SeaWaves Today in History January 27, 2007 ********************************************************************* January 27 Holocaust Remembrance Day 1880 - Thomas Edison received a patent for his electric incandescent lamp 1909 - The schooner Nelson Y. McFarland issued a distress call after dropping anchor near the White Head, Maine, Life-Saving Service station. Although anchored against the tide, she was becalmed, yet her stern swung so close to the ledge that "a change of wind or tide would have thrown the vessel upon the rocks. A pulling boat and crew from the station responded to the call and the men rowed to the ship's aid. After a 3-hours' pull the surfmen succeeded in towing the schooner to a safe anchorage in Seal Harbor" 1918 - Destroyer HMS Woolston launched 1918 - Submarine USS O-9 launched 1918 - Destroyer USS Gregory launched 1923 - Destroyer HMS Wren commissioned 1940 - At 2052, SS Fredensborg was torpedoed & sunk by U-20. The ship was sailing together with SS England, which was also torpedoed & sunk by the same U-boat at 2124 1940 - At 2003, SS Faro was torpedoed by U-20 about 15 miles SE of Copinsay, Orkneys. She was taken in tow, later abandoned and was wrecked when drifted ashore in the Taracliff Bay near Copinsay the next day 1940 - At 2313, SS Hosanger was torpedoed & sunk by U-20 15 miles SE of Copinsay Light. The ship was hit by one torpedo, lost the stern and sank within two minutes. The only survivor, Magnus Sandvik, managed to reach a raft with four others, but his shipmates froze to death while a British destroyer picked him up after about 15 hours. A line was thrown down on him, but he was not able to fasten it around himself, so a man from the destroyer jumped overboard to assist. He was then brought to a hospital in Kirkwall 1940 - Minesweeping trawler HMS Fir launched 1940 - Submarine USS Tautog launched 1940 - Sloop HMS Black Swan commissioned 1940 - The Plan for the German invasion of Norway and Denmark is given a formal codename of "Weserubung" 1940 - SS City of Flint arrives back at her homeport of Baltimore following her adventures in the Baltic 1940 - US freighter SS Cold Harbor, bound for Odessa, is detained at Gibraltar by British authorities 1941 - Minesweeping trawler HMS Dragora mined & sunk in Thames Estuary 1941 - U-371 launched 1941 - U-599 laid down 1941 - The Peruvian ambassador to Japan warns his American counterpart, Joseph Grew, that the Japanese plan to destroy the US fleet at the naval base of Pearl Harbor; Grew passes the information on to Washington 1941 - This week, for the first time in history, senior US & British military staff officers will meet here in secret to hammer out a common strategy in case the United States finds itself at war with Germany or Japan (or both) in alliance with Britain. The talks, known as "ABC1", illustrate how quickly Washington is changing its view of the danger of war. On 12 November Admiral Stark, the chief of US naval operations, sent "Plan Dog" to the navy secretary, Frank Knox, giving priority to war in the Atlantic and urging closer links with Britain 1941 - Minesweeper HMCS Outarde launched North Vancouver BC 1941 - Corvette HMS Azalea commissioned 1941 - Minesweeping trawler HMS Fara launched 1941 - ASW trawler HMS Tarantella launched 1942 - Lt. John McDonald Ruttan RCNVR was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC). The Citation, awarded as per the London Gazette of 27 Jan 42, read: "For bravery and endurance while minesweeping and when attacked by enemy aircraft." John McDonald Ruttan worked in Port Arthur on the Port Arthur News Chronicle in 1937. He was recruited by LCdr. Rollo Mainguy into the Port Arthur Half Division of the RCNVR in Spring 1937. Ruttan served on the Canadian training schooner Venture in late Dec 37. He was assigned to the Winnipeg Division in the rank of Sub-Lieutenant in May 38. In Jun 40, he was sent to the Britain for a six-week basic officer's course at HMS King Alfred and then the minesweeping course at Lochinvar. He was appointed as Executive Officer of HMS Skudd V (a converted Norwegian whaler) in Sep 40. Skudd V sailed for Alexandria in Oct 40 via the Cape and operated in the eastern Mediterranean, including Tobruk and Greece in 1941. Ruttan was promoted to Lieutenant on 16 Sep 41 and was appointed CO of a converted landing ship, HMS Svan, in Oct 41. Lt. Ruttan 'hitch hiked' home in 1942 in order to assume his new duties as Executive Officer of the minesweeper HMS Saint John. His next appointment was as Commanding Officer of the Landing Craft Infantry (Large) LCI(L)-302 in Feb 44, where he served through D-Day landings. His final appointment was as CO of the