CMAJ/JAMC Special supplement
Supplément spécial

 

Review of physiologic mechanisms in response to anemia

References

  1. Tuman KJ. Tissue oxygen delivery: the physiology of anemia. Anesthesiol Clin North Am 1990;9:451-69.
  2. Barcroft J. The respiratory function of the blood. Part I: Lessons from high altitudes. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1925.
  3. Finch CA, Lenfant C. Oxygen transport in man. N Engl J Med 1972;286:407-15.
  4. Snyder JV. Oxygen transport: the model and reality. In: Snyder JV, Pinsky MR, editors. Oxygen transport in the critically ill. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers; 1987:3-15.
  5. Schumacker PT, Samsel RW. Oxygen delivery and uptake by peripheral tissues: physiology and pathophysiology. Crit Care Clin 1989;5:255-69.
  6. Oxman AD, Guyatt GH. Guidelines for reading literature reviews. CMAJ 1988;138:697-703.
  7. Oxman AD. Checklists for review articles. BMJ 1994;309:648-51.
  8. Oxman AD, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH. Users' guides to the medical literature: VI. How to use an overview. JAMA 1994;272:1367-71.
  9. Woolf SH. Practice guidelines, a new reality in medicine: II. Methods of developing guidelines. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:946-52.
  10. Tanaka N, Yasumara Y, Nozawa T, Futaki S, Uenishi M, Hiramori K, et al. Optimal contractility and minimal oxygen consumption for constant external work of heart. J Appl Physiol 1988:R933-43.
  11. Suga H, Hisano R, Goto Y, Yamada O, Igarashi Y. Effect of positive inotropic agents on the relation between oxygen consumption and systolic pressure volume area in canine left ventricle. Circ Res 1983;53:306-18.
  12. Suga H, Hayashi T, Shirahata M. Ventricular systolic pressure-volume area as predictor of cardiac oxygen consumption. Am J Physiol 1981;H39-44.
  13. Sonnenblick EH, Strobeck JE. Current concepts in cardiology: derived indices of ventricular and myocardial function. N Engl J Med 1977;296:978-84.
  14. Sagawa K, Suga H, Shoukas AA, Bakalar KM. End-systolic pressure/volume ratio: a new index of ventricular contractility. Am J Cardiol 1977;40:748-53.
  15. Sagawa K. The ventricular pressure­volume diagram revisited. Circ Res 1978;43:677-87.
  16. Katz AM. Physiology of the heart. New York: Raven Press; 1977.
  17. Ronco JJ, Fenwick JC, Tweeddale MG, Wiggs BR, Phang PT, Cooper DJ, et al. Identification of the critical oxygen delivery for anaerobic metabolism in critically ill septic and nonseptic humans. JAMA 1993;270:1724-30.
  18. Shibutani K, Komatsu T, Kubal K, Sanchala V, Kumar V, Bizzarri DV. Critical level of oxygen delivery in anesthetized man. Crit Care Med 1983;11:640-3.
  19. Nelson DP, Samsel RW, Wood LDH, Schumacker PT. Pathological supply dependence of systemic and intestinal O2 uptake during endotoxemia. J Appl Physiol 1988;64:2410-9.
  20. Nelson DP, King CE, Dodd SL, Schumacker PT, Cain SM. Systemic and intestinal limits of O2 extraction in the dog. J Appl Physiol 1987;63:387-94.
  21. . Sugerman HJ, Davidson DT, Vibul S, Delivoria-Papadopoulos M, Miller LD, Oski FA. The basis of defective oxygen delivery from stored blood. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1970;137:733-41.
  22. Myburgh JA, Webb RK, Worthley LIG. The p50 is reduced in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 1991;17:355-8.
  23. Parris WCW, Kambam JR, Blanks S, Dean R. The effect of intentional hemodilution on P50. J Cardiovasc Surg 1988;19:560-2.
  24. Iapichino G, Radrizzani D, Solca M, Franzosi MG, Pallavicini FB, Spina G, et al. Restoration of blood 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels in multi-transfused patients: effect of organic and inorganic phosphate. Int Surg 1984;69:113-6.
