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The Child Welfare League of Canada wishes to thank the following organizations and individuals for their contributions to the preparation of this document.
Batshaw Youth And Family Centers (Montreal, Quebec):
This CWLC member agency coordinated the cross-Canada consultation and prepared the document.
Mr. Vaughan Dowie, Executive Director
Mr. Marcel Croteau, Provincial Director of Youth Protection and Young Offenders Services
Members of the Consultation Group, namely,
Author: Ms. Sarah Lugtig, Student-Researcher
Other CWLC Members and Representatives:
Ms. Elisabeth Bourque, Coordinator, The Canadian Resource Centre on Children and Youth
The City of Calgary Social Services Department
Dr. David Day, Research Director, Earlscourt Child and Family Centre (Toronto)
Dr. Geoff Pawson, Executive Director, The Ranch Ehrlo Society (Pilot Butte, Saskatchewan)
Mr. Bruce Rivers, Executive Director, The Children's Aid Society of Metro Toronto
Ms. Sandra Scarth, Executive Director, The Child Welfare League of Canada
Mr. Jeff Walker, Supervisor, Outside Placement Resources, The Children's Aid Society of Ottawa- Carleton
Consultants:
Judge Herbert Allard, Senior Provincial Court Judge, Alberta Provincial Court, Youth and Family Division
Professor John M. Gandy, University of Toronto Faculty of Social Work
Dr. Irvin Waller, Executive Director, International Centre for the Prevention of Crime
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1 A. Doob, V. Marinos, and K. Varma, Youth Crime and the Youth Justice System in Canada: A Research Perspective - Working Document (Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada, 1995) , p. 18.
2 0. Fedorowycz, "Homicide in Canada - 1994", Juristat , 15(l 1) (Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada, 1995); D. Hendrick, "Canadian Crime Statistics, 1994", Juristat , 15(12) (Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada, 1995)
3 See: Doob et al. ; P. Carrington and S. Moyer, "Trends in Youth Crime and Police response, Pre- and Post- YOA, "Canadian Journal of Criminology, 36 (1994), l; P. Begin, Youth Crime: Fear and Responses - Background Paper (Ottawa: Library of Parliament Canada, Research Branch, Political and Social Affairs Division, 1993); Department of Justice Canada, Toward Safer Communities: Violent and Repeat Offending by Young People - Consultation Document (Ottawa: Department of Justice, 1993).
4 B. Clark and T. O'Reilly - Fleming, "Out of the Carceral Straightjacket: Under Twelves and the Law," Canadian Journal of Criminology, 36 (1994), 305.
5 Doob et al., pp. 20-21.
6 Begin, p. 16.
7 Doob et al., p. 22.
8 National Council for the Prevention of Crime (NCPC), Offender Profiles (First Draft) (Ottawa: NCPC,19995), p. 5.
9 Begin, p. 8 ; N. Bala, 'What's Wrong with 'YOA- Bashing'? What's Wrong with the YOA?- Recognizing the Limits of the Law, Canadian Journal of Criminology, 36 (1994) , 247.
10 NCPC, Picture of Crime in Canada (First Draft) (Ottawa: NCPC, 1995), p. 2.
11 Begin, p. 1; Bala, p. 249.
12 Horner Committee (Standing Committee on Justice and the Solicitor General),Crime Prevention in Canada: Toward a National Strategy (Ottawa: House of Commons, 1993), p. 8.
13 Begin, p. 1.
14 Bala, p. 249.
15 NCPC, Speaking Notes on Bill C-37, Amendments to the Young Offenders Act, to the Standing Committee on Justice and Legal Affairs (Ottawa: NCPC, 1994), p. 3.
16 Doob et al., pp. 2-3.
17 Bill C-37, An Act to amend the Young Offenders Act and the Criminal Code, lst Sess., 35th Parl., Canada, 1995 (passed by the House of Commons 28 February, 1995).
18 At Batshaw Youth and Family Centers, a multi-disciplinary group of consultants guided the preparation of this brief. [Hereinafter referred to as the Batshaw Consultation Group.]; City of Calgary - Social Services Department, Brief to the Child Welfare League of Canada on Young Offenders Services (Calgary: Calgary Social Services, 1995).
19 Chair Warren Allmand, Minutes of the Proceedings and Evidence of the Standing Committee on Justice and Legal Affairs Respecting- Bill C-37, June 23.1994 (Ottawa: House of Commons, 1994).
20 Criminal Law Policy Section, Department of Justice, Canada, Recent Criminal Law Reforms Enhancing the Protection of Society (Prepared for the National Symposium on Community Safety and Crime Prevention) (Ottawa: Department of justice Canada, 1993), p. 9.
