Notes

Dedication

I was inspired to write this tribute to Pearson after reading a Canadian

Press story appearing in the Ottawa Journal of 2 January 1973. It read:

DIEF REMEMBERS DECADE WHEN PARLIAMENT

"LIVED"

Not long after his famous political opponent had been

buried, John Diefenbaker sat in his comfortable Rockcliffe den

and talked about that turbulent decade when he and Lester

Pearson battled each other across the floor of the Commons.

"During our day," he was saying, "Parliament was alive—it

lived.

"It wasn't any personal animosity between us that made it

that way. That's the way Parliament was, before this government

changed the rules and made it a complete shambles.

During the days of Pearson and myself question period was a

real question period—we could stand toe to toe."

Mr. Diefenbaker, who referred to Mr. Pearson as "the

happy warrior," sat across from his chief opponent for 10

years—first as prime minister and then, when the Liberals

assumed power in 1963, as opposition leader. It was a stormy,

often angry, period, spiced with scandals, economic upheavals,

and gutty emotional issues, such as the flag debate.

The great confrontations between the two men—so different

in style—produced more stories, more books, more film features

than any other period in Canada's history. Their battles

were often associated with a strong personal feud.

"Not at all," Mr. Diefenbaker was saying, as he looked back

on a decade that had just lost one of its principal figures. "Mr.

Pearson was a very congenial man. And I've never been one

for personal antagonisms."

Preface

1. A. Westell, Paradox: Trudeau as Prime Minister (Scarborough; 1972) p. 5.

2. Ibid., p. 12.

3. Ibid., p. 13

Chapter I: Introduction

1. George Grant, Time as History (Toronto: CBC, 1969), p. 69.

2. See, for instance, J. M. Callahan's American Foreign Policy in Canadian

Relations (New York, 1937) and his Introduction to American Expansionist

Policy in the West Virginia University Series. See also J. W.

Pratt, Foreign Policy (New York, 1955), and vol. 1 of E. P.

Oberholtzer's fivevolume History of the United States Since the Civil

War.

Chapter II: Canada Obtains Arms

1. The information contained in this chapter is derived from a thorough personal

examination of a file of original letters and other documents in the

custody of the Privy Council Office. This material is not generally

available to the public. It was placed at my disposal in 1963 upon the

instructions of the then prime minister, Lester Pearson. I subsequently

returned it to the Privy Council Office.

I used notes taken from this file in the preparation of several

speeches I delivered in the House of Commons and later in an address

delivered in Ottawa in 1968 to the annual meeting of the

Heraldry Society of Canada. This address was published in Heraldry

in Canada 2, no. 4 (December 1968).

In 1960 the Royal Commission on Government Organization (the

Glassco Commission) was appointed. Among its important recommendations

was the establishment of an Advisory Council on Public

Records. This Council was established by P.C. 1749, dated 1 October

1966. Since 1 May 1969, a scheduling system for the destruction or

retention of public records has been in effect. This policy was designed,

inter alia, to safeguard documents of historic value. Excluded

from the provisions of these regulations are all documents which are

the property of the Privy Council.

2. E. M. Chadwick, "The Canadian Flag," The Canadian Almanac and Miscellaneous

Directory for the Year 1896 (Toronto). Articles on the

Canadian and Imperial flags also appeared in the 1894 and 1895 Canadian

Almanac written by Colin Campbell, a retired Royal Navy assistant

paymaster. The 1894 issue gave in detail the regulations governing

the use of flags and colors.

3. Toronto Star, 3 December 1921. In instances such as this where the source is

clear from the text, no repeat reference will appear in the list of

references in the remainder of this thesis.