Monads and interpolads in bicategories
Jurgen Koslowski
Given a bicategory, 2, with stable local coequalizers, we
construct a bicategory of monads Y-mnd by using lax functors from
the generic 0-cell, 1-cell and 2-cell, respectively, into Y. Any
lax functor into Y factors through Y-mnd and the 1-cells turn
out to be the familiar bimodules. The locally ordered bicategory
rel and its bicategory of monads both fail to be Cauchy-complete,
but have a well-known Cauchy-completion in common. This prompts us
to formulate a concept of Cauchy-completeness for bicategories that
are not locally ordered and suggests a weakening of the notion of
monad. For this purpose, we develop a calculus of general modules
between unstructured endo-1-cells. These behave well with respect
to composition, but in general fail to have identities. To overcome
this problem, we do not need to impose the full structure of a monad
on endo-1-cells. We show that associative coequalizing
multiplications suffice and call the resulting structures
interpolads. Together with structure-preserving i-modules these
form a bicategory Y-int that is indeed Cauchy-complete, in our
sense, and contains the bicategory of monads as a not necessarily
full sub-bicategory. Interpolads over rel are idempotent
relations, over the suspension of set they correspond to
interpolative semi-groups, and over spn they lead to a notion of
``category without identities'' also known as ``taxonomy''. If Y
locally has equalizers, then modules in general, and the
bicategories Y-mnd and Y-int in particular, inherit the
property of being closed with respect to 1-cell composition.