  25. Rodman T, Close HP, Purcell MK. The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve in anemia. Ann Intern Med 1960;52:295-309.
  26. Kennedy AC, Valtis DJ. The oxygen dissociation curve in anemia of various types. J Clin Invest 1954;33:1372-81.
  27. Kahn RC, Zaroulis C, Goetz W, Howland WS. Hemodynamic oxygen transport and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate changes after transfusion of patients in acute respiratory failure. Intensive Care Med 1986;12:22-5.
  28. Oski FA, Marshall BE, Cohen PJ, Sugerman HJ, Miller LD. Exercise with anemia: the role of the left-shifted or right-shifted oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve. Ann Intern Med 1971;74:44-6.
  29. Oski FA, Gottlieb AJ, Delavoria-Papadopoulos M, Miller WW. Red-cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels in subjects with chronic hypoxemia. N Engl J Med 1969;280:1165-6.
  30. Brecher ME, Zylstra-Halling VW, Pineda AA. Rejuvenation of erythrocytes preserved with AS-1 and AS-3. Am J Clin Pathol 1991;96:767-9.
  31. Studzinski T, Czarnecki A, Gluszak A. Effect of acute posthaemorrhagic anaemia on the level of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) in the erythrocytes of sheep. Acta Physiol Pol 1980;31:365-73.
  32. Chanutin A, Churnish RR. Effect of organic and inorganic phosphates on the oxygen equilibrium of human erythrocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1967;121:96.
  33. Benesch R, Benesch RE. The effect of organic phosphates from the human erythrocytes on the allosteric properties of hemoglobin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1967;26:162.
  34. Benesch R, Benesch RE, Yu CI. Reciprocal bindings of oxygen and diphosphoglycerate by human hemoglobin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1968;59:526.
  35. Wyman J. Hemoglobin function. In: Bunn HF, Forget BG, editors. Hemoglobin: molecular, genetic and clinical aspects. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1986:37-60.
  36. Bohr C, Hasselbalch KA, Krogh A. Ueber einen in biologischer beziehung wichtigen Einfluss, den die Kohlensaurespannung des Blutes auf dessen Sauerstoff Binding uebt. Scand Arch Physiol 1904;16:402-12.
  37. Welch HG, Meehan KR, Goodnough LT. Prudent strategies for elective red blood cell transfusion. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:393-402.
  38. Alexander RH, Ali J, Aprahamian C, Bell RM, Bianco E, Brown R, et al. Advanced trauma life support: program for physicians. 5th ed. Chicago: American College of Surgeons; 1993.
  39. Brannon ES, Merrill AJ, Warren VJ, Stead EA. The cardiac output in patients with chronic anemia as measured by the technique of right atrial catheterization. J Clin Invest 1945;24:332-6.
  40. Cane RD. Hemoglobin: how much is enough? Crit Care Med 1990;18:1046-7.
  41. Duke M, Abelmann WH. The hemodynamic response to chronic anemia. Circulation 1969;39:503-15.
  42. Chapler CK, Cain SM. The physiologic reserve in oxygen carrying capacity: studies in experimental hemodilution. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1985;64:7-12.
  43. Bowens C, Spahn DR, Frasco PE, Smith R, McRae RL, Leone BJ. Hemodilution induces stable changes in global cardiovascular and regional myocardial function. Int Anesth Res Soc 1993;76:1027-32.
  44. Crystal GJ, Salem MR. Myocardial oxygen consumption and segmental shortening during selective coronary hemodilution in dogs. Anesth Analg 1988;67:500-8.
  45. Laks H, Pilon RN, Klovekorn WP, Anderson WP, MacCallum JR, O'Connor NT. Acute hemodilution: its effect on hemodynamics and oxygen transport in anesthetized man. Ann Surg 1974;180:103-9.
  46. Rosberg B, Wulff K. Hemodynamics following normovolemic hemodilution in elderly patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1981;25:402-6.
  47. Shah DM, Prichard MN, Newell JC, Karmody AM, Scovill WA, Powers SR, Jr. Increased cardiac output and oxygen transport after intraoperative isovolemic hemodilution: a study in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Arch Surg 1980;115:597-600.
