Influenza detections in Canada continues to increase
During week 51, influenza activity levels in Canada remained fairly low; however several provinces (PEI, NS, MB, and AB) and 1 territory (NT) did not report activity levels this week. Only 2 influenza surveillance regions (in BC and SK) reported localized influenza activity, while the rest reported either no activity (n=21) or sporadic activity (n=15)(see map). In week 51, the proportion of positive influenza tests increased to 7.1% (132/1,849). The majority of influenza detections this week were for influenza A viruses (73%). Of the influenza detections to date, 83% were influenza A and 17% were influenza B (see table). (Note: no laboratory data were not obtained from NF, NS and QC this week). The ILI consultation rate remained similar to previous weeks at 23 ILI consultations per 1,000 patient visits (see ILI graph), which is within the expected rate for this week. The sentinel response rate was low, at 44%. Three new LTCF outbreaks were reported in week 51 (1 in BC and 2 in SK). Since the start of the season, no new laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated paediatric hospitalizations were reported through the Immunization Monitoring Program Active (IMPACT) network.

Antigenic Characterization:
The National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) has characterized 42 influenza viruses for the 2007-2008 influenza season: 27 A(H1N1), 6 A(H3N2) and 9 B viruses. All influenza A(H1N1) viruses were antigenically similar to A/Solomon Islands/3/2006. Of the 6 influenza A(H3N2) viruses characterized, 5 were antigenically similar to A/Wisconsin/67/2005 and 1 was antigenically similar to A/Brisbane/10/2007. One of the five A/Wisconsin-like viruses had reduced titer to A/Wisconsin/67/2005 reference antiserum. Of the 9 influenza B isolates characterized, 2 were antigenically similar to B/Malaysia/2506/2004 and 7 were antigenically similar to B/Florida/4/2006 (belonging to the B/Yamagata lineage) (see pie chart).

* The WHO recommends that the vaccines to be used in the 2007-2008 season (northern hemisphere) contain the following: an A/Solomon Islands/3/2006 (H1N1)-like virus; an A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2)-like virus; and a B/Malaysia/2506/2004-like (B/Victoria/2/1987 lineage) virus.

Antiviral Resistance:
Since the start of the season, the NML has tested 29 influenza A isolates (20 H1N1 and 9 H3N2) for amantadine resistance and found that 7 (78%) of the 9 H3N2 isolates were resistant to amantadine (originating from ON and AB) and all 20 H1N1 isolates were sensitive (see recommendation from the 2006-2007 influenza season: (see recommendation from the 2006-2007 influenza season below). Of the 33 isolates tested for oseltamivir resistance (24 influenza A, 9 influenza B), none were found to be resistant.

International:

CDC: A low level of influenza activity was reported in the United States during week 50 with 1 state reporting regional, 5 states reporting local influenza activity and the majority reporting sporadic (n=36) and no influenza activity (n=8). The proportion of specimens that tested positive for influenza virus was 3.9% this week. The majority of influenza detections to date were for influenza A viruses (91%). Since September 30, 2007, CDC antigenically characterized 58 influenza viruses: 32 influenza A(H1) (all A/Solomon Islands/3/2006), 11 influenza A(H3) (4 A/Wisconsin/67/2005-like and 7 A/Brisbane/10/2007-like), and 15 influenza B viruses (all belonging to the B/Yamagata/16/1988 lineage). To date this season, 1 influenza-associated pediatric death has been reported to the CDC (in week 48).

• CDC

Human Avian Influenza: Since 22 December, the WHO reported 6 additional cases (4 fatal) of H5N1 avian influenza infection: 3 from Egypt (1 fatal) and 1 each (all fatal) from Indonesia, Viet Nam and Pakistan. The case reported from Pakistan is the first WHO-confirmed case in the country, and belonged to the family cluster of suspect cases reported previously. The preliminary risk assessment found no evidence of sustained or community human to human transmission. For a more detailed update on the Pakistan situation and on the other recently reported cases, please visit the WHO website:

• WHO

Recommendation for the Use of Amantadine for Treatment and Prevention of Influenza
The Public Health Agency of Canada does not recommend the use of amantadine for treatment or prevention of influenza for the 2006-2007 season. This recommendation will be revisited if new information becomes available.

