-
LCDC. Recommendations for prevention of HIV transmission in health-care
settings. CDWR 1987;13S3:1-10.
-
LCDC. Update: Universal precautions for prevention of transmission
of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and other bloodborne
pathogens in health-care settings. CDWR 1988;14:117-24.
-
LCDC. Universal precautions: Report of a consensus committee meeting.
CDWR 1989;15:23-8.
-
LCDC. Bloodborne pathogens in the health care setting: risk for
transmission. CCDR 1992;18:177-84.
-
LCDC. An integrated protocol to manage health care workers exposed
to bloodborne pathogens. CCDR 1997;23S2:1-14.
-
Health and Welfare Canada. Infection control guidelines for isolation
and precaution techniques. Ottawa: Health and Welfare Canada, 1992.
(Supply and Services Canada, Cat. No. H30-11-6-1E.)
-
Ricketts M, Deschamps L. Reported seroconversions to human immunodeficiency
virus among workers worldwide - a review. Can J Infect Control 1992;7:85-90.
-
Ricketts M, Deschamps L, Elmslie K et al. National surveillance of
occupational exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus. Can J Infect
Dis 1992;3:290-94.
-
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and CDC. Guidelines
for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis
B virus to health-care and public-safety workers. Atlanta: CDC,
1989. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 89-107.)
-
Health and Welfare Canada. Infection control guidelines for isolation
and precaution techniques. Ottawa: Health and Welfare Canada,
1985.
-
CDC. Recommendations for prevention of HIV transmission in health-care
settings. MMWR 1987;36(suppl 2S):S1-18.
-
Lynch P, Jackson MM, Cummings MJ et al. Rethinking the role of isolation
practices in the prevention of nosocomial infections. Ann Intern Med
1987;107:243-46.
-
Jackson MM, Lynch P. An attempt to make an issue less murky: a comparison
of four systems for infection precautions. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol
1991;12:448-50.
-
Birnbaum D, Schulzer M, Mathias RG et al. Adoption of guidelines for
universal precautions and body substance isolation in Canadian acute-care
hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1990;11:465-72.
-
Gruendemann BJ. Are universal precautions (UPs) up for question?
Asepsis 1994;16:1.
-
CDC. Isolation techniques for use in hospitals. 1st ed. Atlanta:
CDC, 1970. (HEW Publication No. (CDC) 78-8314.)
-
CDC. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): precautions for clinical
and laboratory staffs. MMWR 1982;31:577-80.
-
CDC. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): precautions for health-care
workers and allied professionals. MMWR 1983;32:450-51.
-
CDC. Recommendations for preventing transmission of infection with
human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus in
the workplace. MMWR 1985;34:681-86, 691-95.
-
CDC. Recommendations for preventing possible transmission of human
T-lymphotropic virus type III/ lymphadenopathy-associated virus during invasive
procedures. MMWR 1986;35:221-23.
-
LCDC. Human immunodeficiency virus antibody testing in Canada.
CDWR 1989;15:37-43.
-
LCDC. Guidelines for prevention of HIV infection in organ and tissue
transplantation. CDWR 1989;15S4:S1-17.
-
LCDC. Guidelines for counselling persons who have had an occupational
exposure to human immunodeficiency virus. CDWR 1990;16S2:S1-12.
-
CDC. Guidelines for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency
virus and hepatitis B virus to health-care and public-safety workers.
MMWR 1989;38(suppl S6):S1-37.
-
LCDC. A national consensus on guidelines for establishment of
a post-exposure notification protocol for emergency responders. CCDR
1995;21:169-80.
-
CDC. Agent summary statement for human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs)
including HTLV-III, LAV, HIV-1, and HIV-2. MMWR 1988;37(suppl S4):S1-22.
-
LCDC. Laboratory biosafety guidelines. 2nd ed. Ottawa: Health Canada,
1996. (Supply and Services Canada, Cat. No. MR21-1/1996-E.)
-
American Academy of Pediatrics. Health guidelines for the attendance
in day-care and foster care settings of children infected with HIV.
Pediatrics 1987;79:466-71.
-
CDC. Education and foster care of children infected with HTLV-III/LAV.
MMWR 1985;34:517-21.
-
LCDC. Guidelines for those responsible for day care and education
of children with HTLV-III/LAV infection. CDWR 1986;12:67-70.
-
American Academy of Pediatrics. Guidelines for human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV)-infected children and their foster families. Pediatrics
1992;89:681-83.
-
Simmons B, Trusler M, Roccaforte J et al. Infection control for home
health. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1990;11:362-70.
-
Marcus R, Srivastava PU, Bell DM et al. Occupational blood contact
among prehospital providers. Ann Emerg Med 1995;25:776-79.
-
Roy E, Robillard P. Effectiveness of and compliance to preventative
measures against occupational transmission of human immunodeficiency virus.
Scand J Work Environ Health 1994;20:393-400.
-
Gerberding JL. Does knowledge of human immunodeficiency virus infection
decrease the frequency of occupational exposure to blood? Am J Med 1991;91(suppl
3B):S308-11.
-
Cockcroft A, Elford J. Clinical practice and the perceived importance
of identifying high risk patients. J Hosp Inf 1994;28:127-36.
-
Birnbaum D. New national strategies for hospital infection control:
a critical evaluation. Doctoral thesis. Vancouver: University of British
Columbia, 1992.
-
Stock SR, Gafni A, Bloch R. Universal precautions to prevent HIV transmission
to health care workers: an economic analysis. Can Med Assoc J 1990;142:937-46.