21 Strategies to Prevent Youth Crime, Proc. of a Conference presented by the Human Rights Research and Education Centre as part of the 1994-1995 Beaulne-Fairweather Conference Series, 18 March, 1995 (Ottawa: HRREC, 1995), p. 9.
22 Begin, p. 12.
23 Strategies to Prevent Youth Crime, p. 9.
24 NCPC, Brief to the Standing Committee on Human Resources and Development on Social Security Reform (Ottawa: NCPC, 1994), pp. 6-7.25 City of Calgary - Social Services Department, p. 1.
26 NCPC, Speaking Notes on Bill C-37, p. 2.
27 A. Leshied and P. Gendreau, "Doing Justice in Canada: YOA policies that can promote community safety," Canadian Journal of Criminology, 36 (1994), 291, at p. 298.
28 Strategies to Prevent Youth Crime, p. 3.
29 Doob et al., p. 115.
30 Ministère de la Santé et des Services Sociaux - Québec (MSSS), Application de la LJC au Québec - Faits Saillants (Quebec: MSSS, 1993).
31 Telephone Interview with Judge Herbert Allard.
32 Carrington and Moyer.
33 NCPC, Offender Profiles , p. 5.
34 See: Ministère de la Justice (MJ) et Ministère de la Santé et des Services Sociaux (MSSS) - Québec, Program of Alternative Measures (Québec: MJ) et MSSS (Gouvernement de Québec), 1994).
35 Allard; Telephone interview with Jeff Walker, Ottawa Children's Aid Society, 7 August 1995.
36 ibid.
37 Doob et al., p. 101.
38 John M. Gandy, Judicial Interim Release (Bail) hearings that Resulted in Detention prior to trial of Youths Charged Under the Young Offenders Act in Three Ontario Cities (Final Draft of Paper Submitted for Publication)(Toronto, University of Toronto, 1992), p. 2.
39 Gandy; Doob et al., pp. 101-104.
40 Telephone interview with Jeff Walker.
41 Ibid.
42 City of Calgary - Department of Social Services, p. 4.
43 See: Andrews, Leshied, and Hoge, Review of the Profile, Classification and Treatment Literature with Young Offenders: A Social Psychological Approach (Toronto: Ministry of Community and Social Services - Ontario. 1992), for a review of the literature on risk markers.
44 Letter received from Sandra Scarth, Executive Director-of the Child Welfare League of Canada, 12 September 1995.
45 D. Utting, J. Bright, and C. Henricson, Crime and the Family (London, England: Family Policy Studies Centre, 1993), p. 21.
46 Les Voakes, "What is the message we are giving our youth?," Justice Report, 10, No. 3 (1994), 11, at p. 12.
47 See: Crime and Social Policy Committee, Crime and Social Policy (London: NACRO, 1995); Utting et al. Family, School, and Community, Proc. of a conference organized by Crime Concern (London: Crime Concern, 1992).
48 Telephone interview with Jeff Walker.
49 Telephone interview with Judge Herbert Allard.
50 Letter and Notes received from Dr. Pawson, Executive Director of the Ranch Ehrlo Society, 21 August 1995.
51 NCPC, Offender Profiles, p. 1.
52 Strategies to Prevent Youth Crime, p. 32.
53 Ibid., .p. 29.
54 See: Pawson; Jeffers and Blondin-Andrew in Strategies-to Prevent Youth Crime.
55 Telephone interview with Dr. David Day, Research Director, Earlscourt Child and Family Centre, 8 August 1995; Letter and notes received from Dr. Day, 8 August 1995.
56 Doob et al., p. 33.
57 City of Calgary - Social Services Department, p. 2.
58 Doob et al. , p. 57.
59 Strategies to Prevent Youth Crime, p. 1.
60 Begin, p. 2; Bala, p. 252.
61 Irvin Waller, Current Trends in European Crime Prevention: Implications for Canada (Ottawa: Ministry of Supply and Services Canada, 1989).
62 Doob et al., pp. 57-58.
63 Ibid., pp. 55-56.
64 Telephone interview with Judge Herbert Allard.
65 Letter and notes received from Dr. David Day.
66 City of Calgary - Department of Social Services, p. 1 ;Batshaw Consultation Group.
67 Letter received from Jeff Walker, Ottawa Children's Aid Society, 12 September 1995.
68 See: Leshied and Gendreau, p. 297-298; J. Bonta, The Correctional Contribution to Community Safety and Crime Prevention (Informational paper for participants in the National Symposium on Community Safety and Crime Prevention) (Ottawa: Corrections Branch - The Solicitor General for Canada, 1993).
