Contingent liabilities

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The contingent liabilities of the government are grouped into: guarantees provided by the government, international organizations, pending and threatened litigation and other claims, assessed taxes under appeal and insurance programs of agent enterprise Crown corporations. Additional information regarding each category is provided below.

For details of contingent liabilities of consolidated Crown corporations, refer to Table 4.4 in Section 4 of this volume. Particulars of contingent liabilities of enterprise Crown corporations and other government business enterprises are not consolidated with those of the government but details of these contingencies may be found in Table 9.7 of Section 9 of this volume.

Guarantees

Losses on guarantees are recorded in the accounts when it is likely that a payment will be made to honour a guarantee and when the amount of the anticipated loss can be reasonably estimated. The amount of the allowance is determined by taking into consideration the nature of the guarantee, loss experience and the use of other measurement techniques. Borrowings of enterprise Crown corporations and other government business enterprises are recorded as liabilities for the portion not expected to be repaid directly by these corporations.

Table 11.6 lists the outstanding guarantees and is summarized in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements in Section 2 of this volume. The authorized limits indicated in Table 11.6 represent the aggregate total of various types of authorities of government bodies as stipulated in legislation, legal agreements or other documents that may be in force at any one time.

**Table 11.6**
Guarantees provided by the government as at March 31, 2020
(in millions of dollars)
Guaranteed borrowings of enterprise Crown corporations and other government business enterprises
	Authorized limit (where applicable)	Principal amount outstanding
Agent enterprise Crown corporations		309,909^{Link to footnote 1}
Other guarantees provided by the government
Loan guarantees
Agriculture and Agri-Food
Department of Agriculture and Agri-Food
Advance Payments Program—Agricultural Marketing Programs Act	7,500	1,946
Loans to farmers under the Canadian Agricultural Loans Act	3,000	95
Families, Children and Social Development
Department of Employment and Social Development
Canada Student Loans Act	10,782	1
Finance
Department of Finance
Coast Capital Savings Federal Credit Union	1,500	1,500
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development	166	166
Indigenous Services
Department of Indigenous Services
Indian Economic Development Guarantee Program	60	–2
On-Reserve Housing Guarantee Program	2,200
Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation		1,540
Other approved lenders		286
Innovation, Science and Economic Development
Department of Industry
Canada Small Business Financing Act	2,775	1,034
Regional Aircraft Credit Facility	1,500	3
Natural Resources
Department of Natural Resources
Lower Churchill Hydro Electric Projects	9,200	9,174
Total—Loan guarantees	38,683	15,745
Insurance programs managed by the government
Canadian Heritage
Department of Canadian Heritage
Canada Travelling Exhibitions Indemnification Act	3,000	–
Finance
Department of Finance
Mortgage or Hypothecary Insurance Protection	350,000	238,589
Global Affairs
Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development
Accounts administered for the government by Export Development Canada	20,000	55
Natural Resources
Department of Natural Resources
Nuclear Liability Account	–	–
Total—Insurance programs managed by the government	373,000	238,644
Other explicit guarantees
Agriculture and Agri-Food
Department of Agriculture and Agri-Food
National Biomass Ethanol Program	140	–
Price Pooling Program—Agricultural Marketing Programs Act	–	–
Total—Other explicit guarantees	140	–
Total—Gross guarantees	411,823	564,298
Less: allowance for guarantees		761
Net exposure under guarantees		563,537
Table notes 1 General notes: This table excludes insurance programs operated by agent enterprise Crown corporations. Information on these programs is disclosed in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements in Section 2 of this volume and additional information is provided in Table 11.8 of this section. The dash means that the amount is 0 or is rounded to 0. A blank cell means there is no available data. Table note 1 Details can be found in Table 9.5, Section 9 of this volume. Return to table note 1 referrer

Advance Payments Program—Agricultural Marketing Programs Act

The Advance Payments Program (APP) provides producers with a cash advance on the value of their agricultural products during a specified period. By improving their cash flow throughout the year, the APP helps crop and livestock producers meet their financial obligations and benefit from the best market conditions.