-
Doebbeling BN, Wenzel RP. The direct costs of universal precautions
in a teaching hospital. JAMA 1990;264:2083-87.
-
Gerberding JL. Management of occupational exposure to bloodborne viruses.
N Engl J Med 1995;332:444-51.
-
Jagger J, Powers RD, Day JS et al. Epidemiology and prevention of blood
and body fluid exposures among emergency department staff. J Emerg
Med 1994;12;6:753-65.
-
Hersey JC, Martin LS. Use of infection control guidelines by workers
in healthcare facilities to prevent occupational transmission of HBV and
HIV: results from a national survey. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994;15:243-52.
-
McCormick RD, Meisch MG, Ircink FG et al. Epidemiology of hospital
sharps injuries: a 14-year prospective study in the pre-AIDS and AIDS eras.
Am J Med 1991;91(suppl 3B): S301-07.
-
Birnbaum D, Schulzer M, Mathias RG et al. Needle stick injury: do preventive
measures work? Dimens Health Serv 1990;67:29-32.
-
Birnbaum D. Needle stick injuries among critical care nurses before
and after adoption of Universal Precautions or Body Substance Isolation.
J Healthc Mater Manage 1993;11:38-42.
-
Hammond JS, Eckes JM, Gomez GA et al. HIV, trauma, and infection control:
universal precautions are universally ignored. J Trauma 1990;30:555-58.
-
Porteous MJL. Operating practices of and prevention taken by orthopaedic
surgeons to avoid infection with HIV and hepatitis B virus during surgery.
Br Med J 1990;301:167-69.
-
Osterman JW. Beyond Universal Precautions. Can Med Assoc J 1995;152:1051-55.
-
Wright JG, Young NL, Stephens D. Reported use of strategies by surgeons
to prevent transmission of bloodborne diseases. Ibid:1089-95.
-
Eustis TC, Wright SW, Wrenn KD et al. Compliance with recommendations
for universal precautions among prehospital providers. Ann Emerg Med
1995;25:512-15.
-
Henderson DK. Risks for exposures to and infection with HIV among health
care providers in the emergency department. Emerg Med Clin North Am
1995;13:199-211.
-
Kelen GD, Green GB, Hexter DA et al. Substantial improvement in compliance
with universal precautions in an emergency department following institution
of policy. Arch Intern Med 1991;151:2051-56.
-
Jagger J, Hunt EH, Brand-Elnagger J et al. Rates of needle-stick injury
caused by various devices in a university hospital. N Engl J Med 1988;319:284-88.
-
Jagger J, Pearson RD. Universal precautions: still missing the point
on needle sticks. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1991;12:211-13.
-
Ribner BS. An effective educational program to reduce the frequency
of needle recapping. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1990;11:635-38.
-
Gerberding JL, Lewis FR, Schecter WP. Are Universal Precautions realistic?
Surg Clin North Am 1995;75:1091-1104.
-
Beekmann SE, Vlahov D, Koziol D et al. Temporal association between
implementation of Universal Precautions and a sustained, progressive decrease
in percutaneous exposures to blood. Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:562-69.
-
Haiduven DJ, Phillips ES, Clemons KV et al. Percutaneous injury
analysis: consistent categorization, effective reduction methods, and future
strategies. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16:582-89.
-
Wong ES, Stotka JL, Chinchilli VM et al. Are Universal Precautions
effective in reducing the number of occupational exposures among health
care workers? JAMA 1991;265:1123-128.
-
Fahey BJ, Koziol DE, Banks SM et al. Frequency of nonparenteral
occupational exposures to blood and body fluids before and after universal
precautions training. Am J Med 1991;90:145-53.
-
DiCarli G, Puro V, Binkin NJ, et al. Risk of human immunodeficiency
virus infection for emergency department workers. J Emerg Med 1994;12:737-44.
-
Wormser GP, Rabkin CS, Joline C. Frequency of nosocomial transmission
of HIV infection among health care workers. N Engl J Med 1988;319:307-08.
-
McKinney WP, Young MJ. The cumulative probability of occupationally-acquired
HIV infection: the risks of repeated exposures during a surgical career.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1990;11:243-47.
-
Metler R. CDC Tracks occupational exposure to HIV. ASM News 1993;59:160.
-
CDC. Surveillance for occupationally acquired HIV infection, United
States, 1981-1992. MMWR 1992;41:823-25.
-
Capilouto EI, Weinstein MC, Hemenway D et al. What is the dentist's
occupational risk of becoming infected with hepatitis B or the human immunodeficiency
virus? Am J Public Health 1992;82:587-89.
-
Ricketts MN, Robillard P, Roy E. Management of occupational exposure
to human immunodeficiency virus. Pract Allerg Immunol 1995;10;3:92-8.
-
Eves L, Gemmill I. A case of HIV infection possibly transmitted in
an occupational setting - Ontario. CCDR 1992;18:102-03.
-
Robert LM, Chamberland ME, Cleveland JL. Investigations of patients
of health care workers infected with HIV. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:653-57.
-
CDC. Update: Investigations of patients who have been treated by HIV-infected
health-care workers. MMWR 1992;41:344-46.
-
Weber DJ, Hoffmann KK, Rutala WA. Management of the healthcare worker
infected with human immunodeficiency virus: lessons from nosocomial transmission
of hepatitis B virus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1991;12:625-30.
-
Bell DM. Human immunodeficiency virus transmission in health care settings:
risk and risk reduction. Am J Med 1991;91(suppl 3B): S294-300.
-
Lewis DL, Arens M, Appleton SS et al. Cross-contamination potential
with dental equipment. Lancet 1992;340:1252-54.