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Total number of influenza tests performed and number of positive tests by province/territory of testing laboratory, Canada, 2007-2008

Province of reporting laboratories	Report Period: December 16, 2007 to December 22, 2007				Season to Date: August 26, 2007 to December 22, 2007
	Total # Influenza Tests	# of Positive Tests			Total # Influenza Tests	# of Positive Tests
		Influenza A	Influenza B	Total		Influenza A	Influenza B	Total
NL	NA	NA	NA	0	95	0	0	0
PE	3	0	0	0	28	0	0	0
NS	NA	NA	NA	0	157	0	1	1
NB	19	0	0	0	187	0	0	0
QC	NA	NA	NA	0	3758	9	4	13
ON	700	71	0	71	6564	161	2	163
MB	40	0	0	0	635	0	0	0
SK	187	7	5	12	1523	10	5	15
AB	843	5	28	33	9806	23	54	77
BC	57	14	2	16	651	25	4	29
Canada	1849	97	35	132	23002	222	44	266

 

Specimens from NT, YT, and NU are sent to reference laboratories in other provinces.

Note: Cumulative data includes updates to previous weeks; due to reporting delays, the sum of weekly report totals do not add up to cumulative totals.

Abbreviations: Newfoundland/Labrador (NL), Prince Edward Island (PE), New Brunswick (NB), Nova Scotia (NS), Quebec (QC), Ontario (ON), Manitoba (MB), Saskatchewan (SK), Alberta (AB), British Columbia (BC), Yukon (YT), Northwest Territories (NT), Nunavut (NU)

Respiratory virus laboratory detections in Canada, by geographic regions, are available weekly on the following website:
<http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/bid-bmi/dsd-dsm/rvdi-divr/index.html>

Number of influenza surveillance regions† reporting widespread or localized influenza activity, Canada, by report week, 2007-2008 (N=54)

† sub-regions within the province or territory as defined by the provincial/territorial epidemiologist. Graph may change as late returns come in.

Influenza Activity Level by Provincial and Territorial Influenza Surveillance Regions, Canada, 16 December to 22 December, 2007 (Week 51)
	No Data No Activity Sporadic Activity Localized Activity Widespread Activity

Note: Influenza activity levels, as represented on this map, are assigned and reported by Provincial and Territorial Ministries of Health, based on laboratory confirmations, sentinel ILI rates (see graphs and tables) and outbreaks. Please refer to detailed definitions. For areas where no data is reported, late reports from these provinces and territories will appear on the FluWatch website. Select single maps by report week to get this updated information.
<http://dsol-smed.phac-aspc.gc.ca/dsol-smed/fluwatch/fluwatch.phtml?lang=e>

Click on the map to view provinces/territories and maps for other weeks.

Influenza tests reported and percentage of tests positive, Canada, by report week, 2007-2008

Percent positive influenza tests, compared to other respiratory viruses, Canada, by reporting week, 2007-2008

Influenza strain characterization, Canada, cumulative, 2007-2008 influenza season by the Respiratory Viruses Section at the National Microbiology Laboratory
[N=42]

{Strain characterization, number identified, per cent of total number}

NACI recommends that the trivalent vaccine for the 2007-2008 season in Canada contain A/Solomon Islands/3/2006 (H1N1)-like virus; an A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2)-like virus; and a B/Malaysia/2506/2004-like virus.

Influenza-like illness (ILI) consultation rates, Canada, by report week, 2007-2008 compared to 1996/97 through to 2006/07 seasons

Note: No data available for mean rate in previous years for weeks 19 to 39 (1996-1997 through 2002-2003 seasons).

Number of New Outbreaks in Long Term Care Facilities, Canada, by Report Week, 2007-2008

Please note that the above graphs may change as late returns come in.

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Definitions for the 2007-2008 season