Under the APP, the federal government guarantees repayment of cash advances issued to farmers by the producer organization. These guarantees help the producer organization borrow money from financial institutions at lower interest rates and issue producers a cash advance on the anticipated value of their farm product that is being produced or that is in storage. The maximum cash advance of the program is $1.0 million and the loans generally have a repayment term of 18-24 months.

Loans to farmers under the Canadian Agricultural Loans Act

The Canadian Agricultural Loans Act (CALA) program is a financial loan guarantee program that gives farmers easier access to credit. Farmers can use these loans to establish, improve, and develop farms; while Agricultural co-operatives may also access loans to process, distribute, or market the products of farming.

The CALA program builds on and replaces the previous Farm Improvement and Marketing Co-operative Loans Act program, which has helped farming operations grow their businesses by guaranteeing loans issued through financial institutions since 1988.

Through the CALA, the Government of Canada is supporting the renewal of the agricultural sector and enabling co-operatives to better seize market opportunities. This program guarantees 95% of the value of loans provided to farms and cooperatives by financial institutions. For individual applicants, including corporations, the maximum amount for a CALA loan is $0.5 million. Most loans are repayable within ten years; for loans on land purchases, the repayment period is 15 years.

Canada Student Loans Act

Loans provided by financial institutions between 1964 and August 1995, under the Canada Student Loans Act, are fully guaranteed by the Department of Employment and Social Development (ESDC) to the lenders. ESDC reimburses the lenders for the outstanding principal, accrued interest and costs in the event of default, permanent disability or death of the borrower. ESDC bears all risks associated with guaranteed loans.

Coast Capital Savings Federal Credit Union

Pursuant to section 39.02 of the Bank Act, the Minister of Finance has authorized a loan guarantee in the amount of $1.5 billion for a line of credit extended by federal financial institutions to Coast Capital Savings Federal Credit Union (CCS). The eligibility of each drawdown under this line of credit for the guarantee must be approved by the Minister of Finance. The loan guarantee agreement expires on October 31, 2021.

Under this guarantee, the government would pay eligible outstanding principal, interest and other expenses, if CCS defaults. Following default, the government has the option to pursue recovery under the Indemnity Agreement between CCS and the government.

As at March 31, 2020, there were no approved drawdowns on the line of credit giving rise to a loan guarantee exposure. Therefore, no provision and associated losses have been recognized.

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

Pursuant to section 8.3(1) of the Bretton Woods and Related Agreements Act, the Minister of Finance, by order of the Governor in Council, authorized a partial loan guarantee in the amount of $118 million USD to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) in respect to a $1,443.82 million USD loan entered into between the IBRD and the Republic of Iraq.

Under this guarantee, the Minister would make payment to the IBRD in the event that the Republic of Iraq is more than six months late in meeting a scheduled interest or principal payment to the IBRD. The Minister would only be required to pay a pro-rata share of the loan repayment that is past due, up to a fixed aggregate amount of $118 million USD. In the event that any portion of the guarantee is called, Canada would receive a claim from the IBRD against the Republic of Iraq, and would have the option to pursue recovery. At this point, no losses are anticipated with respect to this guarantee and no provision has been made.

Indian Economic Development Guarantee Program

This program authorizes the Department of Indigenous Services to guarantee loans for non-incorporated Indian businesses on a risk-sharing basis with commercial lenders because security restrictions in the Indian Act prevent the mortgage and seizure of property located on reserves. Guarantees are provided for various types of borrowers whose activities contribute to the economic development of Indians and enable them to develop long-term credit relationships with mainstream financial institutions.

Loans issued under this program cannot exceed a term of 15 years and the line of credit must be renewed every year. Interest rates on guaranteed loans are consistent with rates provided by lending institutions to commercial businesses, which are usually based on a spread from the prime lending rate. Any security pledged for a guaranteed loan may not be released by the lending institution without the prior approval of the Minister of Indigenous Services Canada.

