The fortification of New France accelerated under the governorship of Comte de Frontenac (1622-1698). When asked to surrender in 1689, when Quebec was under attack, he responded: "I have no reply ... other than from the mouths of my cannon and muskets. " This early view by J.D. Kelly captures this moment. [CJ Humber]
 

Contemporary View of 18th Century Life Inside a French Fortification. Painting by Lewis Parker. [Parks Canada]