  48. Rose D, Coutsoftides T. Intraoperative normovolemic hemodilution. J Surg Res 1981;31:375-81.
  49. Boldt J, Kling D, Weidler B, Zickmann B, Herold C, Dapper F, et al. Acute preoperative hemodilution in cardiac surgery: volume replacement with a hypertonic saline-hydroxyethyl starch solution. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1991;5:23-8.
  50. Mouren S, Baron J, Hag B, Arthaud M, Viars P. Normovolemic hemodilution and lumbar epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1989;69:174-9.
  51. Herregods L, Foubert L, Moerman K, Francois K, Rolly G. Comparative study of limited intentional normovolaemic haemodilution in patients with left main coronary artery stenosis. Anaesthesia 1995;50:950-3.
  52. Welch M, Knight DG, Carr MH, Smyth JV, Walker MG. The preservation of renal function by isovolemic hemodilution during aortic operations. J Vasc Surg 1993;18:858-66.
  53. Duke M, Herbert V, Abelmann WH. Hemodynamic effects of blood transfusion in chronic anemia. N Engl J Med 1964;271:975-80.
  54. Cropp GJA. Cardiovascular function in children with severe anemia. Circulation 1969;39:775-84.
  55. Roy SB, Bhatia ML, Mathur VS, Virmani S. Hemodynamic effects of chronic severe anemia. Circulation 1963;28:346-56.
  56. Whitaker W. Some effects of severe chronic anaemia on the circulatory system. Q J Med 1956;25:175-83.
  57. Woodson RD, Auerbach S. Effect of increased oxygen affinity and anemia on cardiac output and its distribution. J Appl Physiol 1982;53:1299-306.
  58. Messmer K. Hemodilution: possibilities and safety aspects. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1988;32(S89):49-53.
  59. Messmer K, Lewis DH, Sunder-Plassmann L, Klovekorn WP, Mendler N, Holper K. Acute normovolemic hemodilution. Eur Surg Res 1972;4:55-70.
  60. Spahn DR, Leone BJ, Reves JG, Pasch T. Cardiovascular and coronary physiology of acute isovolemic hemodilution: a review of nonoxygen-carrying and oxygen-carrying solutions. Anesth Analg 1994;78:1000-21.
  61. Crosby ET. Perioperative haemotherapy: I. Indications for blood component transfusion. Can J Anesth 1992;39:695-707.
  62. Hatcher JD, Chiu LK, Jennings DB. Anemia as a stimulus to aortic and carotid chemoreceptors in the cat. J Appl Physiol 1978;44:696-702.
  63. Murray JF, Escobar E, Rapaport E. Effects of blood viscosity on hemodynamic responses in acute normovolemic anemia. Am J Physiol 1969;216:638-42.
  64. Fowler NO, Holmes JC. Blood viscosity and cardiac output in acute experimental anemia. J Appl Physiol 1975;39:453-6.
  65. Baer RW, Vlahakes GJ, Uhlig PN, Hoffman JIE. Maximum myocardial oxygen transport during anemia and polycythemia in dogs. Am J Physiol 1987;252:H1086-95.
  66. Escobar E, Jones NL, Rapaport E, Murray JF. Ventricular performance in acute normovolemic anemia and effects of beta blockade. Am J Physiol 1966;211:877-84.
  67. Kowalyshyn TJ, Prager D, Young J. Preoperative hemoglobin requirements. Anesth Analg 1972;51:75-9.
  68. Glick G, Plauth WH, Braunwald E. Role of autonomic nervous system in the circulatory response to acutely induced anemia in unanesthetized dogs. J Clin Invest 1964;43:2112-24.
  69. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Blood Component Therapy. Practice guidelines for blood component therapy. Anesthesiology 1996;84:732-47.
  70. Murray JF, Rapaport E. Coronary blood flow and myocardial metabolism in acute experimental anaemia. Cardiovasc Res 1972;6:360-7.
  71. Hatcher JD, Jennings DB, Parker JO, Garvock WB. The role of a humoral mechanism in the cardiovascular adjustments over a prolonged period following the production of acute exchange anaemia. Can J Biochem Physiol 1963;41:1887-99.
  72. Race D, Dedichen H, Schenk WG. Regional blood flow during dextran-induced normovolemic hemodilution in the dog. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1967;53:578-86.
