no longer a child, and therefore, the
marriage does not constitute what the West refers to as 'child
marriage.' Seeing that child marriage or any sexual activity
with a child is linked to pedophilia, should the article below,
and all others that share the same concerns, for the sake of
clarity, make the critical distinction between child marriage
(of pre-pubescent girls) and teen marriage? Ed.
CHILD MARRIAGE WEDDED TO POVERTY
Nigeria,
has the largest number of child brides in West and Central Africa,
at 22 million, accounting for 40 percent of all child brides in
the region, with 18 percent married by age 15 and 44 percent married
by age 18. Africa’s most populous nation and largest economy
is characterized by a dichotomy of extremes – most people
live in either extreme wealth or abject poverty, the latter far
surpassing the former. Poverty and underdevelopment have been
identified as enablers of this deplorable practice, and child
marriage is more than twice as likely to occur in rural areas
and over three times more common among the poorest demographic:
80 percent of young women from the poorest families marry in childhood
as compared to 10 percent from the richest. Nigeria’s child
marriage is most prevalent in the North, where the poverty rate
is highest, averaging 77 percent, where child marriage is most
prevalent, explains human rights advocate Tim S. Braimah.
To challenge
this practice, the Nigerian government signed and ratified the
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1991 and the African
Union’s Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child in
2003, going further to incorporate both instruments into domestic
law by promulgating the Child’s Right Act in 2003.
While
regarded as a step in the right direction, the Child’s Right
Act provides insufficient protection for victims of child marriage.
Moreover, among Nigeria’s multiple ethnic are cultures and
practices that promote child marriage, from religious beliefs
to laws and traditions that can be regarded as both structural
and cultural. The act is designed to safeguard children’s
rights, protecting them from every form of abuse and inhumanity.
This includes invalidating any marriage contract for persons under
the age of 18 and prohibiting child betrothal by legal guardians
or parents. Still, the act is weak, stipulating a derisory maximum
punishment of five years imprisonment and a fine equivalent to
about $1,400 in addition to loss of custody. Additionally, the
act adopted in 2003 must be passed into law by each of Nigeria’s
states for child marriage to be considered illegal, as children
remain in the legislative preserve of states, notes law professor
Enyinna S. Nwauche, Thus, laggard states continue the practice
with impunity. In addition, the Nigerian constitution permits
freedom of religion and belief in practice and observance, as
well as adherence to its teachings, including the practice of
Sharia law, explains Braimah in an article. Notably, of the 12
northern states yet to implement the act, 11 have Sharia law embedded
in their penal code. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child,
article 14(2), enjoins state parties to respect the rights of
legal guardians and parents in providing direction to children
concerning education, religion and culture.
Some
cultural traditions also support child marriage, dominant in patriarchal
societies like the Nigerian Islamic Hausa-Fulani tribe that practices
Sharia law, explains law professor Kayode Olatunbosun Fayokun.
According to Sharia law, an individual reaches adulthood at puberty
and can be contracted into marriage – advantageous for poor
families in rural areas and reducing family responsibilities for
the short-term. Cultural norms in northern Nigeria associate a
girl’s virginity with family honor and suggest early marriages
prevent sexual assault, out-of-wedlock pregnancies and family
dishonor. The Nigerian constitution recognizes Sharia law, and
so Islamic and customary marriages are common in the north, immune
to the prohibition on child marriage as outlined in the Child’s
Right Law.
In Northeastern
and Northwestern Nigeria where child marriage is most prevalent,
poor educational outcomes, a high rate of out-of-school girls,
poverty, insecurity and an anti-Western insurgency encourage the
practice. Increased apathy to school attendance, particularly
due to the upsurge in Boko Haram insurgency and the kidnapping
of more than 270 girls from a school in the region. Families resort
to child marriage to protect girls from violence associated with
these social ills.
The impacts
of child marriage are pervasive, from health risks associated
with childhood pregnancy, delivery and parenting to mental health
issues due to isolation and stress. The median age for a first
marriage among Nigerian women is 18 and 27 among men. Studies
have found that child brides are at greater risk of contracting
sexually transmitted diseases and confronting reproductive challenges:
Girls under age 15 are five times more likely to die in childbirth
than those in their twenties, and girls under 18 are 60 percent
more likely to lose their child. Victims of child marriage are
more susceptible to domestic violence including marital rape,
an act not recognized as a crime in many patriarchal societies
– perpetuated freely and without consequence. Girls are
less likely to remain in school, limiting opportunity to accumulate
skills, savings or endowments, according to Joan Johnson-Freese,
thus promoting the cycle of poverty, illiteracy and child marriage.
Ultimately, victims are confined to domestic roles without agency,
blocked from opportunities that could translate to improved economic
productivity. The cycle further diminishes young women’s
confidence and reinforces their inability to participate in society.
The continuance
of child marriage also has devastating effects on nations’
economies, with impact on education attainment, workforce participation,
and participation in decision-making and investments. Reduced
educational attainment ultimately affects an individual’s
earning potential, leading to negative developmental outcomes
thus perpetuating extreme poverty and widening inequality gaps.
Ending child marriage yields positive gains, with an increase
up to 15 percent of baseline yearly wage spending by countries.
Nigeria could have generated up to $7.6 billion in increased earnings
and productivity in 2015 alone. In effect, child marriage discourages
economic and inclusive growth, thus increasing the country’s
economic divide.
Child
marriage is a social malaise, among the strongest, that requires
eradication. “Overall for young women, early marriage and
early motherhood can severely curtail educational and employment
opportunities and are likely to have a long-term, adverse impact
on their and their children's quality of life,” noted the
Report of the International Conference on Population and Development
in 1994. A child’s inability to consent to a supposed lifelong
journey must raise questions regarding its legality, Fayokun insists.
Unfortunately,
in Nigeria, structure and culture are intertwined, and the ambiguity
of the Nigerian Constitution encourages the practice of child
marriage. For instance, while the adoption of state religion is
prohibited, the constitution allows states to make laws for peace
and good governance, Braimah explains. This inadvertently permits
Sharia law, thus promoting child marriage. Furthermore, the constitution
removes marriages under Islamic and customary law from federal
legislative competence, granting the power of formation, amendment
and dissolution of marriages to the state.
In a
global society, structure must be separated from culture and protect
the rights of children. Concerted effort on legislative and policy
reforms is required to improve social development, increase economic
opportunities particularly for rural females, enhance education
and health for girls, and raise awareness on the detrimental consequences
of child marriage.
This
article is reprinted with permission from YaleGlobal Online
www.yaleglobal.yale.edu