-
Ciesielski C, Marianos D, Chin-Yih Ou et al. Transmission of human
immunodeficiency virus in a dental practice. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:798-805.
-
Owens DK, Nease RF Jr. Occupational exposure to human immunodeficiency
virus and hepatitis B virus: a comparative analysis of risk. Am J Med
1992;92:503-12.
-
Goodman RA, Solomon SL. Transmission of infectious diseases in outpatient
health care settings. JAMA 1991;265:2377-81.
-
Hlady WG, Hopkins RS et al. Patient-to-patient transmission of hepatitis
B in a dermatology practice. Am J Public Health 1993;83:1689-93.
-
Shapiro CN, McCaig LF et al. Hepatitis B virus transmission between
children in day care. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989;8:870-75.
-
Alter MJ, Ahtone J, Maynard JE. Hepatitis B virus transmission associated
with a multiple-dose vial in a hemodialysis unit. Ann Intern Med 1983;99:330-33.
-
Polish LB, Shapiro CN, Bauer F et al. Nosocomial transmission of hepatitis
B virus associated with the use of a spring-loaded finger-stick device.
N Engl J Med 1992;326:721-25.
-
Johnston BL, MacDonald S, Lee S et al. Nosocomial hepatitis B
associated with orthopaedic surgery - Nova Scotia. CCDR 1992;18:89-90.
-
Garner JS. Guideline for isolation precautions in hospitals. Infect
Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996;17:54-80.
-
Robillard P. Epidemiology of bloodborne pathogens (HIV, HBV and HCV).
Proceedings of a National Symposium on Risk and Prevention of Infectious
Diseases for Emergency Response Personnel; 1994, Sept 27-28; Ottawa.
Ottawa: LCDC, 1995.
-
Alter MJ, Favero MS, Maynard JE. Impact of infection control strategies
on the incidence of hemodialysis-associated hepatitis in the United States.
J Infect Dis 1986;153:1149-51.
-
CDC. HIV transmission in a hemodialysis center - Columbia, 1991-1993.
MMWR 1995;44:404-12.
-
Hayashi J, Kishihara Y, Yamaji K et al. Transmission of hepatitis C
virus by health care workers in a rural area of Japan. Am J Gastroenterol
1995;90:794-99.
-
Shakhgil'dian IV, Khukhlovich PA, Savin EA et al. Risk of infection
with hepatitis B and C viruses of medical workers, patients in the haemodialysis
ward, and vaccine prophylaxis of hepatitis B infection in these populations.
Vopr Virusol 1994;39:226-29.
-
Sampietro M, Badalamenti S, Salvadori S et al. High prevalence of a
rare hepatitis C virus in patients treated in the same haemodialysis unit:
Evidence for nosocomial transmission of HCV. Kidney Int 1995;47:911-17.
-
Cendoroglo Neto M, Manzano SIR, Canziani ME et al. Environmental transmission
of hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses within the hemodialysis unit.
Artif Organs 1995;19:251-55.
-
Cendoroglo Neto M, Draibe SA, Silva AEB et al. Incidence of and risk
factors for hepatitis B virus infection among haemodialysis and CAPD patients:
evidence for environmental transmission. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1995;10:240-46.
-
Blumberg A, Zehnder C, Burckhardt JJ. Prevention of hepatitis C infection
in hemodialysis units. A prospective study. Ibid:230-33.
-
LCDC. Recommendations for providing hemodialysis treatment to
patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. CDWR 1987;13:111-12.
-
Favero MS. Recommended precautions for patients undergoing hemodialysis
who have AIDS or non-A, non-B hepatitis. Infect Control 1985;6:301-05.
-
Petrosillo N, Puro V, Jagger J et al. The risks of occupational exposure
and infection by human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis
C virus in the hemodialysis setting. Am J Infect Control 1995;23:278-85.
-
Shields JW. Patient-to-patient transmission of HIV. Lancet 1994;343:415.
-
Tokars JI, Marcus R, Culver DG et al. Surveillance of HIV infection
and zidovudine use among health care workers after occupational exposure
to HIV-infected blood. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:913-19.
-
Ingerslev J, Mortensen E, Rasmussen K et al. Silent hepatitis- B immunization
in laboratory technicians. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1988;48:333-36.
-
Lanphear BP. Trends and patterns in the transmission of bloodborne
pathogens to health care workers. Epidemiol Rev 1994;16:437-50.
-
Lanphear BP, Linnemann CC, Cannon CG et al. Hepatitis C virus infection
in healthcare workers: risk of exposure and infection. Infect Control
Hosp Epidemiol 1994;15:745-50.
-
Alter MJ. Occupational exposure to hepatitis C virus: a dilemma.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994;15:742-44.
-
CDC. Update: Human immunodeficiency virus infections in health care
workers exposed to blood of infected patients. MMWR 1987;36:285-89.
-
Petersen NJ, Bond WW, Favero MS. Air sampling for hepatitis B surface
antigen in a dental operatory. J Am Dent Assoc 1979;99:465-67.
-
CDC. HIV/AIDS surveillance report. 1996;8 (1):15.
-
Robillard P, Roy E. Blood and body fluid exposures among health
care workers in acute care hospitals. In: Hagberg M, Hofmann F,
Stöbel U, Westlander G. Occupational health for health care workers.
International Commission on Occupational Health, 2nd International
Congress, March 1994, Stockholm. 1st update. Landsberg:ecomed,
1995;3.6:158-65.
-
Alberta Health, Office of the Provincial Nursing Consultant. Needle
stick injuries in Alberta. A survey of nurses and facilities/agencies.
1992.
