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Research Update

Alcohol Use and Pregnancy: An Important Canadian Public Health and Social Issue

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References

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68. Ibid.

69. Dell & Garbedian. Op. cit. 30.

70. Ibid.

71. Roberts & Nanson, op. cit., 7.

72. Cormier et al., op. cit., 2.

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84. Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission, op. cit., 80.

85. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, op. cit., 76.

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87. Mahajarine et al., op. cit., 63.

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89. Masotti et al., op. cit., 11.

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104. Morse & Hutchins, op. cit., 59.

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113. Roberts & Nanson, op. cit., 7.

114. Health Canada, op. cit., 60.

115. Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission, op. cit., 80.

116. Ibid.

117. Ibid.

118. Ebrahim et al., op. cit., 14.

119. Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission, op. cit., 80.

120. Muhajarine et al., op. cit., 63.

121. Health Canada, op. cit., 60.

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164. Cornelius et a., op. cit., 38.

165. Ebrahim et al., op. cit., 14.

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173. Chang, op. cit., 18.

174. Hankin, J., & Sokol, R. (1995). Identification and care of problems associated with alcohol ingestion in pregnancy. Seminars in Perinatology, 19(4), 286–292.

175. Lieberman, L. (1998). Evaluating the success of substance abuse prevention and treatment programs for pregnant and postpartum women and their infants. Women's Health Issues, 8(4), 218–229.

176. Ling, E., Albersheim, S., & Halstead, A. (1997). Prevalence of in utero drug exposure by meconium screening and infant outcome. Paper presented at the Canadian Paediatric Society, Halifax, N.S.

177. Morse & Hutchins, op. cit., 59.

178. Bearer, op. cit., 93. Research Update 2005 93

179. Stoler, J. et al. (1998). The prenatal detection of significant alcohol exposure with maternal blood markers. The Journal of Pediatrics, 133(3), 346–352.

180. Stratton et al., op. cit., 26.

181. Chang, G., Goetz, M., Wilkins-Haug, L., & Berman, S. (2000). A brief intervention for prenatal alcohol use: An in-depth look. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 18, 365–369.

182. Yahne, C., & Miller, W. (1999). Enhancing motivation for treatment and change. In B.S. McGrady & E.E. Epstein (Eds.), Addictions: A comprehensive guidebook, 235–249. New York: Oxford.

183. Handmaker, N., & Wilbourne, P. (2001). Motivational interviewing in prenatal clinics. Alcohol Research and Health, (25)3, 219–229.

184. Manwell, L., Fleming, M., Mumdt, M., Stauffacher, E., & Barry, K. (2000). Treatment of problem alcohol use in women of childbearing age: Results of a brief intervention trial. Clinical and Experimental Research, (24)10, 1517–1524.

185. Chang et al, op. cit., 181.

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187. Miller W., & Rollnick, S. (2002). Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press.

188. Handmaker & Wilbourne, op. cit., 183.

189. Ibid.

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195. Handmaker & Wilbourne, op. cit., 183.

196. Abel, E. (2004). Paternal contribution to fetal alcohol syndrome. Addiction Biology, (9) 127–133.

197. Riley, E. (2004). Commentary on “paternal contribution to fetal alcohol syndrome. Addiction Biology, (9), 135–136.

198. May, P. (1998). Concepts and programs for the prevention of FAS: Research issues in the prevention of fetal alcohol syndrome and alcohol-related birth defects. In Finding common ground: Working together for the future, Conference syllabus, November 19–21, 1998, Vancouver, BC, 65–93. Vancouver: University of British Columbia.

199. Valborg, L., Kvigne, V., Leonardson, G., Brock, J.E., Neff-Smith, M., & Welty, T. (2003). Characteristics of mothers who have children with fetal alcohol syndrome or some characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, (16)4, 296–303.

200. Rouleau, M., Levichek, Z., & Koren, G. (2003). Are mothers who drink heavily in pregnancy victims of FAS? Journal of FAS International, 1, e4.

201. Hankins, J. (2000). Fetal alcohol syndrome prevention research. Alcohol Research and Health, (26)1, 58–65.

202. Astley et al., op. cit., 111.

203. Ibid.

204. Tait, op. cit., 101.

205. Roberts, G., & Ogborne, A. (1999). Best practices: Substance abuse treatment and rehabilitation. Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada.

206. Poole & Isaac, op. cit., 58.

207. Finkelstein, N. (1994). Treatment issues for alcohol- and drug-dependent pregnant and parenting women. Health and Social Work, (19)1, 71–14.

208. Swazey & Reynolds, op. cit., 126.

209. Tait, C., (2003). Fetal alcohol syndrome among Aboriginal people in Canada: Review and analysis of the intergenerational links to residential schools. Ottawa: Aboriginal Healing Foundation.