On-Reserve Housing Guarantee Program

This program authorizes the Department of Indigenous Services to guarantee loans to individuals and Indian bands to assist in the purchase of housing on reserves because security restrictions in the Indian Act prevent the mortgage and seizure of property located on reserves. These loan guarantees enable status Indians residing on reserves, Band councils, or their delegated authorities, to secure housing loans without giving the lending institution rights to the property.

Loans under this program are issued by registered lending institutions and Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. Payments of principal and interest for loans issued under this program are amortized over a period of 25 years. The interest rates on the guaranteed loans are consistent with conventional mortgage interest rates offered by the major banks.

Canada Small Business Financing Act

The Canada Small Business Financing Act includes loans registered since April 1, 1999. In collaboration with financial institutions, the programs offered under this Act is designed to help Canadian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) get access to loans that would not otherwise have been available, or would only have been available under less favourable terms. In the event a registered loan defaults, the government pays 85% of the net eligible losses. To be eligible, SMEs must be for-profit businesses with revenues not exceeding $10 million per year.

Regional Aircraft Credit Facility

The Regional Aircraft Credit Facility Program was established in 2004 to provide sales financing assistance in the form of loan guarantees to enable domestic air carriers to acquire Canadian-built fixed-wing commercial jets.

The guarantees are provided on commercial terms and are secured by the aircraft financed by private lenders. These guarantees have a life of 15 years. This program expired on March 31, 2008.

Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Projects

The Government of Canada provided loan guarantee support for the construction of the Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Projects, including two projects sponsored by Nalcor Energy ([1] Muskrat Falls and Labrador Transmission Assets and [2] Labrador-Island Link) and one project sponsored by Emera Inc. (Maritime Link). In 2013, the financing was completed for the Nalcor-led projects, raising $5 billion of guaranteed debt in the form of a bond financing. These bonds have a life varying from about 15 years to 40 years. In 2014, the bond financing was completed for the Maritime Link, raising $1.3 billion of guaranteed debt for a life of about 39 years. Further to an announcement made by the Minister of Natural Resources in November 2016, in May 2017, the Minister of Natural Resources signed two additional Guarantee Agreements to provide additional loan guarantee support to the Nalcor-sponsored projects. On May 25, 2017, the financing was completed, raising $2.9 billion of guaranteed debt in the form of a bond financing. These bonds have terms varying from 3½ years to 40 years. As per the terms of the bonds that were issued under both the original guarantees and the additional guarantees, initially, only interest payments are being made on the guaranteed debt. The commencement of principal payments on the guaranteed debt has been scheduled to begin shortly after the expected commissioning dates of the projects, with the schedule of these payments depending on the specific terms and conditions of each of the guaranteed bonds. Among the many safeguards put in place to protect Canada's interests, all of the project entities' shares, assets and agreements have been pledged as security to Canada. The Maritime Link project has successfully completed all construction activities and was commissioned on February 9, 2018. As per the terms of the loan guarantee agreements, principal repayments will begin on December 1, 2020. These principal and interest payments will be made on a semi-annual basis until maturity date of December 1, 2052. As of March 31, 2020, $9,173,519,210 of guaranteed debt has been released to the project entities.

Canada Travelling Exhibitions Indemnification Act

Pursuant to s. 3(1) of the Canada Travelling Exhibitions Indemnification Act (the Act) the Minister of Canadian Heritage is authorized to enter into indemnification agreements with owners of objects or appurtenances on loan to travelling exhibitions in Canada. Under the Act, maximum levels of liability are established including: no more than $600 million in respect of each travelling exhibition and; no more than $3 billion at any given time in respect of all travelling exhibitions. The Canada Travelling Exhibitions Indemnification Regulations set out specific requirements to be met when owners are seeking indemnification agreements with the Minister. The Regulations also set limitations on the scope of indemnity, establish deductibles, define maximums for and period of coverage, set requirements for condition reporting, outline a claims procedure and provide for dispute resolution, among other things. Applicants may include institutions organizing or participating in travelling exhibitions who apply on behalf of owners. Upon approval of an application by the Minister, the owner of an object or appurtenance included in the particular travelling exhibition may enter into an indemnification agreement with the Minister.