-
Roy E, Robillard P, Charlebois AM. Blood and body fluid exposures
among health care workers in non hospital settings. In: Hagberg
M, Hofmann F, Stöbel U, Westlander G. Occupational health for health
care workers. International Commission on Occupational Health, 2nd
International Congress, March 1994, Stockholm. 1st update. Landsberg:ecomed,
1995;3.7:166-70.
-
McGeer A, Simor AE, Low DE. Epidemiology of needle stick injuries in
house officers. J Infect Dis 1990;162:961-64.
-
Wright JG, McGeer A. Human immunodeficiency virus transmission between
surgeons and patients in orthopaedic surgery. Clin Orthop 1993;297:272-81.
-
White MC, Lynch P. Blood contact and exposures among operating room
personnel: A multicenter study. Am J Infect Control 1993;21:243-48.
-
Tokars JI, Bell DM, Culver D et al. Percutaneous injuries during surgical
procedures. JAMA 1992;267:2899-2904.
-
Lowenfels AB, Wormser GP, Jain R. Frequency of puncture injuries in
surgeons and estimated risk of HIV infection. Arch Surg 1989;124:1284-86.
-
Puro V, Petrosillo N, Ippolito G. Risk of hepatitis C seroconversion
after occupational exposures in health care workers. Am J Infect Control
1995;23:273-77.
-
Schechter MT, Marion SA, Elmslie KD et al. How many persons in Canada
have been infected with human immunodeficiency virus? An exploration using
backcalculation methods. Clin Invest Med 1992;15:331-45.
-
Remis RS, Sutherland WD. The epidemiology of HIV and AIDS in Canada:
current perspectives and future needs. Can J Public Health 1993;84(suppl 1):S34-8.
-
LCDC. AIDS in Canada: quarterly surveillance update, June 30, 1996.
-
Strike C, Sutherland D. HIV studies among inmates in Canadian prisons:
a review. CCDR 1994;20:47-9.
-
Calzavara LM, Major C, Myers T et al. The prevalence of HIV-1 infection
among inmates in Ontario, Canada. Can J Public Health 1995;86:335-39.
-
Hankins C, Gendron S, Lai-Tung MT et al. HIV-1 among incarcerated men
in Quebec. CDWR 1991;17:233-35.
-
CDC. Case-control study of HIV seroconversion in health care
workers after percutaneous exposure to HIV-infected blood - France, United
Kingdom, and United States, January 1988-August 1994. MMWR 1995;44:929-33.
-
Gomez y Perez C, Magis RC, Ortiz MR et al. Mexican research about
healthcare workers and AIDS. Presented at the XI International Conference
on AIDS, Vancouver, July 7-12,1996.
-
Gerberding JL. Limiting the risks of health care workers. In:
Sande MA, Volberding PA, eds. The medical management of AIDS. 4th
ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1995:89-101.
-
LCDC. Quarterly surveillance update: AIDS in Canada. January, 1995.
-
British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS. Protocols
help protect against getting HIV - but you have to use them. CCDR 1996;22:54.
-
Berthier A, Chamaret S, Fauchet R et al. Transmissibility of human
immunodeficiency virus in haemophilic and non-haemophilic children living
in a private school in France. Lancet 1986;II:598-601.
-
Friedland GH, Saltzman BR, Rogers MF et al. Lack of transmission of
HTLV-III/LAV infection to household contacts of patients with AIDS or AIDS-related
complex with oral candidiasis. N Engl J Med 1986;315:257-59.
-
Fischl MA, Dickson GM, Scott GB et al. Evaluation of heterosexual partners,
children and household contacts of adults with AIDS. JAMA 1987;257:640-44.
-
Chamberland ME, Peterson LR, Munn VP et al. Human immunodeficiency
virus among health care workers who donate blood. Ann Intern Med 1994:121:269-73.
-
Kelley PW, Miller RN, Pomerantz R et al. Human immunodeficiency virus
seropositivity among members of the active duty US Army 1985-89. Am
J Public Health 1990;80:405-10.
-
Cowan DN, Brundage JF, Pomerantz RS et al. HIV infection among members
of the US Army Reserve Components with medical and health occupations.
JAMA 1991;265:2826-30.
-
Wahn V, Kramer H, Voit T et al. Horizontal transmission of HIV infection
between two siblings. Lancet 1986;11:694.
-
CDC. Human immunodeficiency virus transmission in household settings
- United States. MMWR 1994;43:347-56.
-
Fitzgibbon JE, Gaur S, Frenkel LD et al. Transmission from one child
to another of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with a zidovudine-resistance
mutation. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1835-41.
-
CDC. Apparent transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-
associated virus from a child to a mother providing health care. MMWR
1986;35:76-9.
-
Brownstein A, Lugustyniak L, Fricke W. HIV Infection in two brothers
receiving intravenous therapy for hemophilia. MMWR 1992;41:228-31.
-
Brownstein A, Fricke W. HIV Transmission between two adolescent brothers
with hemophilia. MMWR 1993;42:948-51.
-
Lewis DL, Boe RK. Cross-infection risks associated with current
procedures for using high-speed dental handpieces. J Clin Microbiol
1992;30:401-06.
-
Gooch B, Marianos D, Ciesielski C et al. Lack of evidence for patient-to-patient
transmission of HIV in a dental practice. J Am Dent Assoc 1993;124:38-44.
-
CDC. Patient exposures to HIV during nuclear medicine procedures.
MMWR 1992;41:575-78.
-
Palmer DL, Hjeile BL, Wiley CA et al. HIV-1 infection despite immediate
combination antiviral therapy after infusion of contaminated white cells.
Am J Med 1994;97:289-95.