  73. Martin E, Ott E. Extreme hemodilution in the Harrington procedure. Bibl Haematol 1981;47:322-37.
  74. Fontana J, Welborn L, Mongan P, Sturm P, Martin G, Bunger R. Oxygen consumption and cardiovascular function in children during profound intraoperative normovolemic hemodilution. Anesth Analg 1995;80:219-25.
  75. Neill WA, Phelps NC, Oxendine JM, Mahler DJ, Sim DN. Effect of heart rate on coronary blood flow distribution in dogs. Am J Cardiol 1973;32:306-12.
  76. Neill WA, Oxendine JM, Phelps NC, Anderson RP. Subendocardial ischemia provoked by tachycardia in conscious dogs with coronary stenosis. Am J Cardiol 1975;35:30-6.
  77. Rodriguez JA, Chamorro GA, Rapaport E. Effect of isovolemic anemia on ventricular performance at rest and during exercise. J Appl Physiol 1974;36:28-33.
  78. Habler O, Kleen M, Podtschaske A, Hutter J, Tiede M, Kemming G, et al. The effect of acute normovolemic hemodilution on myocardial contractilty in anesthetized dogs. Anesth Analg 1996;83:451-8.
  79. Chapler CK, Stainsby WN, Lillie MA. Peripheral vascular responses during acute anemia. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1981;59:102-7.
  80. Fan FC, Chen RYZ, Schuessler GB, Chien S. Effects of hematocrit variations on regional hemodynamics and oxygen transport in the dog. Am J Physiol 1980;238:H545-52.
  81. Brazier J, Cooper N, Maloney JV, Buckberg G. The adequacy of myocardial oxygen delivery in acute normovolemic anemia. Surgery 1974;75:508-16.
  82. Bassenge E, Schmid-Schonbein H, von Restorff W, Volger E. Effect of hemodilution on coronary hemodynamics in conscious dogs. Proceedings of an international symposium held in Rotach-Egern. New York: S Karger; 1972.
  83. Crystal GJ, Rooney MW, Salem MR. Myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption during isovolemic hemodilution alone and in combination with adenosine-induced controlled hypotension. Anesth Analg 1988;67:539-47.
  84. Jan KM, Heldman J, Chien S. Coronary hemodynamics and oxygen utilization after hematocrit variations in hemorrhage. Am J Physiol 1980;239:H326-32.
  85. Noldge GF, Priebe HJ, Geiger K. Splanchnic hemodynamics and oxygen supply during acute normovolemic hemodilution alone and with isoflurane-induced hypotension in the anesthetized pig. Anesth Analg 1992;75:660-74.
  86. Noldge GF, Priebe HJ, Bohle W, Buttler KJ, Geiger K. Effects of acute normovolemic hemodilution on splanchnic oxygenation and on hepatic histology and metabolism in anesthetized pigs. Anesthesiology 1991;74:908-18.
  87. Levy PS, Quigley RL, Gould SA. Acute dilutional anemia and critical left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis impairs end organ oxygen delivery. J Trauma 1996;41:416-23.
  88. Krieter H, Brueckner UB, Kefalianakis F, Messmer K. Does colloid-induced plasma hyperviscosity in hemodilution jeopardize perfusion and oxygenation of vital organ? Acta Anesthesiol Scand 1995;39:236-44.
  89. Richardson TQ, Guyton AC. Effects of polycythemia and anemia on cardiac output and other circulatory factors. Am J Physiol 1959;197:1167-70.
  90. Jan KM, Chien S. Effect of hematocrit variations on coronary hemodynamics and oxygen utilization. Am J Physiol 1977;233:H106-13.
  91. Kiel JW, Shepherd AP. Optimal hematocrit for canine gastric oxygenation. Am J Physiol 1989;256:H472-7.
  92. Kiel JW, Riedel GL, Shepherd AP. Effects of hemodilution on gastric and intestinal oxygenation. Am J Physiol 1989;256:H171-8.
  93. Krogh A. The number and distribution of capillaries in muscles with calculations of the oxygen pressure head necessary for supplying the tissue. J Physiol 1919;52:409.