Mortgage or Hypothecary Insurance Protection

The Protection of Residential Mortgage or Hypothecary Insurance Act (PRMHIA) received Royal Assent on June 26, 2011, and came into force on January 1, 2013.

The PRMHIA authorizes the Minister of Finance to provide protection in respect of certain mortgage or hypothecary insurance contracts written by approved mortgage insurers. Under the PRMHIA, a payment in respect of this guarantee would only be made if a winding-up order were made in respect of an approved mortgage insurer that had written an insurance contract guaranteed under the PRMHIA. In that case, the Minister would honour lender claims for insured mortgages in default, subject to: (a) any proceeds the beneficiary has received from the underlying property or the insurer's liquidation, and (b) a deductible of 10% of the original principal amount of the insured mortgage.

As at March 31, 2020, the aggregate outstanding principal amount of loans that are guaranteed under the PRMHIA is estimated at $270.8 billion ($273.7 billion in 2019). Any payment by the Minister is subject to a deductible equal to 10% of the original principal amount of these loans, or $32.2 billion ($32.1 billion in 2019). The principal amount outstanding presented within Table 11.6 does not refer to anticipated losses or payments in respect of the guarantee. No provision has been made in these accounts for payments under the guarantee.

As at March 31, 2020, there are two approved mortgage insurers under the PRMHIA: Genworth Financial Mortgage Insurance Company Canada, and Canada Guaranty Mortgage Insurance Company.

Accounts administered for the government by Export Development Canada

The Government of Canada has authorized support for insurance and guarantee programs which, on the basis of Export Development Canada's (EDC) risk management practices, could not be supported under EDC's Corporate Account but are in the national interest. Canada Account transactions consist of activities undertaken by EDC pursuant to Section 23 of the Export Development Act.

Nuclear Liability Account

Under the Nuclear Liability and Compensation Act (NLCA), which entered into force on January 1, 2017, and replaced the Nuclear Liability Act (NLA), operators of designated nuclear installations are required to maintain financial security against the liability imposed on them by the NLCA.

The NLCA establishes that the operator's liability for damages resulting from a nuclear incident is limited to $1 billion. This amount applies to the "Power Reactor Class" of nuclear installations prescribed in the Nuclear Liability and Compensation Regulations (NLCR). Lower liability amounts for lower-risk installations, based on their commensurate risk, are prescribed in the NLCR. The Minister of Natural Resources is required to review the operator's liability limit at least once every five years, and the government may increase the limit by regulation.

Financial security covers all the categories of damage that are compensable under the NLCA, with the exception of damage arising from normal emissions, and bodily injury occurring 10 to 30 years after a nuclear incident. Through the indemnity agreement, entered into with 10 operators, the federal government covers the liability associated with the two exceptions. It also covers the difference between the lower liability amount prescribed in NLCR for lower-risk installations and the $1 billion liability amount assigned in the NLCA. The federal government charges each operator an annual fee for providing this indemnity coverage.

The Department of Natural Resources administers the Nuclear Liability Account (Account) on behalf of the federal government through a consolidated specified purpose account. This Account is a continuation of the Nuclear Liability Reinsurance Account under the previous NLA. All fees paid by the operators of nuclear installations are credited to this Account. The closing balance of this Account as at March 31, 2020, is $4,582,955. Any claims under an indemnity agreement could be up to the level of the liability amount assigned in the NLCA; however, there is no limit to the number of incidents to which the indemnity could apply. There have been no claims against — or payments out of — the Account since its creation under the NLA.