-
Druce JD, Locarnini SA, Birch CJ. Isolation of HIV-1 from experimentally
contaminated multidose local anaesthetic vials. Med J Aust 1995;162:513-15.
-
Tait AR, Tuttle DB. Preventing perioperative transmission of infection:
a survey of anesthesiology practice. Anesth Analg 1995;80:764-69.
-
Melnyk PS, Shevchuk YM, Conly JM et al. Contamination study of multiple-dose
vials. Ann Pharmacother 1993;27:274-78.
-
Trépanier CA, Lessard MR, Brochu JG et al. Risk of cross-infection
related to the multiple use of disposable syringes. Can J Anaesth 1990;37:156-59.
-
Chant K, Lowe D, Rubin G et al. Patient-to-patient transmission of
HIV in private surgical consulting rooms. Lancet 1993;342:1548.
-
Koenig RE, Gautier T, Levy JA. Unusual intrafamilial transmission of
human immunodeficiency virus. Lancet 1986;11:627. Letter.
-
National Advisory Committee on Immunization. Statement on hepatitis
B vaccine. CCDR 1993;19:104-15.
-
LCDC. Notifiable diseases annual summary. CCDR 1995;21S1.
-
Anderson C. Sentinel Health Unit Surveillance System. Can
J Infect Dis 1994;5:207-09.
-
Holton D, Anderson C, Giglia L. Sentinel Hepatitis Surveillance Study.
Canadian Society for Epidemiology and Biostatics Conference, August 1995,
St. John's, Nfld. Abstract.
-
National Advisory Committee on Immunization. Canadian immunization
guide. 4th ed. Ottawa, Ont: Health Canada, 1993. (Supply
and Services Canada, Cat. no. H49-8/1993E.)
-
Osterholm MT, Garayalde SM. Clinical viral hepatitis B among Minnesota
hospital personnel - results of a 10-year survey. JAMA 1985;254:3207-12.
-
Lanphear BP, Linnemann CC, Cannon CG et al. Decline of clinical hepatitis
B in workers at a general hospital: relation to increasing vaccine-induced
immunity. Clin Infect Dis 1993;16:10-4.
-
Marmion BP, Burrell CJ, Tonkin RW et al. Dialysis-associated hepatitis
in Edinburgh, 1969-1978. Rev Infect Dis 1982;4:619-37.
-
Christenson B. Acute infections with hepatitis B virus in medical personnel
during a 15-year follow-up. Am J Epidemiol 1985;122:411-17.
-
Alter MJ, Hadler SC, Margolis HS et al. The changing epidemiology of
hepatitis B in the United States: need for an alternative vaccination strategy.
JAMA 1990;263:1218-22.
-
Schneiderman LJ, Kaplan RM. Fear of dying and HIV infection vs. Hepatitis
B infection. Am J Public Health 1992;82:584-86.
-
CDC. Hepatitis B virus: a comprehensive strategy for eliminating transmission
in the United States through universal childhood vaccination: recommendations
of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee. MMWR 1991;40(RR13):1-25.
-
CDC. Update: Universal Precautions for prevention of transmission of
human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and other bloodborne pathogens
in health-care settings. MMWR 1988;37:377-88.
-
Deseda C, Shapiro C, Carroll K et al. Hepatitis B virus transmission
between a child and staff member at a day-care center. Ped Infect Dis
J. 1994;13:828-29.
-
Bell DM, Shapiro CN, Ciesielski CA et al. Preventing bloodstream
pathogen transmission from health-care workers to patients. The CDC
perspective. Surg Clin North Am. 1995;75:1189-1203.
-
Osterholm MT. Infection control for the day care facility. Asepsis
1987;9:2-6.
-
Cancio-Bello TP, de Medina M, Shorey J et al. An institutional outbreak
of hepatitis B related to a human biting carrier. J Infect Dis 1982;146:652-56.
-
MacQuarrie MD, Forghani B, Wolochow DA. Hepatitis B transmitted by
a human bite. JAMA 1974;237:723-24.
-
Kent GP, Brondum J, Keenlyside RA, et al. A large outbreak of
acupuncture-associated hepatitis B. Am J Epidemiol 1988;127:591-98.
-
Canter J, Mackey K, Good LS et al. An outbreak of hepatitis B associated
with jet injections in a weight reduction clinic. Arch Intern
Med 1990;150:1923-27.
-
Ko YC, Lan SJ, Chang PY. An increased risk of hepatitis B virus infection
from tattooing in Taiwan. Kao Hsiung I Hsueh Ko Hsueh Tsa Chic (Taiwan)
1990;6:237-43.
-
Birnie GG, Quigley EM, Clements GB et al. Endoscopic transmission of
hepatitis B virus. Gut 1983;24:171-74.
-
Kaczmarek RG, Moore RM, McCrohan J et al. Multi-state investigation
of the actual disinfection/sterilization of endoscopes in health care facilities.
Am J Med 1992;92:257-61.
-
LCDC. Laboratory reports of human viral and selected non-viral infections
in Canada - 1993. CCDR 1994; 20:209-14.
-
LCDC. Guidelines and recommendations on the prevention and control
of hepatitis C. CCDR 1995;21S2:1.
-
LCDC. Antibody to hepatitis C virus in risk groups in Canada. CDWR
1990;16:23-5.
-
Van der Poel C, Cuypers T, Reesink HW. Hepatitis C virus six
years on. Lancet 1994;344:1475-79.
-
Murphy DG, Willems B, Delage G et al. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in
patients and blood donors - Quebec. CCDR 1995;21:129-32.
