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Avedon, Don. 1994. Introduction to Electronic Imaging, 2nd Edition. Silver Spring, Maryland: Association for Information and Image Management.
Introductory primer to electronic image management (EIM).
Banks, Jennifer. 1993. Options for Replacing and Reformatting Deteriorated Materials. Washington, D.C.: Association of Research Libraries.
Includes chapters on microfilming and on the use of digital technologies as means of addressing the problem of deteriorated materials.
Bansa, Helmut. 1991. The New Media: Means for Better Preservation or Special Preservation Problems. Recommendations for Storing and Handling Machine-Readable Data Carriers. Restaurator 12(4):219-232.
Anticipates preservation problems associated with databases in optical media.
Bearman, David. 1987. Optical Media: Their Implications for Archives and Museums. (Archival Informatics Technical Report, Vol. 1, no. 1) Pittsburgh: Archives and Museum Informatics.
Describes various electronic media including optical digital discs, videodiscs, and compact discs, and their potential value as storage media for archives and museums.
Besser, Howard. 1995. Getting the Picture on Images. Database (May 1995): 12-19.
General overview of image databases.
Bikson, T. K., and Frinking, E. J. 1993. Preserving the Present: Toward Viable Electronic Records. The Hague: Sdu.
A study on the organisational, technical and archival aspects of machine-readable records, with conclusions and recommendations which will be of interest to anyone concerned with the preservation of records. Research included visits to four countries outside the Netherlands, including Canada, the United States, Germany, and Sweden.
Billick, David. 1995. A Selective Bibliography on Library Imaging and Technology and Applications. Microform Review 24(2):69-84.
Listing of approx. 400 publications.
Boston, George. 1994. New Technology - Friend or Foe? IFLA Journal 20: 331-340.
Includes Annex on factors to be considered before moving to "new technology".
Boyle, Deirdre. 1993. Video Preservation, Securing the Future of the Past. New York: Media Alliance.
Calmes, Alan R. 1990. New Preservation Concern: Video Recordings. (in Commission on Preservation and Access Newsletter, no. 22, April 1990) Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access.
Discusses methods for preserving polyester tape.
Calmes, Alan R. 1989. "Relative Longevity of Various Archival Recording Media." In Proceedings of Conservation in Archives. International Symposium, Ottawa, Canada, May 10-12, 1988. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada: 207-221.
Considers the life expectancies of various information storage media, including paper, photographic film, magnetic media, and optical disks.
Child, Margaret S. 1993. Directory of Information Sources on Scientific Research Related to the Preservation of Sound Recordings, Still and Moving Images, and Magnetic Tape. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access.
Sources of information include the names of laboratories and organizations, databases, serials, monographs and articles, and conference proceedings.
Commission on Preservation and Access. 1992. Preserving the Illustrated Text: Report of the Joint Task Force on Text and Image. Washington, D.C.: CPA.
Inquires into the problems, needs and methods for preserving important images in texts, and offers some suggestions.
Conway, Paul, and Weaver, Shari. 1994. The Setup Phase of Project Open Book: A Report to the Commission on Preservation and Access on the Status of an Effort to Convert Microfilm to Digital Imagery. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access.
Describes the setup phase of Yale University Library's exploration of the usefulness of digital technologies for preserving and increasing access to deteriorating documents.
Courtot, Marilyn. 1991. Imaging Standards. AIIM Resource Report. Silver Spring, Maryland: AIIM.
Dollar, Charles M. 1986. Electronic Records Management and Archives in International Organizations: A RAMP Study with Guidelines. PGI-86/WS/12. Paris: General Information Programme and UNISIST, United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Trends in information technology, and implications for archivists and records managers.
Ester, Michael. 1990. Image Quality and Viewer Perception. Visual Resources VII(4):327-352.
Ester, Michael. 1994. Digital Images in the Context of Visual Collections and Scholarship. Visual Resources X(1):11-24.
Gavrel, Katherine. 1990. Conceptual Problems Posed By Electronic Records: A RAMP Study. PGI-90/WS/12. Paris: General Information Programme and UNISIST, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Identifies problems faced by archivists in the management of electronic records.
Getty Art History Information Program. 1995. Introduction to Imaging: Issues in Constructing an Image Database. Santa Monica, California: Getty Art History Information Program.
Introduction to technology and vocabulary of digital imaging applied to management of digital image databases. Full colour illustrations.
Kenney, Anne R., and Personius, Lynne K. 1992. The Cornell/Xerox/Commission on Preservation and Access Joint Study in Digital Preservation Report: Phase I, Digital Capture, Paper Facsimiles, and Network Access. Copyright 1992 by the Commission on Preservation and Access. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Library.