  94. Krogh A. The supply of oxygen to the tissues and the regulation of capillary circulation. J Physiol 1919;52:457.
  95. Mirhashemi S, Breit GA, Chavez Chavez RH, Intaglietta M. Effects of hemodilution on skin microcirculation. Am J Physiol 1988;254:H411-6.
  96. Kuo L, Pittman RN. Effect of hemodilution on oxygen transport in arteriolar networks of hamster striated muscle. Am J Physiol 1988;254:H331-9.
  97. Mirhashemi S, Ertefai S, Messmer K. Medol analysis of the enhancement of tissue oxygenation by hemodilution due to increased microvascular flow velocity. Microvasc Res 1987;34:290.
  98. Gutierrez G. The rate of oxygen release and its effect on capillary O2 tension: A mathematical analysis. Respir Physiol 1986;63:79.
  99. Mirhashemi S, Breit A, Chavez Chavez RH. Effects of hemodilution on skin microcirculation. Am J Physiol 1988;254:H411.
  100. Messmer KFW. Acceptable hematocrit levels in surgical patients. World J Surg 1987;11:41-6.
  101. Messmer K, Kreimeier U, Intaglietta M. Present state of intentional hemodilution. Eur Surg Res 1986;18:254-63.
  102. Messmer K, Sunder-Plassmann L, Klovekorn WP, Holper K. Circulatory significance of hemodilution: rheological changes and limitations. Adv Microcirc 1972;4:1-77.
  103. Ellis CG, Ellsworth ML, Pittman RN. Determination of red cell oxygenation in vivo by dual video densitometric image analysis. Am J Physiol 1990;258:H1216-23.
  104. Mirhashemi S, Messmer K, Intaglietta M. Tissue perfusion during normovolemic hemodilution investigated by a hydraulic model of the cardiovascular system. Int J Microcirc Exp 1987;6:123.
  105. Mirhashemi S, Messmer K, Intaglietta M. Tissue perfusion improvement during normovolemic hemodilution exhibited by a hydraulic model of cardiovasculature. Mircrovasc Res 1987;34:240.
  106. Sarelius IH. Microcirculation in striated muscle after acute reduction in systemic hematocrit. Respir Physiol 1989;78:7-17.
  107. Weg JG. Oxygen transport in adult respiratory distress syndrome and other acute circulatory problems: relationship of oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption. Crit Care Med 1991;19:650-7.
  108. Collins JA. Massive blood transfusion. Clin Hematol 1976;5:201-22.
  109. Sohmer PR, Dawson RB. Transfusion therapy in trauma: a review of the principles and techniques used in the M.I.E.M.S. program. Ann Surg 1979;45:109-25.
  110. McConn R, Derrick JB. The respiratory function of blood: transfusion and blood storage. Anesthesiology 1972;36:119-27.
  111. Jesch F, Webber LM, Dalton JW, Carey JS. Oxygen dissociation after transfusion of blood stored in ACD or CPD solution. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1975;70:35-9.
  112. Haradin AR, Weed RI, Reed CF. Changes in physical properties of stored erythrocytes: relationship to survival in vivo. Transfusion 1969;9:229-37.
  113. LaCelle PL. Alteration of deformability of the erythrocyte membrane in stored blood. Transfusion 1969;9:238-45.
  114. Longster GH, Buckley T, Sikorsky J, Touey LAD. Scanning electron microscope studies of red cell morphology: changes occurring in red cell shape during storage and post transfusion. Vox Sang 1972;22:161-70.
  115. Marik PE, Sibbald WJ. Effect of stored-blood transfusion on oxygen delivery in patients with sepsis. JAMA 1993;269:3024-9.
  116. Hurd TC, Dasmahapatra KS, Rush BF, Machiedo GW. Red blood cell deformability in human and experimental sepsis. Arch Surg 1988;123:217-20.
  117. Simchon S, Jan KM, Chien S. Influence of reduced red cell deformability on regional blood flow. Am J Physiol 1987;253:H898-903.
  118. Langenfeld JE, Livingston DH, Machiedo GW. Red cell deformability is an early indicator of infection. Surgery 1991;110:398-404.