-
Kaldor JM, Archer GT, Buring Ml et al. Risk factors for hepatitis C
virus infection in blood donors: a case control study. Med J Aust 1992;157:227-30.
-
Weinstein JS, Poterucha JJ, Zein N et al. Epidemiology and natural
history of hepatitis C infections in liver transplant recipients. J
Hepatol 1995;22(suppl1):S154-59.
-
Ford PM, White C, Kaufmann H et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis C in
a Canadian federal penitentiary for women. CCDR 1995;21:132-34.
-
Pearson M, Mistry PS, Ford PM. Voluntary screening for hepatitis C
in a Canadian federal penitentiary for men. CCDR 1995;21:134-36.
-
Préfontaine RG, Chaudhary RK, Mathias RG. Analysis of risk factors
associated with hepatitis B and C infections in correctional institutions
in British Columbia. Can J Infect Dis 1994;5:153-56.
-
Garcia-Bengoechea M, Emparanza JI, Sarriugarte A et al. Antibodies
to hepatitis C virus: a cross-sectional study in patients attending a trauma
unit or admitted to hospital for elective surgery. Eur J Gastroenterol
Hepatol 1995;7:237-41.
-
Weber B, Rabenau H, Berger A et al. Seroprevalence of HCV, HAV, HBV,
HDV, HCMV and HIV in high risk groups/Frankfurt, Germany. Int J Med
Microbiol Virol Parasitol Infect Dis 1995;282:102-12.
-
Meisel H, Reip A, Lu M et al. Transmission of hepatitis C virus to
children and husbands by women infected with contaminated anti-D immunoglobulin.
Lancet 1995;345:1209-11.
-
Roy K, Bagg J, Follett EA. Occupational infection with hepatitis C
virus in the healthcare setting. Dent Update 1994;21:100-02.
-
Shapiro CN. Occupational risk of infection with hepatitis B and
hepatitis C virus. Surgi Clin North Am. 1995;75:1047-70.
-
Cooper BW, Krusell A, Tilton RC et al. Seroprevalence of antibodies
to hepatitis C virus in high-risk hospital personnel. Infect Control
Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13:82-5.
-
Wormser GP, Forseter G, Joline C et al. Low risk of hepatitis C infection
following parenteral exposure to blood of HIV-infected patients. Am
J Infect Control 1991;19:110.
-
Lettau L. The A, B, C, D, and E of viral hepatitis: spelling out the
risks for healthcare workers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13:77-81.
-
Kiyosawa K, Sodeyama T, Tanaka E et al. Hepatitis C in hospital employees
with needle stick injuries. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:367-69.
-
Mitsui T, Iwano K, Masuko K et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in medical
personnel after needle stick accident. Hepatology 1992;16:1109-14.
-
Transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) from a hemodialysis patient
to a medical staff member. Scand J Infect Dis 1990;22:757-58.
-
Heydon J. Hepatitis C from needle stick injury. N Z Med J 1995;108:21.
-
Chen M, Yun ZB, Sallberg M et al. Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA
in the cell fraction of saliva before and after oral surgery. J Med
Virol 1995;45:223-26.
-
Dusheiko GM, Smith M, Scheuer PJ. Hepatitis C virus transmitted
by human bite. Lancet 1990;336:503-04.
-
Figueiredo JF. Transmission of hepatitis C virus but not human
immunodeficiency virus type 1 by a human bite. Clin Infect Dis 1994;19:546-47.
-
ACIP. Protection against viral hepatitis recommendations of the Immunization
Practices Advisory Committee. MMWR 1990;39(RR2):1-26.
-
Durand J, Lefevre P, Kaplanski G et al. Patient-to-patient transmission
of hepatitis C virus. Lancet 1995;345:1442-43.
-
Calabrese G, Vagelli G, Gonella M. Patient-to-patient transmission
of hepatitis C virus. Lancet 1995;345:1443.
-
CDC. Recommendations for counselling persons infected with human T-lymphotrophic
virus, types I and II. MMWR 1993;42(RR9):1-13.
-
American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Obstetricians and
Gynecologists. Infection Control. In: Freeman RK, Poland
RL, Hauth JC, Merenstein GB, eds. Guidelines for perinatal care.
3rd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics,
1992:141-75.
-
Hibberd PL. Patients, needles and health care workers. J Intraven
Nurs 1995;18:65-76.
-
Balcarek KB, Bagley R, Cloud GA et al. Cytomegalovirus infection among
employees of a children's hospital: No evidence for increased risk associated
with patient care. JAMA 1990;263:840-44.
-
Dworskey ME, Welch K, Cassady G et al. Occupation risk for primary
cytomegalovirus infection among pediatric health care workers. N Engl
J Med 1983;309:950.
-
LCDC. Canadian contingency plan for viral hemorrhagic fevers
and other related diseases. CCDR 1997;23S1:1-13.
-
LCDC. Infection control guidelines: hospital environmental control.
Ottawa: Health and Welfare Canada, 1988. (Supply and Services Canada, Cat.
No. H30-11-6-4E.) Under revision.
-
Healing TD, Hoffman PN, Young SRJ. The infection hazards of human cadavers.
Commun Dis Rep Rev 1995;5:R61-68.
-
Parlow JL. Blood contamination of drug syringes used in anaesthesia.
Can J Anaesth 1989;6:S61-2. Abstract.
-
Zabel P, Robichaud N, Hiltz A. Personnel and product protection during
manipulation of blood products. J Nucl Med Technol 1993;21:33-7.
-
Canadian Paediatric Society. CPS establishes guidelines on the use
of banked human milk. Ottawa: CPS, 1995.