National Biomass Ethanol Program

By Agreement dated March 30, 2001 (and amended in September 1, 2003), Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada as represented by the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food and Farm Credit Canada (FCC) entered into the National Biomass Ethanol Program. The purpose of the program is to encourage new biomass fuel ethanol production in Canada. Guarantees are provided in relation to the Line of Credit Agreements entered into by FCC.

Price Pooling Program—Agricultural Marketing Programs Act

The Price Pooling Program provides a price guarantee that protects marketing agencies and producers against unanticipated declines in the market price of their products. Program participants use the price guarantee as security in obtaining credit from lending institutions. This credit allows the marketing agency to improve cash flow of producers through an initial payment for products delivered. It also provides equal returns to producers for products of like grades, varieties and types. This program is designed to assist and encourage cooperative marketing of eligible agricultural products, including processed products.

International organizations

Within contingent liabilities, callable share capital represents the portion of Canada's capital subscriptions that has not yet been paid-in. Callable capital is subject to call by offshore banks in the event that they were unable to meet their obligations.

Table 11.7 details the contingent liabilities for international organizations and is summarized in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements in Section 2 of this volume.

**Table 11.7**
International organizations—Contingent liabilities
(in millions of dollars)^{Link to footnote 2}
Non-budgetary share capital and loans
	2020	2019
Callable share capital
Finance
Department of Finance
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank	1,121	1,064
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development	1,254	1,211
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)	11,092	10,529
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency	64	61
Subtotal	13,531	12,865
Global Affairs
Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development
African Development Bank	4,585	4,402
Asian Development Bank	8,957	8,503
Caribbean Development Bank	172	163
Inter-American Development Bank	9,288	8,817
Subtotal	23,002	21,885
Total	36,533	34,750
Table notes 2 Table note 2 Foreign currencies were translated into Canadian dollars using the closing rates of exchange at March 31, 2020 ($1 USD = $1.4076 CAD; 1 SDR = $1.9211 CAD; 1 EUR = $1.5522 CAD). Return to table note 2 referrer

Pending and threatened litigation and other claims

Refer to Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements in Section 2 of this volume for information on pending and threatened litigation and other claims.

Assessed taxes under appeal

Refer to Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements in Section 2 of this volume for information on assessed taxes under appeal.

Insurance programs of agent enterprise Crown corporations

An insurance program is a program where the insured, an outside party, pays an insurance fee which is credited to an insurance fund or provision. The amount of the fee is based on the estimated amount of insurance fund or provision needed to meet future claims. The Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Export Development Canada and Farm Credit Canada currently operate insurance programs as agents of Her Majesty. Insurance programs operated by private corporations such as employee group insurance, dental plans, etc., are not included in this definition.

The insurance programs are intended to operate on a self-sustaining basis. However, in the event the corporations have insufficient funds, the government will have to provide financing. The government expects that all four corporations will cover the cost of both current claims and possible future claims.

