Prostate cancer: 3. Individual risk factors

Appendix 2: Studies of beta-carotene or vitamin A and prostate cancer
			No. of subjects
Place of study	Diagnosis period	Type of study	Cases	Controls	Source (intake or level)	Summary RR (and 95% CI) in highest exposure group
New York20	1957–1965	Case– control	311	294	Vitamin A	Age < 70, 1.64 (CI not given) Age >= 70, 1.97 (CI not given)
Washington, DC22	1982–1984	Case– control	55	55	Vitamin A	NS, RR not given
California23	1977–1980	Case– control	142	142	Vitamin A   Carotene	Black men 0.8 (NS) White men 0.9 (NS) Black men 0.6 (NS) White men 1.0 (NS)
Hawaii24	1977–1983	Case– control	452	899	Vitamin A     Carotene	Age < 70, 0.8 (0.5–1.3) Age >= 70, 2.0 (1.3–3.1) Age < 70, 1.0 (0.6–1.6) Age >= 70, 1.5 (0.9–2.3)
California36	1981–1986	Cohort	93	–	Total vitamin Dietary carotene	1.2* 1.0*
Rotterdam, Netherlands37	1982–1985	Case– control	133	130	Serum retinol level Serum carotene level	0.36 (p = 0.04) 0.77 (NS)
Kyoto, Japan21	1981–1984	Case– control	100	100	Dietary carotene	0.34 (p < 0.05)*
US38	1971–1988	Cohort	84	–	Prospective serum vitamin A level	0.4*
Minnesota28	1966–1986	Cohort	149	–	Vitamin A     Carotene	Age < 75, 2.8 (1.4–5.8) Age >= 75, 0.4 (0.2–0.9) Age < 75, 1.9 (1.0–3.7) Age >= 75, 0.2 (0.1–0.6)
Utah29	1984–1985	Case– control	358	679	Vitamin A     Carotene	Age 45–67, 1.0 (0.6–1.7) Age 68–74, 1.6 (0.9–2.7) Age 45–67, 0.8 (0.5–1.2) Age 68–74, 1.4 (0.9–2.4)
US and Canada32	1987–1991	Case– control	1655	1645	Vitamin A	No association RR not given
US39	1986–1992	Cohort	773	–	Total retinol equivalents Retinol without supplements	1.13 (0.88–1.44) 1.30 (1.03–1.66)
Serbia34	1990–1994	Case– control	101	202	Retinol Retinol equivalent	0.69 (0.50–1.24) 1.64 (1.01–2.67)
Chicago40	1957–1989	Cohort	132	–	Carotene	1.03 (0.59–1.60)
*Calculated from data provided in paper.

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