Government of CanadaPublic Health Agency of Canada / Agency de la santé publique du Canada
   
Skip all navigation -accesskey z Skip to sidemenu -accesskey x Skip to main menu -accesskey m  
Français Contact Us Help Search Canada Site
PHAC Home Centres Publications Guidelines A-Z Index
Child Health Adult Health Seniors HealthSurveillance Health Canada
   
    Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)
Canada Communicable Disease Report

[Table of Contents]

 

 

Canada Communicable Disease Report - Supplement
Volume: 23S8
December 1997

INFECTION CONTROL GUIDELINES

Preventing the Spread of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) in Canada

Bibliography

  1. Health Canada. Infection control guidelines for long-term care facilities. Ottawa: Health and Welfare Canada, 1994.

  2. Schaberg DR, Culver DH, Gaynes RP. Major trends in the microbial etiology of nosocomial infection. Am J Med 1991;91:72S-5S.

  3. Jarvis WR, Martone WJ. Predominant pathogens in hospital infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 1992;29:19-24.

  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nosocomial enterococci resistant to vancomycin - United States, 1989-1993. MMWR 1993;42:597-99.

  5. Chadwick PR, Chadwick CD, Oppenheim BA. Report of a meeting on the epidemiology and control of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci. J Hosp Infect 1996;33:83-92.

  6. Woodford N, Johnson AP, Morrison D et al. Current perspectives on glycopeptide resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995;8:585-615.

  7. Kibsey PC, Willey B, Low DE et al. Vancomycin multi-resistant Enterococcus faecium: first Canadian isolate. In: Program and abstracts of the 61st Conjoint Meeting of Infectious Diseases, Abstract K5. Vancouver: Canadian Association for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 1993.

  8. Quan CM, Shurtleff S, Dick H et al. A prospective study of the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) at the Wellesley Hospital (WH). 63rd Conjoint Meeting on Infectious Diseases, Canadian Association for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, November 12-16, 1995, Winnipeg, Manitoba.

  9. Lior L, Litt M, Hockin J et al. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci on a renal ward in an Ontario hospital. CCDR 1996;22:125-28.

  10. Ofner M, Conly J, Kureishi A et al. Vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE) surveillance in Canada: the beginning of a new era. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996;17:20.

  11. Noble CJ. Carriage of group D streptococci in the human bowel. J Clin Pathol 1978;31:1182-86.

  12. Chenoweth C, Schaberg D. The epidemiology of enterococci. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1990;9:80-89.

  13. Blaimont B, Charlier J, Wauters G. Comparative distribution of Enterococcus species in faeces and clinical samples. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 1995;8:87-92.

  14. Gross PA, Harkavy LM, Barden GE et al. The epidemiology of nosocomial enterococcal urinary tract infection. Am J Med Sci 1976;272:75-81.

  15. Karanfil LV, Murphy M, Josephson A et al. A cluster of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in an intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13:195-200.

  16. Livornese JLL, Dias S, Samel C et al. Hospital-acquired infection with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium transmitted by electronic thermometers. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:112-16.

  17. Noskin GA, Stosor V, Cooper I et al. Recovery of vancomycin-resistant enterococci on fingertips and environmental surfaces. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16:577-81.

  18. Morris Jr. JG, Shay DK, Hebden JN et al. Enterococci resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents, including vancomycin: establishment of endemicity in a university medical center. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:250-59.

  19. Yamaguchi E, Valena F, Smith SM et al. Colonization pattern of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium. Am J Infect Control 1994;22:202-06.

  20. Clewell DB. Movable genetic elements and antibiotic resistance in enterococci. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1990;9:90-102.

  21. Moellering Jr. RC. The enterococcus: a classic example of the impact of antimicrobial resistance on therapeutic options. J Antimicrob Chemother 1991;28:1-12.

  22. Herman DJ, Gerding DN. Antimicrobial resistance among enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991;35:1-4.

  23. Williamson R, Le Bouguénec C, Gutmann L et al. One or two low affinity penicillin-binding proteins may be responsible for the range of susceptibility of Enterococcus faecium to benzylpenicillin. J Gen Microbiol 1985;131:1933-40.

  24. Zervos MJ, Schaberg DR. Reversal of the in vitro susceptibility of enterococci to trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole by folinic acid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1985;28:446-48.

  25. Chenoweth CE, Robinson KA, Schaberg DR. Efficacy of ampicillin versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in a mouse model of lethal enterococcal peritonitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990;34:1800-02.

  26. Wade J, Rolando N, Casewell M. Resistance of Enterococcus faecium to vancomycin and gentamicin. Lancet 1991;337:1616.

  27. Rice LB, Calderwook SB, Eliopoulos GM et al. Enterococcal endocarditis: a comparison of prosthetic and native valve disease. Rev Infect Dis 1991;13:1-7.

  28. Spera Jr. RV, Farber BF. Multiply-resistant Enterococcus faecium: the nosocomial pathogen of the 1990s. JAMA 1992;268:2563-64.