See following item.
Kenney, Anne R., and Personius, Lynne K. 1992. Joint Study in Digital Preservation, Phase I: A Report to the Commission on Preservation and Access. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access.
Describes the result of a joint study by Cornell University and the Xerox Corporation, with the support of the CPA, on the use of digital technology as a preservation medium. Same as the previous item.
Kenney, Anne R., Michael A. Friedman and Sue A. Poucher. 1993. Preserving Archival Material Through Digital Technology: Final Report. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Library.
Report on a demonstration project in scanning archival materials and evaluating the resulting paper facsimiles.
Kenney, Anne R., and Personius, Lynne K. 1993. A Testbed for Advancing the Role of Digital Technologies for Library Preservation and Access: Final Report by Cornell University to the Commission on Preservation and Access - October, 1993. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access.
Lesk, Michael. 1992. Preservation of New Technology: A Report of the Technology Assessment Advisory Committee to the Commission on Preservation and Access. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access.
Overview of preservation issues involved in new media formats.
Mallinson, John C. 1989. Magnetic Tape Recording: History, Evolution and Archival Considerations. In Proceedings of Conservation in Archives. International Symposium, Ottawa, Canada, May 10-12, 1988. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada. 181-190.
Notes concerns for the stability of tapes (audio, video, computer) and for the future availability of the equipment for use with these tapes.
Mallinson, John C. 1986. Preserving Machine-Readable Archival Records for the Millennia. Archivaria 22 (Summer 1986): 147-152.
Describes the work of the Committee on Preservation of the National Archives and Records Administration on the potential longevity of machine-readable records. The Committee concluded that the equipment needed to support these records was at more risk of obsolescence than the media used to store the records. Microfilm, because it is human-readable and a proven preservation medium, was recommended for the preservation of records.
Mohlhenrich, Janice, ed. 1993. Preservation of Electronic Formats & Electronic Formats for Preservation. Atkinson, Wisconsin: Highsmith.
Includes papers presented at the 1992 Wisconsin Preservation Program (WISPPR) conference. All are concerned with the life expectancy of electronically stored data, and with the development of stable, cost-effective methods to convert print collections to electronic formats. Contains an extensive annotated bibliography on the subject.
Picture Elements Inc. Guidelines for Electronic Preservation of Visual Materials, Part I. Submitted to The Library of Congress, March 1995.
Research Libraries Group. 1996. RLG Digital Image Access Project. Mountain View, California: The Research Libraries Group.
Proceedings of an invitational symposium in 1995. Project examined impact of merged collections and possibility of integrated networked access.
Rothenberg, Jeff. 1995. Ensuring the Longevity of Digital Documents. Scientific American 272(1) (January 1995): 42-47.
Discusses the rapid obsolescence of digital media and their associated hardware and system software, and compares them to human-readable formats like the Rosetta Stone. Discusses the importance of producing emulators, which mimic the behaviour of hardware, and of preserving detailed specifications for outdated hardware.
Saffady, William. 1992. Managing Electronic Records. Prairie Village, Kansas: Association of Records Managers and Administrators.
Covers electronic records management issues concepts and methodologies, legal issues, media stability, system dependence issues, vital records threats, etc.
Ward, Alan. 1990. A Manual of Sound Archive Administration. Aldershot, Hants, England; Brookfield, Vermont, USA: Gower.
Includes a chapter on the preservation of sound archives, and model codes of practice for storage and handling.
Waters, Donald J. 1992. Electronic Technologies and Preservation. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access.
General discussion of the role of digital technology in the access-oriented library.
Waters, Donald J. 1991. From Microfilm to Digital Imagery: On the Feasibility of a Project to Study the Means, Costs and Benefits of Converting Large Quantities of Preserved Library Materials from Microfilm to Digital Images. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access.
A planning study discussing methodology and theoretical background.
Waters, Donald J., and Weaver, Shari. 1992. The Organizational Phase of Project Open Book: a Report to the Commission on Preservation and Access. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access.
Overview of organizational steps necessary to a major digitizing project.
Willis, Don. 1992. A Hybrid Systems Approach to Preservation of Printed Materials. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access.
Compares micrographics and digital technology in terms of cost, storage capabilities, and appropriateness for a given situation.
Avedon, Don M. and Marilyn E. Courtot. 1992. Glossary of Imaging Technology. AIIM TR2-1992. Silver Spring, Maryland: AIIM.
Comprehensive glossary of technical terms.