  119. Baker CH, Wilmoth FR, Sutton ET. Reduced RBC versus plasma microvascular flow due to endotoxin. Circ Shock 1986;20:127-39.
  120. Mollitt DL, Poulos ND. The role of pentoxyfilline in endotoxin-induced alterations of red cell deformability and whole blood viscosity in the neonate. J Pediatr Surg 1991;26:572-4.
  121. Powell RJ, Machiedo GW, Rush BF, Dikdan G. Oxygen free radicals: effect on red blood cell deformability in sepsis. Crit Care Med 1991;19:732-5.
  122. American College of Physicians. Practice strategies for elective red blood cell transfusion. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:403-6.
  123. Consensus Conference (National Institutes of Health). Perioperative red blood cell transfusion. JAMA 1988;260:2700-3.
  124. Hagl S, Heimisch W, Meisner H, Erben R, Baum M, Mendler N. The effect of hemodilution on regional myocardial function in the presence of coronary stenosis. Basic Res Cardiol 1977;72:344-64.
  125. Wilkerson DK, Rosen AL, Sehgal LR, Gould SA, Sehgal HL, Moss GS. Limits of cardiac compensation in anemic baboons. Surgery 1988;103:665-70.
  126. Geha AS. Coronary and cardiovascular dynamics and oxygen availability during acute normovolemic anemia. Surgery 1976;80:47-53.
  127. Geha AS, Baue AE. Graded coronary stenosis and coronary flow during acute normovolemic anemia. World J Surg 1978;2:645-52.
  128. Most AS, Ruocco NA, Gewirtz H. Effect of a reduction in blood viscosity on maximal myocardial oxygen delivery distal to a moderate coronary stenosis. Circulation 1986;74:1085-92.
  129. Spahn DR, Smith RL, Veronee CD, McRae RL, Hu W, Menius AJ, et al. Acute isovolemic hemodilution and blood transfusion: effects on regional function and metabolism in myocardium with compromised coronary blood flow. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993;105:694-704.
  130. Kobayashi H, Smith CE, Fouad-Tarazi FM, Wicker P, Estafanous GF. Circulatory effects of acute normovolaemic haemodilution in rats with healed myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 1989;23:842-51.
  131. Tucker WY, Bean J, Vandevanter S, Cohn LH. The effect of hemodilution on experimental myocardial infarct size. Eur Surg Res 1980;12:1-11.
  132. Herregods L, Foubert L, Moerman A, Francois K, Rolly G. Comparative study of limited intentional normovolemic hemodilution in patients with left main coronary artery stenosis. Anesthesia 1995;50:950-3.
  133. Spahn DR, Schmid ER, Seifert B, Pasch T. Hemodilution tolerance in patients with coronary artery disease who are receiving chronic b-adrenergic blocker therapy. Anesth Analg 1996;82:687-94.
  134. Kim YD, Katz NM, Ng L, Nancherla A, Ahmed SW, Wallace RB. Effects of hypothermia and hemodilution on oxygen metabolism and hemodynamics in patients recovering from coronary artery bypass operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1989;97:36-42.
  135. Catoire P, Saada M, Liu N, Delaunay L, Rauss A, Bonnet F. Effect of preoperative normovolemic hemodilution on left ventricular segmental wall motion during abdominal aortic surgery. Anesth Analg 1992;75:654-9.
  136. Doak GJ, Hall RI. Does hemoglobin concentration affect perioperative myocardial lactate flux in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery? Anesth Analg 1995;80:910-6.
  137. Carson JL, Duff A, Poses RM, Berlin JA, Spence RK, Trout R, et al. Effect of anaemia and cardiovascular disease on surgical mortality and morbidity. Lancet 1996;348:1055-60.
  138. Hébert PC, Wells G, Tweeddale M, Martin C, Marshall J, Pham B, et al. Does transfusion practice affect mortality in critically ill patients? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997. In press.
  139. Kimura H, Hamaaki N, Yamamoto M, Tomonaga M. Circulation of red blood cells having high levels of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate protects rat brain from ischemic metabolic changes during hemodilution. Stroke 1995;26:1431-7.
