TABLE 3. Local species diversity by region. Mean abundances per grid cell (10,000 km) for alpha, beta, habitat type, source pool diversity, and connectivity are given for each sampling interval. Values in parentheses indicate rarefied alpha diversity, which is not given for the Holocene due to sparseness of the data. Asterisks indicate peak values, except for early Eocene European beta diversity, which was a local peak. Europe and Japan represent convergent tectonic settings, and eastern North America represents passive.3 Local species diversity by region. Mean abundances per grid cell (10,000 km) for alpha, beta, habitat type, source pool diversity, and connectivity are given for each sampling interval. Values in parthenthases indicate rarefied alpha diversity, which is not given for the Holocene due to sparseness of the data. Asterisks indicate peak values, except for early Eocene European beta diversity, which was a local peak. Europe and Japan represent convergent tectonic settings, and eastern North America represents passive.

  Interval
 Region
 Alpha-Div.
 Beta-Div.
 Habitat Types
 Source Pool Div.
 Connectivity
  Holocene
 E. N.Am.
 44.3
 0.00
 2.2
 1
 0.00
 
Europe
 61.6
 0.00
 6.3
 1.2
 0.00
 
Japan
 4.5
 0.67
 1.3
 1.9
 0.08
  Pleistocene
 E. N.Am.
 95.5 (12.5)
 0.87
 5
 281.6
 0.40
 
Europe
 22.4 (12.2)
 0.52
 2.3
 32.3
 0.16
 
Japan
 17.7 (9.7)
 0.75
 2.2
 18.4
 0.14
  Pliocene
 E. N.Am.
 89.4 (13.2)
 0.82
 4.5
 268.5
 0.35
 
Europe
 24.5 (11.9)
 0.74
 3.1
 33.9
 0.14
 
Japan
 27.9 (11.7)
 0.73
 3.3
 28.4
 0.12
  Late Miocene
 E. N.Am.
 60.7 (13.2)
 0.90
 5.1
 104.4
 0.21
 
Europe
 29.6 (12.3)
 0.75
 2.8
 57.9
 0.19
 
Japan
 58.5 (12.6)
 0.73
 4.7
 114.8
 0.21
  Middle Miocene
 E. N.Am.
 90.7 (11.7)
 0.57
 4.7
 122.3
 0.11
 
Europe
 65.0 (12.1)
 0.69
 4.5
 141.9
 0.23
 
Japan
 29.8 (12.2)
 0.86
 2.8
 47.3
 0.20
  Early Miocene
 E. N.Am.
 107.2 (12.5)
 0.93
 5.8
 207.4
 0.30
 
Europe
 57.4 (12.2)
 0.49
 3.7
 37.7
 0.10
 
Japan
 15.1 (11.2)
 0.60
 2.7
 12.8
 0.11
  Late Oligocene
 E. N.Am.
 13.1 (12.0)
 0.22
 2.9
 1.9
 0.03
 
Europe
 48.2 (13.6)
 0.26
 5.1
 9.7
 0.04
 
Japan
 31.0 (12.0)
 0.65
 4.9
 27.1
 0.12
  Early Oligocene
 E. N.Am.
 98.3 (13.1)
 0.77
 4.7
 192.4
 0.30
 
Europe
 58.7 (11.8)
 0.47
 4
 5
 0.09
 
Japan
 40.9 (11.8)
 0.13
 2.5
 9.9
 0.02
  Late Eocene
 E. N.Am.
 75.3 (13.0)
 0.83
 4.7
 170.5
 0.21
 
Europe
 87.9 (13.1)
 0.57
 7
 123
 0.12
 
Japan
 19.8 (9.8)
 0.57
 3.4
 23.1
 0.10
  Middle Eocene
 E. N.Am.
 68.3 (13.1)
 0.88
 5.2
 110.7
 0.23
 
Europe
 76.6 (11.0)
 0.58
 4.5
 177
 0.16
 
Japan
 39.7 (9.5)
 0.69
 4
 52
 0.22
  Early Eocene
 E. N.Am.
 36.4 (12.7)
 0.82
 6.6
 53
 0.22
 
Europe
 49.2 (13.0)
 0.68
 4
 127.9
 0.26
 
Japan
 23.2 (12.0)
 0.00
 1.1
 1.1
 0.00