210. Horrigan, T., Schroeder, A., & Schaffer, R. (2000). Triad of substance abuse, violence, and depression are interrelated in pregnancy. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 18(1), 55–58. Research Update 2005 95

211. Hankin et al., op. cit., 185.

212. Branco, E., & Kaskutas, L. (2001). “If it burns going down …” How focus groups can shape fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) prevention. Substance Use and Misuse, 36(3), 333–345.

213. Tait, op. cit., 101.

214. Nanson, J. (1997). Binge drinking during pregnancy: Who are the women at risk? Canadian Medical Association Journal, 156(6), 807–808.

215. Messer, K., Clark, K., & Martin, S. (1996). Characteristics associated with pregnant women's utilization of substance abuse treatment services. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 22(3), 403–421.

216. Poole & Isaac, op. cit., 58.

217. Swazey & Reynolds, op. cit., 126.

218. Rutman et al., op. cit., 52.

219. Jessup, M., Humphreys, J., Vindis, C., & Lee, K. (2003). Extrinsic factors to substance abuse treatment among pregnant drug dependent women. Journal of Drug Issues, (Spring), 285–304.

220. Rutman et al., op. cit., 52.

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236. Mitchell, J. et al. (1995). Pregnant, substance-using women. Rockville, Md.: US Department of Health and Human Services.

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238. Zahnd, E., & Klein, D. (1997). The needs of pregnant and parenting American Indian women at risk for problem alcohol or drug use. American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 21(3), 119–43.

239. Klein, D., & Zahnd, E. (1997). Perspectives of pregnant substance-using women: Findings from the California perinatal needs assessment. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 29(1), 55–66.

240. Murphy, S., & Rosenbaum, M. (1999). Pregnant women on drugs: Combating stereotypes and stigma. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.

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245. Mitchell et al., op. cit., 236.

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247. Lieberman, op. cit., 175.

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249. Kissin, W., Svikis, D., Moylan, P., Haug, N., & Stitzer, M. (2004). Identifying pregnant women at risk for early attrition from substance abuse treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 27, 31–38.

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251. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (1998). Working Group on Prevention of Risk Drinking in Pregnancy. Bethesda, Md.: Author. Available at www.niaaa.nih.gov/FAS/report/introduction.htm

252. Hankin et al., op. cit., 186.

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255. Grella, C., Joshi, V., & Hser, Y. (2000). Program variation in treatment outcomes among women in residential drug treatment. Evaluation Review, (24)4, 364–383.

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258. Hicks, L. (1997). “Drug addiction and pregnant/parenting women: Factors affecting client engagement.” Toronto: Breaking the Cycle and University of Toronto (unpublished manuscript).

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261. Rosenbaum, M., & Irwin, K. (1998). Pregnancy, drugs and harm reduction. In C.L. Wetherington et al. (Eds.), Drug addiction research and the health of women, 309–317. Rockville, Md.: US Department of Health and Human Services.

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263. Creamer & McMurtrie, op. cit., 260.

264. Garm, A. (1999). The Sheway Project. The Canadian Nurse, November, 22–25.

265. Egelko, S. et al. (1998). Evaluation of a multisystems model for treating perinatal cocaine addiction. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 15(3), 251–259.

266. Grayson, H., Hutchins, J., & Silver, G. (Eds.). (1999). Charting a course for the future of women's and perinatal health. Baltimore, Md.: Women's and Children's Health Policy Center, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health.

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271. Cawthon, L., & Westra, K. (2003). Comprehensive treatment, intensive case management helps alcohol/drug-abusing mothers cut stress, stabilize families, have healthier children.

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274. Young, N., & Gardner, S. (1998). Children at the crossroads. Public Welfare, Winter, 2–11.

275. Robinson, E. (2003). Maxxine Wright place project for high risk pregnant and early parenting women. Proposal. Research Update 2005 99

276. Brindis, C., Clayson, Z., & Berkowitz, G. (1997). Options for recovery: California's perinatal projects. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 29(1), 89–98.

277. Howell et al., op. cit., 222.

278. Eisen, M. et al. (2000). Evaluation of substance use outcomes in demonstration projects for pregnant and postpartum women and their infants: Findings from a quasi-experiment. Addictive Behaviours, 25(1), 123–129.

279. Ernst, C. et al. (1999). Intervention with high-risk alcohol and drug-abusing mothers: II. Three year findings from the Seattle model of paraprofessional advocacy. Journal of Community Psychology, 27(1), 19–38.

280. Ibid.

281. Grant, T., Ernst, C., Pagalilauan, G., & Streissguth, A. (2003). Follow-up effects of paraprofessional intervention with high-risk women who abused alcohol and drugs during pregnancy. Journal of Community Psychology, (31)3, 211–222.