  29. Krogstad DJ, Korfhagen TR, Moellering Jr. RC et al. Aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes in clinical isolates of Streptococcus faecalis: an explanation for resistance to antibiotic synergism. J Clin Immunol 1978;62:480-86.

  30. Eliopoulos GM, Farber BF, Murray BE et al. Ribosomal resistance of clinical enterococcal to streptomycin isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1984;25:398-99.

  31. Horodniceanu T, Bougueleret L, El-Solh N et al. High-level, plasmid-borne resistance to gentamicin in Streptococcus faecalis subsp. zymogenes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1979;16:686-89.

  32. Patterson JE, Mascar BL, Kauffman CA et al. Gentamicin resistance plasmids of enterococci from diverse geographic areas are heterogeneous. J Infect Dis 1988;158:212-16.

  33. Louie M, Simor AE, Szeto S et al. Susceptibility testing of clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. J Clin Microbiol 1992;30:41-45.

  34. Bush LM, Calmon J, Cherney CL et al. High-level penicillin resistance among isolates of enterococci: implications for treatment of enterococcal infections. Ann Intern Med 1989;110:515-20.

  35. Oster SE, Chirurgi VA, Goldberg AA et al. Ampicillin- resistant enterococcal species in an acute-care hospital. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990;34:1821-23.

  36. Sapico FL, Canawati HN, Ginunas VJ et al. Enterococci highly resistant to penicillin and ampicillin: an emerging clinical problem? J Clin Microbiol 1989;27:2091-95.

  37. Leclercq R, Derlot E, Duval J et al. Plasmid-mediated resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin in Enterococcus faecium. N Engl J Med 1987;319:157-61.

  38. Rubin LG, Tucci V, Cercenado E et al. Vancomycin- resistant Enterococcus faecium in hospitalized children. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13:700-05.

  39. Uttley AHC, George RC, Naidoo J et al. High-level vancomycin-resistant enterococci causing hospital infections. Epidemiol Infect 1989;103:173-81.

  40. Handwerger S, Raucher B, Altarac D et al. Nosocomial outbreak due to Enterococcus faecium highly resistant to vancomycin, penicillin, and gentamicin. Clin Infect Dis 1993;16:750-55.

  41. Frieden TR, Munsiff SS, Low DE et al. Emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in New York city. Lancet 1993;342:76-79.

  42. Montecalvo MA, Horowitz H, Gedris C et al. Outbreak of vancomycin-, ampicillin-, and amimoglycoside-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia in an adult oncology unit. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994;38:1363-67.

  43. Boyce JM, Opal SM, Chow JW et al. Outbreak of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium with transferable vanB class vancomycin resistance. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:1148-53.

  44. Courvalin P. Resistance of enterococci to glycopeptides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990;34:2291-96.

  45. Murray BE. F-lactamase-producing enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992;36:2355-59.

  46. Noble WC, Virani Z, Cree RGA. Co-transfer of vancomycin and other resistance genes from Enterococcus faecalis NCTC 12201 to Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992;93:195-98.

  47. Arthur M, Courvalin P. Genetics and mechanisms of glycopeptide resistance in enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993;37:1563-71.

  48. Williamson R, Al-Obeid S, Shlaes JH et al. Inducible resistance to vancomycin in Enterococcus faecium D366. J Infect Dis 1989;159:1095-104.

  49. Vincent S, Minkler P, Bingcziewski B et al. Vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus gallinarum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992;36:1392-99.

  50. Willey BM, Kreiswirth BN, Simor AE et al. Detection of vancomycin resistance in enterococcus species. J Clin Microbiol 1992;30:1621-24.

  51. Clark NC, Cooksey RC, Hill BC et al. Characterization of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci from US hospitals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993;37:2311-17.

  52. Hindler JA, Sahm DF. Controversies and confusion regarding antimicrobial susceptibility testing of enterococci. The Antimicrobic Newsletter 1992;8:65-74.

  53. Swenson JM, Ferraro MJ, Sahm DF et al. New vancomycin disk diffusion breakpoints for enterococci. J Clin Microbiol 1992;30:2525-28.

  54. Swenson JA, Clark NC, Ferraro MJ et al. Development of a standardized screening method for detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:1700-04.

  55. Jones RN, Erwin ME, Anderson SC. Emerging multiply resistant enterococci among clinical isolates. II. Validation of the E test to recognize glycopeptide- resistant strains. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1995;21:95-100.

  56. Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16:105-13.

  57. Boyle JF, Soumakis SA, Rendo A et al. Epidemiologic analysis and genotypic characterization of a nosocomial outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. J Clin Microbiol 1993;31:1280-85.

  58. Uttley AHC, Collins CH. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Lancet 1988;1:57-58.

  59. Green M, Barbadora K, Michaels M. Recovery of vancomycin-resistant gram-positive cocci from pediatric liver transplant recipients. J Clin Microbiol 1991;29:2503-06.

  60. Edmond MB, Ober JF, Weinbaum DL et al. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia: risk factors for infection. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:1126-33.