River-class frigate HMCS Matane from 20 Sep 44 to 03 Feb 45. He was demobilized on 13 Dec 45 and promoted to LCdr. while on retired list. John Ruttan died 21 Mar 92 in Ottawa 1942 - At 0203, U-123 opened fire with the deck gun at the unescorted motor tanker Pan Norway east of Cape Hatteras because no torpedoes were left. With the third salvo hits were scored in the engine room and the funnel. Even though the gun on the stern of the tanker was put out of action, the machine guns mounted on the bridge returned fire, hitting the conning tower and the deck several times. The U-boat then fired at the bridge, which caught fire after some hits. When the tanker stopped and the crew began to abandon ship, the fire was ceased. In between Hardegen had to clip the split lower lips of Ma-Gfr Bastel, who had been hit in the face by a empty ammunition case that fell through the open hatch and lost several teeth. After the crew had left the Pan Norway, the fire was reopened but soon no ammunition for the deck gun was left so they shot holes into the waterline with the 37mm AA gun until the tanker capsized and sank at 03.45 hours. Shortly before the duel began, they had spotted lights and the U-boat now went to investigate them. The lights belonged to the Greek steam merchant Mount Aetna, which was neutral because she operated in Swiss charter. Hardegen stopped the vessel and gave the direction to the survivors of Pan Norway. In a short time the merchant picked up 40 survivors including five wounded and the U-boat rescued another wounded man, took care of him and after a short interrogation placed him aboard the neutral vessel, whose master expressed his thanks and wished the U-boat a lucky return journey. The survivors were landed at Lisbon on 6 February 1942 - At 0943, the unarmed & unescorted steam tanker Francis E. Powell was hit by one torpedo from U-130 about eight miles northeast of the Winter Quarter Light Vessel, while proceeding completely blacked out at 10.5 knots. The torpedo struck on the port side aft of the midships house, between the #4 and #5 tanks. The explosion started a small fire in the pump room and destroyed the radio antenna. Then the U-boat was sighted a few hundred yards away. The eight officers and 24 crewmen abandoned ship in two lifeboats. The master was crushed to death when he slipped and fell between the boat and the ship. The same boat was lifted back on the ship by a wave and the occupants had to launch another boat. Another officer and two men were also lost. The tanker sank at about 1400. After five hours, 17 men in one of the boats were picked up by the American steam tanker W.C. Fairbanks and landed at Lewes, Delaware. The remaining eleven survivors in the other boat were picked up by a USCG boat from the Assateague Station and landed at Chincoteague VA 1942 - Steam tanker Halo shelled & damaged by U-130 1942 - At 0021, U-754 fired a spread of three torpedoes at SS Icarion, dispersed from Convoy ON-53, and observed a hit in the stern after 5 minutes 25 seconds. The ship sank at 01.08 hours 1942 - HMCS Sault Ste Marie (ex-HMCS The Soo) laid down Port Arthur ON 1942 - Minesweeper HMCS Milltown launched Port Arthur ON 1942 - Patrol vessel (ex-fishing vessel) HMCS Barkley Sound commissioned 1942 - USAAF Far East Air Force B-17 Flying Fortresses based in Java bomb & damage a Japanese seaplane carrier off Balikpapan 1942 - Off Endau, the destroyers HMAS Vampire & HMS Thanet encounter three Japanese destroyers and a minesweeper. HMS Thanet is sunk by gunfire but HMAS Vampire escapes to Singapore 1942 - Aircraft carrier HMS Indomitable brings a cargo of 48 Hawker Hurricane fighters to Java, for shipment to Singapore 1942 - Submarine USS Gudgeon torpedoes & sinks submarine HIJMS I-73 240 miles west of Midway Island; the Japanese submarine had shelled Midway two days earlier. This is the first Japanese submarine sunk by a USN submarine 1942 - Submarine USS Seawolf delivers ammunition to Corregidor Island, and evacuates naval and army pilots1942 - Representatives of the Free French National Committee in London and of the United States had come to an agreement concerning the Allied military use of French possessions in the Pacific area 1942 - Minesweeper HMAS Latrobe laid down 1942 - Destroyer USS Saufley laid down 1942 - Destroyer USS Rodman commissioned 1942 - Two old "S" class submarines, the USS S-18 and S-23 were ordered to the Aleutians and arrived at Dutch Harbor today 1943 - U-297 laid down 1943 - U-376 had to break off her patrol in the North Atlantic when some crewmembers were wounded in an air attack 1943 - U-309 & U-507 commissioned 1943 - At 0925, the unescorted MS Cape