69 Doob et al., p. 73. ;Andrews, Leshied, and Hoge, p. 159 .
70 Clark and O'Reilly - Fleming, p. 320.
71 Leshied and Gendreau, pp. 297-98.
72 Telephone interview with Jeff Walker
73 G. Young, "Trends in Justice Spending - 1988/89 to 1992/93," Juristat, 14(16)(Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada, 1994).
74 NCPC, Offender Profiles, p. 2.
75 B. Welsh and I. Waller, Crime and its Prevention: Costs and Benefits (Draft Submitted to the Ministry of the Solicitor General for Canada for future publication) (Ottawa: University of Ottawa, 1995), p. 1.
76 Letter received from Jeff Walker, 11 September 1995.
77 Waller.
78 Ibid.
79 National Crime Prevention Council (U.S.), Taking the Offensive to Prevent Crime: How Seven Cities Did It (Washington, DC: NCPC-US, ~1994);Crime Prevention Coalition, Crime Prevention in America Foundations ,for Action (Washington, DC; NCPC-US, 1990).
80 Waller, pp. 5-39; J. Graham and T. Bennett, Crime Prevention Strategies in Europe and North America (European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, Affiliated with the UN, 1995), pp. 2-3.
81 Ibid.
82 Horner Committee, pp. 22-25.
83 NCPC, Status Report - First Six months of Activities, January 1995, (Ottawa, NCPC, 1995), pp. 1-2.
84 Ibid., p. 3.
85 Interdepartmental Working Group on Crime Prevention, Federal Involvement in Community Safety and Crime Prevention (Informational Paper for Participants at the National Symposium on Community Safety and Crime Prevention) (Ottawa: Government of Canada, 1993).
86 Strategies to Prevent Youth Crime, p. 9.
87 Horner Committee, p. 2?; NCPC, Status Report, pp. 1-2.
88 Juge en Chef Michel Jasmin, (Président du groupe de travail), Les Jeunes Contrevenants: Au Nom et Au Delà de la Loi (Québec: MJ and MSSS, 1995), pp. 41-45.
89 Utting et al., pp. 27-28 ; Graham and Bennett, pp. 14~-22.
90 As reported in Welsh and Waller, pp. 26-27.
91 Ibid. pp. 27-29.
92 L.J.Schweinhart and D. Weikart, "The High/Scope perry Pre-School Study: Implications for Early Childhood Care and Education," Prevention in Human Services, 7 (1990), 109.
93 Welsh and Waller, pp. 31-32.
94 As reported in: NCPC, Proceedings of the Workshop on Community Safety and Crime Prevention - Focus on Children and Youth, (Ottawa: NCPC, 1994). p.4.
95 Ibid.; Scarth.
96 Telephone interview with Dr. David Day; Letter and notes received from Dr. Day.
97 P. Grabosky and M. James, eds., The Promise of Crime Prevention - Leading Crime Prevention Programs, (Canberra: Australian institute of Criminology, 1995), pp. 36-37.
98 Richard Tremblay et al., "Parent and Child Training to Prevent Early Onset of Delinquency: The Montreal Longitudinal-Experimental Study" in J. McCord and R.E. Tremblay (Eds.) Preventing Antisocial Behaviour: Interventions from Birth-through Adolescence , pp. 11 7-138 (New York: Guilford Press, 1992).
99 Earlscourt Child and Family Centre, ORP Pamphlet (Toronto: Earlscourt, 1995).
100 Telephone interview with Dr. David Day; Letter and notes received from Dr. Day.
101 Bonta; Leshied and Gendreau.
102 MSSS, Administering the YOA: A Collective Responsibility (Participants Guide (Quebec: MSSS, 1994).
103 Ibid., p. 85.
104 Ibid., pp. 93-94; Batshaw Consultation Group.
105 M. Rivard - Leduc, Electronically Monitored Intensive Probation: EMIP - A Pilot Project (Montreal: Batshaw Youth and Family Centers, 1994),p. 2.
106 Andrews, Leshied, and Hoge, p. 161.
107 City of New York, Department of Juvenile Justice, Family Ties: The First 18 Months: A Resource Guide for Establishing Family Preservation Program in the Juvenile Justice Systems (New York: City of New York, Department of Juvenile Justice, 1992).
108 Telephone interview with Judge Herbert Allard, Senior Provincial Court Judge, Youth and Family Division, Calgary, Alberta 5 September 1995.
109 See: Utting et al.; Crime Concern; Nacro.
110 Welsh and Waller, pp. 28-30.
111 MSSS, Application de la LJC au Quebec, p. 8.
112 Ibid., p. 9.
113 Ibid. p. 7.
114 Rivard - Leduc, pp. 12 and 17.
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The Child Welfare League Of Canada September 15, 1995 |
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