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Chronic Disease
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Diabetes
: Diabetes in Canada
National Statistics and Opportunities for Improved Surveillance,
Prevention, and Control
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements
List of Figures
List of Tables
Evaluation and Order Form
Introduction
Highlights
National Statistics
Prevalence
Current Overall Prevalence Estimates - 1996/97
Diabetes Prevalence Rates: Comparison of National Survey Estimates
Canadian Heart Health Survey (1986-1992) and National Population Health Survey 1996/97
Comparable National Surveys: Increasing Trends in Diabetes Prevalence
National Surveys of Diabetes Prevalence: 1978-1996/97
Diabetes Prevalence by Race/Ethnic Group - 1996/97
Diabetes Prevalence by Age - 1996/97
Diabetes Prevalence by Sex - 1996/97
Prevalence by Province - 1996/97
Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes - 1994-1995
Incidence
Type 1 Diabetes
Age of Onset of Diabetes
Morbidity
Disability
General Health Perception
Health Care Utilization
Outpatient Visits
Medication Use
Hospitalizations
Mortality
Number of Deaths
Age-Standardized Rates by Sex
Age-Standardized Rates by Province
Age-Standardized Potential Years of Life Lost (PYLL)
Trends and Projections
Economic Burden
Modifiable Risk Factors for Diabetes
Obesity
Obesity in the General Population
Obesity by Diabetes Status
Physical Inactivity
Physical Inactivity in the General Population
Physical Inactivity by Diabetes Status
Income Inadequacy
Risk Factors for Diabetes Complications
Smoking
High Blood Pressure
Long-Term Complications of Diabetes
Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke
Vision Problems
Kidney Failure
Diabetes and Aboriginal Peoples
Prevalence of Diabetes
Diabetes Rates are Very High Among Aboriginal Peoples
Most Aboriginal Peoples with Diabetes are Women
Diabetes Rates Vary Substantially Across the Country
The Prevalence of Diabetes is Increasing
Complications of Diabetes
Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (heart disease)
Higher Prevalence of Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Increased Risk of Stroke
More Lower Limb Amputations
Higher Rates of Kidney Disease and Dialysis - Especially for Aboriginal People with Diabetes
Higher Rates of Eye Disease
Frequent Instances of Peripheral Neuropathy
Groups Needing Special Focus in Diabetes Initiatives
Children - Instances of Aboriginal Children with a Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes
Women - Higher Prevalence, Risk of Complications of Pregnancy, and Future Risk for the Child
Main Data Sources
National Population Health Survey (NPHS), 1994-1995
Health File
Institution File
National Population Health Survey (NPHS), 1996-1997
Health Share File
Longitudinal Share File
Aboriginal Peoples Survey (APS), 1991 (Adults)
General Social Survey (GSS), 1985, 1991 (Health Cycle)
National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY), 1994-1995
Statistics Canada Mortality Data
IMS (Intercontinental Medical Statistics) Canada
IMS Canadian Disease and Therapeutic Index
IMS Canada Compuscript
Limitations of Current National Data Sources
Limitations on Diabetes Information
Incomplete Data Sources
Survey Data Are Unsubstantiated
Inability to Capture Undiagnosed Diabetes
Inaccurate Mortality Data
Type 1 and 2 Diabetes Undifferentiated
Small Samples in National Surveys
Lack of Aboriginal Data
Different Methodologies in National Surveys
Limitations on Risk Factor Information
Lack of National Risk Factor Surveillance System
Physical Measures in Few National Surveys
Social Desirability Bias in Self-Reports
Prevention of Diabetes and Long-Term Complications
Primary Prevention: Preventing Diabetes
Secondary Prevention: Early Detection of Diabetes Through Screening
Tertiary Prevention: Preventing or Delaying the Complications of Diabetes
Education: Key Role in Tertiary Prevention
Opportunities for Improved Diabetes Surveillance, Prevention, and Control
Diabetes Today - A Summary of the Evidence
Addressing the Problem
Conclusion
References
Glossary
Appendix A - Diabetes Council of Canada Member Organizations
Appendix B - General Information
Diabetes Mellitus
Description
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Associated Conditions
Symptoms and Diagnostic Testing
Symptoms
Diagnostic Testing
Treatment/Management of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Risk Factors for Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes - Risk Factors
Type 2 Diabetes - Risk Factors
Gestational Diabetes - Risk Factors
Long-Term Complications of Diabetes
Cardiovascular Disease
Kidney Disease (Nephropathy)
Blindness
Nervous System Disease (Neuropathy)
Lower Extremity Amputations (LEA)
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
Dental Disease
Complications of Pregnancy (for women with pre-existing diabetes)
Other Complications
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Last Updated: 1999-08-27
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