Decision was hit by two torpedoes from U-105, as she steered a zigzag course in clear weather and moderate seas. The torpedoes struck on port side between the #4 and #5 hatches with an interval of less than ten seconds. The explosions did not do much visual damage but quickly stopped the ship. The blasts damaged the ship throughout and knocked out the electrical system, which halted the engines. As the ship settled by the stern, her complement of nine officers, 36 men, 26 armed guards (the ship was armed with one 4in, one 3in and eight 20mm guns) and six US Army passengers abandoned ship in the two lifeboats and two of the four rafts. Two of the armed guards remained at their gun until the last moment and had to jump overboard. The master jumped into the water and brought the exhausted men, which were in danger of being caught by the suction of the sinking ship to his lifeboat. The U-boat moved around the stern at periscope depth and fired a third torpedo at 09.55 hours, which struck on the starboard side in the engine room. The vessel immediately began to list to port and sank five minutes later. U-105 surfaced, questioned the survivors and directed them to the nearest land. The third assistant engineer and an able seaman were taken aboard, but were later put back into the boats after checking their papers. The survivors distributed the men evenly between the two boats. The boat of the master with 21 crewmen, three passengers and 16 armed guards reached Bridgetown, Barbados nine days later having traveled 957 miles. The boat of the chief mate with 37 men arrived at Saint Barthelemy, French West Indies, 14 days after the sinking and were provided with food and medicine by the natives 1943 - At 1807, SS Julia Ward Howe was torpedoed by U-442 about 175 miles south of the Azores. The ship was a straggler from the convoy UGS-4 due to heavy weather. One torpedo struck on the starboard side between #3 hold and the deckhouse. The explosion blew off the #3 hatch cover, wrecked two lifeboats, and destroyed the radio equipment. The ship immediately took a 15° list but flooded slowly afterwards and gradually righted herself on an even keel. Three shots from the after 5in gun (the ship was also armed with one 3in and eight 20mm guns) were fired in the direction of the U-boat. The eight officers, 36 crewmen, 29 armed guards and one passenger (US Army security officer) abandoned ship in two lifeboats and two rafts. The master, one armed guard and the passenger were lost. 40 minutes after the attack, a coup de grâce struck amidships and broke the ship in two. The U-boat then surfaced and questioned the crew, taking the second mate on board for closer examination. Then the mate was released and the U-boat left. The rafts were secured to the lifeboats and they set sail for the Azores. After 15 hours, the survivors were picked up by the Portuguese destroyer Lima about 330 miles southwest of the Azores and landed at Ponta Delgada, but the chief engineer died of wounds on the rescue ship 1943 - At 2043, U-514 fired three torpedoes at the Liberty ship Charles C. Pinckney. A lookout spotted one of the torpedoes 750 yards away approaching the ship off the port bow. The master tried to evade, but one torpedo struck just abaft the stem. The explosion ignited a portion of the cargo, the blast blew the bow off forward of the #1 hold and created a pillar of flame that shot skyward. The engines were immediately secured and the most of the nine officers, 32 crewmen, 27 armed guards and two US Army security officers abandoned ship in four lifeboats and one raft. A portion of the gun crew and the gunnery officer remained on board and opened fire at 23.08 hours, as U-514 surfaced 200 yards away. They claimed several hits and the sinking of the U-boat, but U-514 made an emergency dive and escaped undamaged. The crew reboarded the vessel, but the chief engineer discovered that he could not get steam up. At 23.26 hours, a coup de grâce from U-514 missed, but a second fired at 00.11 hours on 28 January hit and all survivors abandoned ship a second time. U-514 surfaced and questioned the men in the lifeboats. Then U-514 left her victim in sinking condition, which later sank over the bow. The four lifeboats set sail, but during the night of 28 January, they became separated. On 8 February, the second mate, four men and nine armed guards in one boat were picked up by the Swiss steam merchant Caritas I and landed at Horta, Fayal Island, Azores. The other three boats with eight officers, 28 men, 18 armed guards and two passengers were never found 1943 - Aircraft carrier HMS Triumph laid down 1943 - Destroyer escorts USS Camp, Dionne, Hurst & Cabana laid down 1943 - Submarine HMS Golet laid down 1943 - Destroyer USS Doyle commissioned 1943 - Minesweepers HMS Gozo & Tattoo launched 1944 - Soviet Union announced the end of the German siege of Leningrad 1944 - U-1202 commissioned 1944 - Frigate HMS Ettrick transferred to RCN while under refit Halifax NS. Became HMCS Ettrick 1944 - Tug HMCS Parksville assigned to Halifax NS 1944 - Atrocity stories on the treatment by the Japanese of American and Filipino soldiers after the surrender of Bataan and Corregidor disclosed in official reports of the United States Army and Navy 1944 - The government of Liberia declared war on Germany and Japan 1944 - Destroyer escort USS Bowers commissioned 1944 - Rescue tug HMS Emphantric commissioned 1944 - Destroyer escort USS Bray laid down 1944 - Submarine USS Razorback, Redfish, Ronquil & Scabbardfish launched 1944 - Destroyer escorts USS Alfred Wolf & Groves launched 1944 - Submarine HMS Subtle launched 1945 - In an attack on Convoy HX-332, U-825 damaging SS Ruben Dario & motor tanker Solör 1945 - U-1172 sunk in St George’s Channel, in position 52.24N, 05.42W, by depth charges from frigates HMS Tyler, Keats & Bligh. 52 dead (all hands lost) 1945 - U-3028 commissioned 1945 - Corvette HMCS Woodstock paid off Esquimalt for conversion to loop layer 1945 - Corvette HMCS Long Branch departed Londonderry for Halifax NS 1945 - Commissioning of USS Higbee, first US Navy ship named after a USN woman 1945 - Destroyers USS Meredith & O'Hare laid down 1945 - Destroyer escort USS Hanna commissioned 1945 - Destroyers USS Stormes & Higbee commissioned 1966 - Princess Margaret returns Portland Island to province for use as provincial park; British Columbia's gift to Princess Margaret in 1958 1967 - USS Enterprise port call Manila 1967 - Fire in Command Module at Cape Kennedy during simulation countdown. Lunar Module Pilot LCDR Roger B Chaffee and two other crewmembers died 1968 - USS Bon Homme Richard commences Vietnam deployment 1969 - USS Hornet port call Subic Bay 1973 - Paris Peace Accords signed, ending US participation in the Vietnam War 1991 - USN A-6s attack and destroy an Iraqi ship, and coalition naval forces continue to hunt Iraqi patrol and mine-laying boats in the northern Arabian Gulf and near Bubiyan Island. To-date, 8 Iraqi vessels (1 oil platform service ship, 2 patrol boats, 1 tanker, and 4 unknown) are presumed destroyed, and 10 (4 mining vessels, 1 hovercraft, 3 patrol boats, and 2 unknown) have been sunk. 2 additional mines have been located and destroyed in the northern Arabian Gulf. 39 Iraqi aircraft, including 23 in the past 24 hours, have landed in Iran. Iran announces that to protect its neutrality, any warplanes landing within its borders would be confiscated and held until end of hostilities 1994 - Support ship HMCS Preserver departed Halifax for Yugoslavian blockade duties 2003 - MV Cape Domingo activated from RRF 2004 - T-AKE 5 & 6 ordered from NASSCO in San Diego. To be delivered by 2007 2004 - USCGC Sawfish launched 2005 - HMS Westminster emerged from refit as the Royal Navy's most advanced frigate, formally rejoined the fleet in a ceremony in Portsmouth 2005 - The Japanese sole agent of a Chinese-operated ferry service between western Japan and Shanghai said Wednesday it will delete sections of its pamphlets and Internet website, which note that mentally handicapped people will be barred from boarding the ship. The 14,500-ton Xinjianzhen, which makes one round trip a week linking Osaka, Kobe and Shanghai, is operated by Shanghai-based China Japan International Ferry Co. The Tokyo-based agent has been in charge of ticket sales and marketing for the ferry in Japan since the route opened in 1985. Its pamphlets and other information say in fine print that "Passengers with mental illness and mental disorders will not be admitted" 2005 - MV Rosa Delmas completed charter to US Military Sealift Command 2005 - Navy engineers and the ship's builder have examined the results of trials conducted by HMAS Ballarat and have decided that the ship is able to return to the mainland under her own power. HMAS Ballarat is expected to depart Christmas Island later today to take passage to Fremantle in company with HMAS Canberra. The passage will take about a week, depending on weather conditions enroute 2006 - Decommissioned submarine HMS Spartan arrived Devonport for layup for disposal 2006 - South Africa has detained an anti-whaling ship which sailed from Australia last month to harass Japanese whalers in Antarctic waters. The Farley Mowat, which sailed from Melbourne on December 6, has been detained with its captain in Cape Town over safety concerns. The