Datapro Reports on Document Imaging Systems. 1994. User's Guide and Glossary. Delran, New Jersey: McGraw-Hill.
Lynn, M. Stuart. 1990. Preservation and Access Technology: The Relationship Between Digital and Other Media Conversion Processes: A Structured Glossary of Technical Terms. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access.
Includes terms associated with document preservation technologies, with special emphasis on document media conversion technologies and digital computer technologies.
Moore, Andy. 1993. Moore's Imaging Dictionary: The Official Dictionary of Electronic Document and Image Processing. New York: Telecom Library Inc.
ANSI IT8.7/3 - 1993. American National Standard: Graphic Technology - Input Data for Characterization of 4-Color Process Printing.
Scope: The primary purpose of this standard is to specify an input data file, a measurement procedure and an output data format to characterize any four-color printing process. The output data (characterization) file should be transferred with any four-color (cyan, magenta, yellow and black) halftone image files to enable a color transformation to be undertaken when required.
The data may be defined by rendering as images the ink values specified in this document and by colorimetrically measuring the printed sheet. The resultant tristimulus values provide the color characterization . The rendering process used to obtain these data must define all steps required in the image transfer process (e.g. film output, contacting, platemaking, etc.)
ANSI Z39.4-1984. American National Standard for Library and Information Sciences and Related Publishing Practices - Basic Criteria for Indexes.
Scope: This standard provides guidelines and a uniform vocabulary for use in the preparation of indexes. It deals with the principles of indexing, regardless of the type of material indexed or the indexing method (manual or mechanical) used. It includes a definition of an index, a discussion of the nature and variety of indexes, and recommendations regarding the preparation, organization, and style of indexes in general. It does not attempt to set standards for every detail or technique of indexing; these should be determined for each index on the basis of a number of factors, including the type of material indexed and the type of user for whom the index is designed.
The standard is not designed to teach basic indexing practices. It presents guidelines for the results to be achieved, not how to go about achieving them. The latter is the province of textbooks, several of which are mentioned in Appendix A, Bibliography, at the back of this standard.
ANSI/AIIM MS52-1991. Recommended Practice for the Requirements and Characteristics of Documents Intended for Optical Scanning.
Scope: This standard describes the physical characteristics of paper documents which facilitate black-and-white optical scanning, and the characteristics which make scanning either difficult or impossible. It provides general recommendations for the design of documents in order to make those documents easier to scan.
Document processing (storage, retrieval, reproduction) is the focal point for this standard. Its audience is the user of a scanner which captures one data bit (black/white) per picture element (PEL). Pixels and PELS are commonly used abbreviations for the term picture element. Throughout this standard, the term PEL(S) will be used.
This standard does not cover specific scanning applications, such as scanning of checks, scanning of engineering drawings, or scanning of bar codes, which are the subjects of other standards. It also does not address the technical details for OCR, which are the subject of other standards. Moreover, oversized documents and tiling techniques are not specifically addressed in this standard, although many of the same principles apply.
ANSI/AIIM MS54-1993. Graphic Symbols for Controls on Document Imaging Equipment.
Scope: This standard provides graphic symbols for micrographics and other document management equipment to be used for identifying equipment functions.
ANSI/AIIM MS55-1994. Standard Recommended Practice for the Identification and Indexing of Page Components (Zones) for Automated Processing in an Electronic Image Management (EIM) Environment.
Scope: This document covers all classes of imagery that can be logically stored or visualized in a regular 2-dimensional lattice of pixels (raster). The scope includes an exact description of the data elements (their representation and their organization) to be used to implement a zone definition record as a Standard Recommended Practice.
This Standard Recommended Practice is independent of the actual method of storage (e.g., compressed raster, vector or tiled imagery). Although color imagery is not specifically addressed by this document, it is not precluded by this Standard Recommended Practice.
ANSI/ISO 4341-1978(R1991). Magnetic Tape Cassette and Cartridge Labelling and File Structure for Information Interchange.
Scope: Three systems of arrangement of magnetically recorded separators and labels. Support for the simplest 'basic' system is necessary to ensure interchangeability of data.
ANSI/NISO/ISO 9660-1990. Volume and File Structure of CD-ROM for Information Exchange.
Scope: This International Standard specifies the volume and file structure of compact read only optical disks (CD-ROM) for the interchange of information between users of information processing systems.
This International Standard specifies
ISO 8879:1986. Specification for Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) for Text and Office Systems.
Scope: Describes the structure, format and other attributes of documents, including images and graphics, so that texts can be subsequently processed, for example published, without loss of identity or descriptive mark-up.