  140. Reasoner D, Ryu K, Hindman B, Cutkomp J, Smith T. Marked hemodilution increases neurologic injury after focal cerebral ischemia in rabbits. Anesth Analg 1996;82:61-7.
  141. Yanaka K, Camarata P, Spellman S, McDonald D, Heros RC. Optimal timing of hemodilution for brain protection in a canine model of focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 1996;27:906-12.
  142. Lin S, Chiou T, Song W, Chiang Y. Isovolemic hemodilution normalizes the prolonged passage of red cells and plasma through cerebral microvessels in the partially ischemic forebrain of rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996;16:280-9.
  143. Korosue K, Heros RC. Mechanism of cerebral blood flow augmentation by hemodilution in rabbits. Stroke 1992;23:1487-92.
  144. Hyodo A, Heros RC, Tu YK. Acute effects of isovolemic hemodilution with crystalloids in a canine model of focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 1989;20:534-40.
  145. Heros RC, Korosue K. Hemodilution for cerebral ischemia. Stroke 1989;20:423-7.
  146. Tu YK, Liu H. Effects of isovolemic hemodilution on hemodynamics, cerebral perfusion, and cerebral vascular reactivity. Stroke 1996;27:441-5.
  147. Davis DH, Sundt TM. Relationship of cerebral blood flow to cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, blood volume, and alpha and beta blockade in cats. J Neurosurg 1980;52:745-54.
  148. Wood JH, Simeone FA, Kron RE, Snyder LL. Experimental hypervolemic hemodilution: physiological correlations of cortical blood flow, cardiac output, and intracranial pressure with fresh blood viscosity and plasma volume. Neurosurgery 1984;14:709-23.
  149. Goslinga H, Eijzenbach V, Heuvelmans JH. Custom-tailored hemodilution with albumin and crystalloids in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1992;23:181-8.
  150. Vorstrup S, Andersen A, Juhler M. Hemodilution increases cerebral blood flow in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1989;20:884-9.
  151. Mast H, Marx P. Neurological deterioration under isovolemic hemodilution with hydroxyethyl starch in acute cerebral ischemia. Stroke 1991;22:680-3.
  152. Scandinavian Stoke Study Group. Multicenter trial of hemodilution in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1988;19:464-71.
  153. Hemodilution in Stroke Study Group. Hypervolemic hemodilution treatment of acute stroke. Results of a randomized multicenter trial using pentastarch. Stroke 1989;20:317-23.
  154. Strand T. Evaluation of long-term outcome and safety after hemodilution therapy in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1992;23:657-62.
  155. Koller M, Haenny P, Hess K. Adjusted hypervolemic hemodilution in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1990;21:1429-34.
  156. Korosue K, Heros RC, Ogilvie CS. Comparison of crystalloids and colloids for hemodilution in a model of focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurosurg 1990;73:576-84.
  157. Cole DJ, Schell RM, Przybelski RJ. Focal cerebral ischemia in rats: effect of hemodilution with alpha-alpha cross-linked hemoglobin on CBF. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992;12:971-6.
  158. Awad I, Carter L, Spetzler R, Medina M, Williams F, Jr. Clinical vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: response to hypervolemic hemodilution and arterial hypertension. Stroke 1987;18:365-72.
  159. Pritz MB, Giannotta SL, Kindt GW, McGillicuddy JE, Prager RL. Treatment of patients with neurological deficits associated with cerebral vasospasm by intravascular volume expansion. Neurosurgery 1978;3:364-8.
  160. Kudo T, Suzuki S, Iwabuchi T. Importance of monitoring the circulating blood volume in patients with cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 1981;9:514-20.
  161. Kassell N, Sasaki T, Colohan A, Nazar G. Cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 1985;16:562.
  162. Gutierrez G, Lund N, Bryan-Brown CW. Cellular oxygen utilization during multiple organ failure. Crit Care Clin 1989;5:271-87.
  163. Carrico CJ, Meakins JL, Marshall JC, Fry DE, Maier RV. Multiple-organ-failure syndrome. Arch Surg 1986;121:196-208.
  164. Walley KR, Hebert PC, Wakai Y, Wilcox PG, Road JD, Cooper DJ. Decrease in left ventricular contractility after tumor necrosis factor-alpha infusion in dogs. J Appl Physiol 1994;76:1060-7.