Canadian vessel, a ship of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, docked in Cape Town on Wednesday after seven weeks at sea harassing Japanese whaling ships in Antarctic waters. An official from the South African Maritime Safety Authority (SAMSA) said the ship did not have the required certification 2006 - The German Navy 206A-class submarine U-15 has taken the ground in the Eckernfoerde bay, the Baltic Sea, RIA Novosti reports. U-15 got into trouble in obscured conditions, roughly 150 meters to the southern edge of the bay, when getting back to the military base in submerged mode. No one of the crew’s 22 sailors has suffered in the accident, according to the preliminary data. Emergency services of the German submarine base are getting ready to rescue the vessel 2006 - A USCG HH-60 Jayhawk helicopter from Air Station Cape Cod airlifted a 45-year-old man suffering from a cardiac condition at 1100. The Coast Guard received the call from the 940-foot MV Sea Land Quality at 0750 that Charles Pomraning needed medical attention. The aircrew launched 0915, arrived on scene, 230 miles southeast of Nantucket, Mass., and hoisted Pomraning from the US-flagged cargo ship. The aircrew flew Pomraning to Hyannis Airport in Hyannis, Mass, where an awaiting Hyannis Fire & Rescue ambulance took him to Cape Cod 2006 - Coast Guard has suspended search for approximately 15 suspected Cuban migrants missing since Wednesday. The search was suspended at 1849. Since Wednesday evening, numerous Customs and Border Protection, Coast Guard and Air Force assets and personnel have participated in the search efforts. The migrants were spotted by a CBP helicopter crew based out of Homestead, Fla., at 0545 Wednesday. Since then, CBP aircrews from Homestead and Jacksonville, Fla., Coast Guard aircrews from Miami and Clearwater, Fla., and two Air Force C-130 aircrews from Moody Air Force Base, Ga., have assisted crews from Coast Guard Station Islamorada, Fla., and the Coast Guard cutters Matagorda and Reliance in the search effort Today, the crew of the cutter Reliance, and aircrews from Coast Guard Air Station Clearwater and Moody Air Force C-130 aircrews completed the last of 15 total sorties in attempts to located the missing migrants. Searchers were unable to locate any of the missing migrants or debris from their homemade vessel. The Coast Guard has received no reports of the missing from boaters or possible family or friends of the migrants 2006 - USCG continues to search for a man and two children reported missing since noon Thursday near Point A La Hache, La., and Four Horse Lake, La. Plaquemines Parish Sheriff’s Office received a call from Jim Thompson, who stated his vessel was disabled and taking on water with two children aboard. Thompson's cell phone connection was lost shortly thereafter. Two HH-65 Dolphin rescue helicopter crews from Coast Guard Air Station New Orleans, an HU-25 Falcon jet crew from Coast Guard Aviation Training Center Mobile, Ala., and a Coast Guard Auxiliary plane from Baton Rouge, La., have flown a total of seven search patterns. The surface search is being conducted by airboat crews from the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. Officers from Plaquemines Parish Sheriff's Office have searched nearby boat launches in the hope of finding clues to the boater's whereabouts 2006 - The USCG and California Department of Fish and Game’s Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR) are currently conducting pollution response operations as a result of the fishing vessel Miss Kelley’s grounding. Following the Coast Guard’s rescue of two fishermen when the vessel struck rocks near the entrance to Noyo River yesterday, the focus quickly shifted to pollution response. At the time of the grounding, the Miss Kelley was suspected to have nearly 2,000 gallons of diesel fuel and other oils onboard, but an overflight yesterday revealed fuel releasing into the water. Late last night, the Coast Guard, OSPR, and the vessel owner formed a Unified Command and developed a response plan that involved assessing and removing any remaining fuel aboard the vessel. The owner hired Parker Diving, a Sausalito-based pollution response company, to conduct the fuel removal operations. Since the vessel is awash in the surf at high tide, responders waited until today’s 4:00 PM low tide to access it. Once on scene, they determined that the vessel still has 500 gallons of diesel fuel and 250 gallons of lubricating oils onboard. In addition, responders observed a breach in the vessel’s hull, which allowed fuel to escape into the environment. The Unified Command is currently working on details of the