**Table 11.8**
Summary of insurance programs of agent enterprise Crown corporations for the year ended March 31, 2020
(in millions of dollars)
	Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation^{Link to footnote 3}		Mortgage Insurance Fund		Mortgage-Backed Securities Guarantee Fund		Export Development Canada^{Link to footnote 5}		Farm Credit Canada^{Link to footnote 6}
	Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation^{Link to footnote 3}		Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation^{Link to footnote 4}				Export Development Canada^{Link to footnote 5}		Farm Credit Canada^{Link to footnote 6}
	2020	2019	2020	2019	2020	2019	2020	2019	2020	2019
Insurance in force as at reporting date	851,903	807,398	425,000	442,000	494,000	494,000	26,044	24,069	5,196	5,318
Opening balance of Fund	2,985	2,322	12,042	14,295	2,437	2,394	^{Link to footnote 5}	^{Link to footnote 5}	20	30
Revenues for the period
Premiums and fees	668	645	1,409	1,427	602	508	202	204	27	27
Investment income	86	66	401	559	86	59	–	–	–	–
Other revenues	–	–	(negative 6)	(negative 3)	15	5	–	–	–	–
Total revenues	754	711	1,804	1,983	703	572	202	204	27	27
Expenses for the period
Loss on/provision for claims	–	–	241	218	–	–	–	–	9	5
Administrative expenses	51	42	296	325	65	48	–	–	7	7
Other expenses (includes taxes)	208	6	321	358	160	131	88	289	15	24
Total expenses	259	48	858	901	225	179	88	289	31	36
Net income or (loss) for the period	495	663	946	1,082	478	393	114	(negative 85)	(negative 4)	(negative 9)
Adjustments	–	–	(negative 932)	(negative 3,335)	(negative 519)	(negative 350)	–	–	–	–
Closing balance of Fund	3,480	2,985	12,056	12,042	2,396	2,437	^{Link to footnote 5}	^{Link to footnote 5}	16	21
Net claims during the period^{Link to footnote 7}			224	248			135	336	9	5
Five year average of net claims paid			301	334			166	153	7	7
Table notes 3 General notes: The dash means that the amount is 0 or is rounded to 0. A blank cell means there is no available data. Table note 3 The Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation (CDIC) provides insurance on deposits placed with member banks and trust and loan companies for up to $100,000 per depositor, per institution. The Corporation is funded by premiums assessed against its member institutions. Return to table note 3 referrer Table note 4 Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) administers two funds: the Mortgage Insurance Fund (MIF) and the Mortgage-Backed Securities Guarantee Fund (MBSGF). The MIF provides insurance for a fee, to lending institutions to cover mortgage lending on Canadian housing. Besides establishing a framework of confidence for mortgage lending by lending institutions, the Fund facilitates an adequate supply of mortgage funds by reducing the risk to lenders and by encouraging the secondary market trading of mortgages, to make housing more accessible for Canadians. An actuarial study of the MIF is produced as of September 30 of each year. The Corporation determines provisions for claims and unearned premiums at December 31 using valuation factors taking into account new business, claims and interest for the last quarter. The MBSGF supports two CMHC guarantee products: National Housing Act (NHA) Mortgage-Backed Securities and Canada Mortgage Bonds. The Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS) program was implemented in 1987. For a guarantee fee paid by approved financial institutions, CMHC and ultimately the government guarantee timely payment of monthly principal and interest to MBS investors who participate in a pool of insured residential mortgages which have been repackaged by the financial institution into investments which can be sold to investors in denominations as low as $1,000. The Canada Mortgage Bond (CMB) program was implemented in 2001. Under this program, bonds are issued by a special purpose trust known as Canada Housing Trust and sold to investors in denominations as low as $1,000. The proceeds of the bonds are used to purchase mortgages packaged into newly issued NHA MBS. Canada Mortgage Bonds of $244,643 million ($237,516 million in 2019) including accrued interest, issued by the Trust carry the full faith and credit of the Government of Canada. The timely payment of semi-annual interest and principal at maturity is guaranteed by the Government of Canada through CMHC. Return to table note 4 referrer Table note 5 Export Development Canada (EDC) provides export and foreign investment insurance to Canadian businesses to facilitate and develop export trade. The insurance program has been adequate to provide for the full cost of claims experienced to date and for the cost of future claims established based on previous claims experience. The Corporation does not maintain a separate fund for its insurance program and therefore the balance of the fund is not available. EDC maintains an allowance for claims on insurance which is based on an actuarial review of net loss experience and potential net losses. The balance of the allowance is $410 million ($450 million in 2019). Return to table note 5 referrer Table note 6 Farm Credit Canada sells group creditor life and accident insurance to its customers through a program administered by a major insurance provider. Return to table note 6 referrer Table note 7 Refers to the difference between claims and amounts received from sales of related assets and other recoveries. Return to table note 7 referrer

Additional financial information relating to these corporations may be found in the annual Inventory of Federal Organizations and Interests. This information is also summarized in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements in Section 2 of this volume.

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Date modified:: 2020-12-16

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