-
Treasury Board of Canada. Handbook of occupational safety and health.
5th ed. Ottawa: Treasury Board of Canada, 1994. (Supply
and Services Canada, Cat. No. BT45-3/1994E.)
-
Jagger J, Hunt EH, Pearson RD. Sharp object injuries in the hospital:
causes and strategies for prevention. Am J Infect Control 1990;18:227-31.
-
Transport Canada. Transportation of dangerous goods act, 1992. Amendment,
schedule no. 16, 24 March 1994. Can Gazette 1994;128:1526-35.
(Part II).
-
CAN/CGSB 43.125-M90. Packaging of infectious substances and diagnostic
specimens. Canadian General Standards Board, Ottawa.
-
Manian FA, Meyer L, Jenne J. Puncture injuries due to needles removed
from intravenous lines: should the source patient routinely be tested for
bloodborne infections? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1993;14:325-30.
-
ECRI. Needle stick prevention devices. Health Devices 1991;20:154-80.
-
LCDC. Infection control guidelines for preventing infections
associated with indwelling intravascular access devices. CCDR 1997.
In press.
-
CDC. Recommended infection control practices for dentistry. MMWR
1993;42(RR8):1-12.
-
Wood PR. Cross infection control in dentistry: a practical illustrated
guide. St. Louis; Mosby Year Book, 1992.
-
Gerberding JL, Littell C, Tarkington A et al. Risk of exposure of surgical
personnel to patients' blood during surgery at San Francisco General Hospital.
N Engl J Med 1990;322:1788-93.
-
Mast ST, Woolwine GD, Gerberding JL. Efficacy of gloves in reducing
blood volumes transferred during simulated needle stick injury. J Infect
Dis 1993;168:1589-92.
-
Kotilainen HR, Brinker JP, Avato JL et al. Latex and vinyl examination
gloves quality control procedures and implications for health care workers.
Arch Intern Med 1989;149:2749-53.
-
Kotilainen HR, Avato JL, Gantz NM. Latex and vinyl nonsterile
examination gloves: status report on laboratory evaluation of defects by
physical and biological methods. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990;56:1627-30.
-
Douglas AA, Neufeld PD, Wong RKW. An interlaboratory comparison
of standard test methods for medical gloves. Performance of Protective
Clothing. 4th vol. (ASTM STP 1133). Philadelphia: American Society for
Testing Materials, 1992.
-
Checchi L, Conti S, D'Achille C. Evaluation of the permeability
of latex gloves for use in dental practice. Quintessence Int 1991;22:949-59.
-
Korniewicz DM, Laughon BE, Cyr WH et al. Leakage of virus through used
vinyl and latex examination gloves. J Clin Microbiol 1990;28:787-88.
-
Korniewicz DM, Laughon BE, Butz A et al. Integrity of vinyl and
latex procedure gloves. Nurs Res 1989;38:144-46.
-
Fiehn NE, Westergaard J. Physical and microbiological quality of five
different examination and surgical gloves before and after use in dental
practice. Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed 1993;195:27-36.
-
American Society for Testing Materials. Standard specification for
rubber examination gloves. ASTM D3578-95. Philadelphia: American
Society for Testing Materials, 1995.
-
Canadian General Standards Board. Sterile or non-sterile medical examination
gloves for single use. CAN/CGSB-20.27-M91. Ottawa: Canadian General
Standards Board, 1991.
-
Hamann CP, Kick SA, Sullivan K. Taking up the gauntlet: accepting the
challenge of glove evaluation. J Healthc Mater Manage 1993;11:24-37.
-
Health Canada. Labelling of medical gloves to show primary materials
of composition. Health Protection Branch Information Letter. June 16,
1995. (I.L.No. 814.)
-
Stringer B, Smith JA, Scharf S et al. A study of the use of gloves
in a large teaching hospital. Am J Infect Control 1991;19:233-36.
-
Sussman GL, Beezhold DH. Allergy to Latex Rubber. Ann Intern
Med 1995;122:43-6.
-
Bell DM, Shapiro CN, Gooch BF. Preventing HIV transmission to patients
during invasive procedures. J Public Health Dent 1993;53:170-73.
-
Young MA, Meyers M, McCulloch LD. Latex allergy. A guideline for perioperative
nurses. AORN J 1992;56:288-302.
-
Jack M. Latex allergies: A new infection control issue. Can J Infect
Control 1994;9:67-70.
-
Doebbeling BN, Pfaller MA, Houston AK et al. Removal of nosocomial
pathogens from the contaminated glove: implications for glove reuse and
handwashing. Ann Intern Med 1988;109:394-98.
-
Olsen RJ, Lynch P, Coyle MB et al. Examination gloves as barriers to
hand contamination in clinical practice. JAMA 1993;270:350-53.
-
Lund S, Jackson J, Leggett J et al. Reality of glove use and handwashing
in a community hospital. Am J Infect Control 1994;22:352-57.
-
Bond WW, Favero MS, Petersen NJ. Inactivation of hepatitis B virus
by intermediate-to-high level disinfectant chemicals. J Clin Microbiol
1983;18:535-58.
-
Prince DL, Prince HN, Thrainhart O et al. Methodological approaches
to disinfection of human hepatitis B virus. J Clin Microbiol 1993;31:3296-3304.
-
Rutala WA. APIC guidelines for infection control practice: APIC guideline
for selection and use of disinfectants. Am J Infect Control 1990;18:99-117.
-
Lewis DL, Arens M. Resistance of microorganisms to disinfection in
dental and medical devices. Nature Medicine 1995;1:956-58.
-
Health Canada. Laundry/linen services for health-related facilities.