  165. Parrillo JE, Parker MM, Natanson C, Suffredini AF, Danner RL, Cunnion RE, et al. Septic shock in humans: advances in the understanding of pathogenesis, cardiovascular dysfunction, and therapy. Ann Intern Med 1990;113:227-42.
  166. Russell JA, Wiggs BR. Oxygen kinetics: pitfalls in clinical research revisited. J Crit Care 1990;5:213-7.
  167. Babineau TJ, Dzik WH, Borlase BC, Baxter JK, Bistrian BR, Benotti PN. Reevaluation of current transfusion practices in patients in surgical intensive care units. Am J Surg 1992;164:22-5.
  168. Gattinoni L, Brazzi L, Pelosi P, Latini R, Tognoni G, Pesenti A, et al. A trial of goal-oriented hemodynamic therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1025-32.
  169. Boyd O, Ground M, Bennett D. A randomized clinical trial of the effect of deliberate perioperative increase of oxygen delivery on mortality in high-risk surgical patients. JAMA 1993;270:2699-707.
  170. Hayes MA, Timmins AC, Yau EHS, Palazzo M, Hinds CJ, Watson D. Elevation of systemic oxygen delivery in the treatment of critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1717-22.
  171. Heyland DK, Cook DJ, King D, Kernerman P, Brun-Buisson C. Maximizing oxygen delivery in critically ill patients: a methodologic appraisal of the evidence. Crit Care Med 1996;24:517-24.
  172. Ronco JJ, Montaner JSG, Fenwick JC, Ruedy J, Russell JA. Pathologic dependence of oxygen consumption on oxygen delivery in acute respiratory failure secondary to AIDS-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest 1990;98:1463-6.
  173. Fenwick JC, Dodek PM, Ronco JJ, Phang PT, Wiggs B, Russell JA. Increased concentrations of plasma lactate predict pathologic dependence of oxygen consumption on oxygen delivery in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. J Crit Care 1990;5:81-6.
  174. Ronco JJ, Phang PT, Walley KR, Wiggs B, Fenwick JC, Russell JA. Oxygen consumption is independent of changes in oxygen delivery in severe adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;143:1267-73.
  175. Shah DM, Gottlieb ME, Rahm RL, Stratton HH, Barie PS, Paloski WH, et al. Failure of red blood cell transfusion to increase oxygen transport or mixed venous PO2 in injured patients. J Trauma 1982;22:741-6.
  176. Steffes CP, Bender JS, Levison MA. Blood transfusion and oxygen consumption in surgical sepsis. Crit Care Med 1991;19:512-7.
  177. Gilbert EM, Haupt MT, Mandanas RY, Huaringa AJ, Carlson RW. The effect of fluid loading, blood transfusion, and catecholamine infusion on oxygen delivery and consumption in patients with sepsis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986;134:873-8.
  178. Dietrich KA, Conrad SA, Hebert CA, Levy GL, Romero MD. Cardiovascular and metabolic response to red blood cell transfusion in critically ill volume-resuscitated nonsurgical patients. Crit Care Med 1990;18:940-4.
  179. Conrad SA, Dietrich KA, Hebert CA, Romero MD. Effect of red cell transfusion on oxygen consumption following fluid resuscitation in septic shock. Circ Shock 1990;31:419-29.
  180. Lorente JA, Landin L, De Pablo R, Renes E, Rodriguez-Diaz R, Liste D. Effects of blood transfusion on oxygen transport variables in severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 1993;21:1312-8.
  181. Mink RB, Pollack MM. Effect of blood transfusion on oxygen consumption in pediatric septic shock. Crit Care Med 1990;18:1087-91.
  182. Lucking SE, Williams TM, Chaten FC, Metz RI, Mickell JJ. Dependence of oxygen consumption on oxygen delivery in children with hyperdynamic septic shock and low oxygen extraction. Crit Care Med 1990;18:1316-9.

[Return to text]

| CMAJ June 1, 1997 (vol 156, no 11) / JAMC le 1er juin 1997 (vol 156, no 11) |
CMA Webspinners / Les fileurs du Web de l'AMC