282. Egelko et al., op. cit., 265.

283. Ritch, A. (2002). Aftercare programming at the Aurora Centre: An evaluation. Vancouver: BC Women's Hospital.

284. Reynolds, W., & Leslie, M. (2002). The SMART guide: Motivational approaches within the stages of change for pregnant women who use alcohol. Toronto: AWARE; Breaking the Cycle.

285. Miller & Rollnick, op. cit., 187.

286. Prochaska, J., & DiClemente, C. (1984). The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapy. Homewood, Ill.: Dow Jones-Irwin.

287. Roberts L., & Dunn, L. (2003). Ethical considerations in caring for women with substance use disorders. Obstetric and Gynecology Clinics of North America, 30, 559–582.

288. Personal communication, Margaret Leslie, April 12, 2005.

289. Poole, op. cit., 52.

290. Pepler et al., op. cit., 17.

291. Ibid.

292. Valborg et al., op. cit., 199.

293. Astley et al., op. cit., 111. 100 Alcohol Use and Pregnancy: An Important Canadian Public Health and Social Issue

294. Astley, op. cit., 158.

295. Chudley et al., op. cit., 5.

296. Clarke, M. (October 2001). A practical approach to prevention, diagnosis and management. The Canadian Journal of CME. Available at: http://www.stacommunications.com/journals/cme/images/cmepdf/oct01/fas.pdf

297. Rouleau et al., op. cit., 200.

298. Natalie J., Novick, N., & Streissguth, A. (1996). Identifying clients with possible fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects in the treatment setting. University of Washington. Available at http://depts.washington.edu/fadu/Fetal_Alcohol_1.html

299. Roberts & Nanson, op. cit., 7.

300. Tait, op. cit., 91.

301. Smylie, J. (January 2001). A guide for health professionals working with Aboriginal peoples. SOGC policy statement. Health issues affecting Aboriginal peoples. Journal of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (100).

302. Tait, C., op. cit., 209.

303. Rutman et al., op. cit., 52.

304. Van Bibber, M. (1997). It takes a community: A resource manual for communitybased prevention of fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects. Ottawa: Aboriginal Nurses Association of Canada.

305. Masis, K., & May, P. (1991). Comprehensive local program for the prevention of fetal alcohol syndrome. Public Health Reports, 106(5), 484–489.

306. Lupton, C., Burd, L., & Harwood, R. (2004). Cost of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C, 127C, 42–50.

307. Daley et al., op. cit., 162.

308. Svikis, D.S. et al. (1997). Cost-effectiveness of treatment for drug-abusing pregnant women. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 45(1-2), 105–113.

309. Ashley et al., op cit., 246.

310. Personal communication, Nancy Poole, April 5, 2005.

311. Roberts & Dunn, op. cit., 287.

312. Gardner, J. (1997). Fetal alcohol syndrome: Recognition and intervention. American Journal of Maternal and Child Nursing, 22(6), 318–322. Research Update 2005 101

313. Clarke, M., Tough, S., Hicks, M., & Clarren, S. (Jan. 2005). Approaches of Canadian providers to the diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Journal of FAS International, 3, e2.

314. Nevin, A., Christopher, P., Nulman, I., Koren, G., & Einarson, A. (2002). A survey of physicians' knowledge regarding awareness of maternal alcohol use and the diagnosis of FAS. BMC Family Practice, 3.

315. Diekman, S., Floyd, R., Decoufle, P., Schulkin, J., Ebrahim, H., & Sokol, R. (2000). A survey of obstetrician- gynecologists on their patients' alcohol use during pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 95(5), 756–763.

316. Clarke et a., op. cit., 313.

317. Ibid.

318. Health Canada, op. cit., 3.

319. Best Start—Ontario's Maternal, Newborn and Early Childhood Development Resource Centre. (n.d.). Planning guide: Training local physicians on alcohol use and pregnancy. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care.

320. Leslie, M., & Roberts. G. (2005). Nurturing change: Working effectively with high risk women and affected children to prevent and reduce harms associated with FASD. Mothercraft; Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse; Health Canada.

321. Poole & Isaac, op. cit., 58.

322. Chudley et al., op. cit., 5.

323. Swazey & Reynolds, op. cit., 126.

324. Ibid.

325. Jessup et al., op. cit., 219.

326. Rutman et al., op. cit., 52.

327. Greaves, L., Varcoe, C., Poole, N., Marina, M., Johnson, J., Pederson, A. et al. (2002). A motherhood issue: Discourses on mothering under duress. Ottawa: Status of Women Canada.

328. Personal communication, Margaret Leslie, April 12, 2005.

329. Rutman et al., op. cit., 52.

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