Revised ed. Ottawa: Health Canada, 1994. (Supply and Services Canada,
1994.)
-
ATSDR. Public health implications of medical waste: a report to congress.
USPHS 1990, document #PB91-100271.
-
Rutala WA, Mayhall CG. SHEA position paper: medical waste. Infect
Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13:38-48.
-
Rutala WA, Webber DJ. Infectious waste - mismatch between science and
policy. N Engl J Med 1991;325:578-82.
-
Canadian Standards Association. Handling of waste materials within
health care facilities. Etobicoke: Can Stds Assoc, 1988. (Cat. No. CAN/CSA-Z317.10-1988.)
-
Epstein JB, Mathias RG, Bridger D. Survey of knowledge of infectious
disease and infection control practices of dental specialists. J Can
Dent Assoc 1995;61:35-7.
-
Leclair JM, Freeman J, Sullivan BF et al. Prevention of nosocomial
respiratory syncytial virus infections through compliance with glove and
gown isolation precautions. N Engl J Med 1987;317:329-34.
-
Tucker JA, Meservey M, Grossi L et al. Prevention of nosocomial infections
by isolation procedures. N Engl J Med 1988;318:326-27. Letter.
-
Gruber M, Beavers FE, Johnson B et al. The relationship between knowledge
about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and implementation of universal
precautions by registered nurses. Clin Nurs Specialist 1989;3:182-85.
-
Seto WH, Ching PTY, Fung JPM et al. The role of communication in the
alteration of patient-care practices in hospital, a prospective study.
J Hosp Infect 1989;14:29-37.
-
Willy ME, Dhillon GL, Lowen NL et al. Adverse exposures and universal
precautions among a group of highly exposed health professionals. Infect
Control Hosp Epidemiol 1990;11:351-56.
-
Kabukoba JJ, Young P. Midwifery and body fluid contamination. Br
Med J 1992;305:226;713.
-
Miller K, Minnick M, Fox B. Occupational exposures in family practice
residency programs. Fam Med 1995;27:90-1.
-
Karrel AI. HIV-infected physicians: how best to protect the public?
Can Med Assoc J 1995;152:1059-62.
-
Allander T, Gruber A, Naghavi M el al. Frequent patient-to-patient
transmission of hepatitis C virus in a hematology ward. Lancet 1995;345:603-07.
-
Hoffman RE, Henderson N, O'Keefe K et al. Occupational exposure to
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected blood in Denver, Colorado, police
officers. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139:910-17.
-
Jones PD. HIV transmission by stabbing despite zidovudine prophylaxis.
Lancet 1991;338:884. Letter.
-
Marcus R, Culver DH, Bell DM et al. Risk of immunodeficiency virus
infection among emergency department workers. Am J Med 1993;94:363-70.
-
Kelen GD, Hansen KN, Green GB et al. Determinants of emergency department
procedure- and condition-specific universal (barrier) precaution requirements
for optimal provider protection. Ann Emerg Med 1995;25:743-50.
-
Cooper JS, Zagumny MJ. Predicting risk-reducing occupational AIDS behaviors
in a sample of emergency medical personnel. Percept Mot Skills
1994;79:1566.
-
Moss ST, Clark RF, Guss DA et al. The management of sharps in the emergency
department: is it safe? J Emerg Med 1994;12:745-52.
-
Renschler MF. Avoiding needle-stick injuries in the emergency department.
Am J Emerg Med 1992;10:267-68.
-
Tandberg D, Stewart K, Doezema D. Under-reporting of contaminated needle
stick injuries in emergency health care workers. Ann Emerg Med 1991;20:66-70.
-
National Fire Protection Association Standard 1973. Gloves for structural
fire fighting (NFPA 1973). National Fire Protection Association, 1993.
-
Panlilio AL, Foy DR, Edwards JR et al. Blood contacts during surgical
procedures. JAMA 1991;265:1533-37.
-
Short LJ, Bell DM. Risk of occupational infection with bloodborne pathogens
in operating and delivery room settings. Am J Infect Control 1993;21:343-50.
-
Kristensen MS, Sloth E, Jensen TK. Relationship between anesthetic
procedure and contact of anesthesia personnel with patient body fluids.
Anesthesiology 1990;73:619-24.
-
Beck-Sagué CM, Jarvis WR, Fruehling JA et al. Universal Precautions
and mortuary practitioners: influence on practices and risk of occupationally
acquired infection. J Occup Med 1991;33:874-78.
-
Turner SB, Kunches LM, Gordon KF et al. Occupational exposure to human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) among embalmers:
a pilot seroprevalence study. Am J Public Health 1989;79:1425-26.
-
McPherson DC, Parris NB. Reducing occupational exposure to blood in
the OR. Today's O.R. Nurse, 1992;14:23-7.
-
Fortner PA. Safety in intraoperative care. Semin Perioper
Nurs 1994;3:200-04.
-
ADA. Infection Control recommendations for the dental office and the
dental laboratory. J Am Dent Assoc 1992;123(suppl):1-8.
-
Canadian Dental Association. CDA guidelines. Ottawa: Can Dental
Assoc, 1992.
-
Zabel P, Robichaud N, Hiltz A. Facilities and equipment for aseptic
and safe handling of blood products. J Nucl Med Technol 1992;20:236-41.
2
-
Health Canada. Infection control guidelines for long-term care facilities.
Ottawa: Health Canada, 1994. (Supply and Services Canada, Cat. No.
H30-11-6-6-1994E.) 277. Long GE, Rickman LS. Infectious complications
of tattoos. Clin infectious diseases 1994;18:610-19.