fuel removal plan with operations scheduled to commence at tomorrow’s low tide. Due to the vessel’s remote location at the bottom of a steep cliff, all response equipment for the operation will be airlifted in and out via helicopter. The US Coast Guard and OSPR will continue to monitor this incident to ensure the safety of responders involved and to protect the environment 2006 - The Qatar Shipping Co recently took delivery of MT Umlma, the fourth newly built tanker from the series of six 105,000 deadweight ton vessels being constructed by South Korea's Hyundai Shipyard. The tanker was received by Ranjit Singh, Technical Manager, Q-Ship, on behalf of his company at Hyundai's shipyard in Busan 2006 - Minister for Defense Teo Chee Hean officially opened the Republic of Singapore Navy's (RSN) RSS Panglima - Changi Naval Training Base. Located at the western end of Changi Naval Base, RSS Panglima - Changi Naval Training Base is the new home of the RSN’s Training Command (TRACOM). TRACOM is responsible for all aspects of individual training in the RSN and comprises the Institute of Maritime Warfare (IMW) and the Institute of Maritime Operations and Systems (IMOS) 2006 - During the month of February, Crowley will carry 28 pickup trucks, 25 production trailers and 11 excavators, cranes, etc. for the filming of Casino Royale – the newest James Bond movie. The Columbia Pictures distributed movie is partially being filmed in Nassau and though the cargo will leave the US by way of Jacksonville or Port Everglades, Fla., some is originating from as far away as Europe. The 2006 movie shares its title with Ian Fleming's first Bond book and of the 1967 Bond spoof movie starring David Niven 2006 - A Korean fishing vessel while traveling off the coast of Sierra Leone was attacked by pirates at about 2200. According to a police report, the vessel contained 13 pirates; two of them jumped onboard the fishing vessel and attempted to hijack it to neighboring Conakry, the capital of Guinea. Unfortunately for them the Navy of Sierra Leone swiftly went to the rescue of the vessel under attack. Police say, "One of the pirates escaped by jumping overboard after they had shot the Korean captain in the hand. The other pirate Kasim Sillah was arrested with one submachine Gun, two magazines (one empty, the other had 13 rounds in)". He was attired in combat fatigues." He is now police helping police in the investigation. Police say the Korean captain that was shot is receiving medical treatment 2006 - The last two H-3 Sea King helicopters made their last operational flight , taking to the air before making way for their replacement, the MH-60S Knighthawk. Military personnel and civilians gathered in hangar SP-35 aboard Naval Station Norfolk, home of Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron (HSC) 2, the Fleet Angels, as their Commanding Officer, Cmdr. H. Kris Croeber, addressed the crowd 2007 - Gun Turret One, which is most forward on battleship Missouri, opened to the public. Visitors just have to ask a tour guide for access because of safety precautions. Dyson said renovation work on Turret One began in 1999, when the public was first allowed to tour Missouri. The work was completed last January and cost more than $6 million 2007 - Frigate USS Hawes deploys independently out of Norfolk on a six-month cruise that will carry its more than 200 sailors to the European and Central Command areas of operation 2007 - USS Ronald Reagan Carrier Strike Group deploys while USS Kitty Hawk undergoes scheduled maintenance in Yokosuka, Japan ============================================================= Sources: Colton Shipping Report, NOAA, MARAD, Marine Digest, Leo Pettipas, Kommersant, Samuel Loring Morison, Frank Pierce Young, Navy Times, Naval Institute Proceedings, www.uboat.net, Andrew Etherington, John Nicholas, US Naval Historical Center, Ministry of Defense, US Coast Guard, Thomas N. Carlson, Jack Arrowsmith, Allan Snowie, Ken Hansen, Andy Barber, John Weiss, Jack McKillop, Bernard de Neumann, Sympatico Today in History, Washington History Link, Lloyds List, Fairplay, New York Times, I-Newswire and other news sources in the public domain. Additions, submissions and corrections are always welcomed. ============================================================= Today in History Archives at: http://www.seawaves.com/newsletters/today_in_history_archive.htm Copyright 2007 Seawaves Publishing Inc ISSN 1710-6966 Photos courtesy of US Naval Historical Center, US Coast Guard Historical Center, Wikipedia Encyclopedia or Naval Museum of Manitoba unless otherwise noted. Images may be subject to copyright. Ask before you right-click.