  61. Sanyal D, Williams AJ, Johnson AP et al. The emergence of vancomycin resistance in renal dialysis. J Hosp Infect 1993;24:167-73.

  62. Coudron PE, Mayhall CG, Facklam RR et al. Streptococcus faecium outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Clin Microbiol 1984;20:1044-48.

  63. Zervos MJ, Kauffman CA, Therasse PM et al. Nosocomial infection by gentamicin-resistant Streptococcus faecalis: an epidemiologic study. Ann Intern Med 1987;106:687-91.

  64. Zervos MJ, Dembinski S, Mikesell T et al. High-level resistance to gentamicin in Streptococcus faecalis: risk factors and evidence for exogenous acquisition of infection. J Infect Dis 1986;153:1075-83.

  65. Wade JJ, Desai N, Casewell MW. Hygienic hand disinfection for the removal of epidemic vancomycin- resistant Enterococcus faecium and gentamicin-resistant Enterobacter cloacae. J Hosp Infect 1991;18:211-18.

  66. Lam S, Singer C, Tucci V et al. The challenge of vancomycin-resistant enterococci: a clinical and epidemiologic study. Am J Infect Control 1995;23:170-80.

  67. Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance: recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Am J Infect Control 1995;23:87-94.

  68. Rhinehart E, Smith NE, Wennersten C et al. Rapid dissemination of F-lactamase-producing, aminoglycoside-resistant Enterococcus faecalis among patients and staff on an infant-toddler surgical ward. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1814-18.

  69. Zervos MJ, Terpenning MS, Schagerg DR et al. High-level aminoglycoside-resistant enterococci colonization of nursing home and acute care hospital patients. Arch Intern Med 1987;147:1591-94.

  70. Simor AE, Paton S, Ofner M et al. Surveillance for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Canadian hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996;17:28.

  71. Johnson S, Homann SR, Bettin KM et al. Treatment of asymptomatic Clostridium difficile carriers (fecal excretors) with vancomycin or metronidazole. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:297-302.

  72. Cohen ML. Epidemiology of drug resistance: implications for a post-antimicrobial era. Science 1992;257:1050-54.

  73. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. Publication M7-A3. 3rd ed. Villanova, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 1993.

  74. Tenover FC, Tokars J, Swenson J et al. Ability of clinical laboratories to detect antimicrobial agent-resistant enterococci. J Clin Microbiol 1993;31:1695-99.

  75. Boyce JM, Mermel LA, Zervos MJ et al. Controlling vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16:634-37.

  76. Gordts B, Van Landuyt H, Ieven M et al. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci colonizing the intestinal tracts of hospitalized patients. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:2842-46.

  77. Wells CL, Juni BA, Cameron SB et al. Stool carriage, clinical isolation, and mortality during an outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in hospitalized medical and/or surgical patients. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:45-50.

  78. Harrison A, Jewell S, Ponsonby J et al. Infection control in pediatrics. Germs and Ideas 1996;1:110-14.

  79. Health Canada. Infection control guidelines for cleaning, disinfection, sterilization and antisepsis in health care. Ottawa, 1998 (in press).

  80. Health Canada. Infection control guidelines for isolation and precaution techniques. Ottawa: Canada Communication Group, 1990.

  81. Doebbeling BN, Stanley GL, Sheetz CT et al. Comparative efficacy of alternative hand-washing agents in reducing nosocomial infections in intensive care units. N Engl J Med 1992;327:88-93.

  82. Jones MV, Rowe GB, Jackson B et al. The use of alcoholic paper wipes for routine hand cleansing: results of trials in two hospitals. J Hosp Infect 1986;8:268-74.

  83. Nicoletti G, Boghossian V, Borland R. Hygienic hand disinfection: a comparative study with chlorhexidine detergents and soap. J Hosp Infect 1990;15:323-37.

  84. Butz AM, Laughon BE, Gullette DL et al. Alcohol-impregnated wipes as an alternative in hand hygiene. Am J Infect Control 1990;18:70-76.

  85. Favero MS, Bond WW. Sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis in the hospital. In: Manual of clinical microbiology. 5th ed. Washington: American Society for Microbiology, 1991:183-200.

  86. Wells VD, Wong ES, Murray BE et al. Infections due to beta-lactamase-producing, high-level gentamicin- resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:285-92.

  87. Strausbaugh LJ, Crossley KB, Nurse BA et al. Antimicrobial resistance in long-term-care facilities. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996;17:129-40.

  88. Health and Welfare Canada. Infection control guidelines part II: prevention of surgical wound infections. Ottawa:

  89. Health and Welfare Canada, 1988. Health and Welfare Canada. Infection control guidelines part V: hospital environmental control. Ottawa: Health and Welfare Canada, 1988.

  90. Health Canada. Evidence-based medicine. CCDR 1994;20:145-56.

[Previous] [Table of Contents] [Next]
     
Last Updated: 2002-11-08 Top
Important Notices