ISO 9660:1990. See ANSI/NISO/ISO 9660-1990.
ISO/IEC 10918-1:1994. Information Technology - Digital Compression and Coding of Continuous-Tone Still Images - Requirements and Guidelines.
Scope: This CCITT Recommendation/International Standard is applicable to continuous-tone--greyscale or colour--digital still image data. It is applicable to a wide range of applications which require use of compressed images. It is not applicable to bi-level image data.
This Specification:
ISO/IEC 11544-1:1993. Information Technology - Coded Representation of Picture and Audio Information - Progressive Bi-Level Image Compression.
Scope: This Specification defines a method for lossless compression encoding of a bi-level image (that is, an image that, like a black-and-white image, has only two colors). The defined method can also be used for coding greyscale and color images.
ANSI/AIIM TR26-1993. Technical Report for Information and Image Management - Resolution as it Relates to Photographic and Electronic Imaging. Silver Spring, MD: Association for Information and Image Management, 1993.
Discusses resolution, the quality index, and the differences between photographic and digital resolution.
AIIM TR28-1991. The Expungement of Information on Write-Once-Read-Many (WORM) Optical Media.
AIIM TR32-1994. Forms Design Optimization for EIM.
Blatner, David and Steve Roth. 1993. Real World Scanning and Halftones: The Definitive Guide to Scanning and Halftones for the Desktop. Berkeley, California: Peachpit Press.
Day, Jerry B. 1993. Super Scanning Techniques: The Hewlett-Packard Guide to Black-and-White Imaging. New York: Random House Electronic Publishing.
Elkington, Nancy E., ed. 1994. Digital Imaging Technology For Preservation: Proceedings from an RLG Symposium Held March 17 and 18, 1994, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Mountain View, California: The Research Libraries Group.
This symposium was designed to focus on the key technical concepts of digital imaging technology as it relates to preservation, and the proceedings include the texts of tutorials given there.
Field, Gary G. 1990. Colour Scanning and Imaging Systems. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Graphic Arts Technical Foundation.
Gertz, Janet. 1995. Oversize Color Images Project, 1994-95. Final Report of Phase I A Report to the Commission on Preservation and Access. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access.
Description of study to assess the technological possibilities for reformatting brittle maps. Results to be used to develop preservation plans for publications of U.S. Geological Survey.
Kenney, Anne R., and Stephen Chapman. 1995. Tutorial: Digital Resolution Requirements for Replacing Text-Based Material: Methods for Benchmarking Image Quality. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access.
Provides a means of estimating resolution requirements for using digital imaging technology to convert text-based material.
Kenney, Anne R., and Stephen Chapman, preps. 1995. Workshop on the Use of Digital Imaging Technology for Preservation and Access. Unpublished course workbook. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Library.
See also 5. Environmental Control
ANSI/NAPM IT9.23 - 199X. Polyester Base Magnetic Tape - Storage.
In preparation.
ISO 9660:1988. Information Processing - Volume and File Structure of CD-ROM for Information Interchange.
See ANSI/NISO/ISO 9660-1990.
ISO/IEC 108885:1993. Information Technology - 356 mm Optical Disk Cartridge for Information Interchange - Write Once.
Scope: This International Standard specifies the characteristics of 356 mm optical disk cartridges of the type providing for information to be written once and read many times.
ISO 10885 specifies:
Abraham, Robert C. and Raymond C. Freeman Jr. 1991. Mass Storage Solutions. Santa Barbara, California: Freeman Associates.
Covers market assessment and product specifications. Covers WORM, magneto-optical, CD-ROM and tape-based systems.
Barber, David. 1994. "Mass Storage Systems for Digital Data, With Strategies for Increasing Capacity and Improving Speed and Economy". Library Technology Reports 30(4):445-534.
Black, David B. 1995. "Imaging Storage Media Requirements". Imaging Business 1(8):36-40.
Brenner, Aaron. 1994. "Choosing the Right Imaging Mass Storage Solution". Imaging Magazine 3(10):38-52.
CBC Engineering Operations Department. c1990. Recommended Practice for the Care, Handling and Storage of CBC A/V Magnetic Media. Montreal: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
Extensive coverage of practices related to the care of AV magnetic media.
Courtot, Marilyn. 1990. Impact of Optical Storage Standards on the Image and Information Industry. AIIM Resource Report. Silver Spring, Maryland: AIIM.
Cuddihy, Edward F. 1989. "Stability and Preservation of Magnetic Tape." In Proceedings of Conservation in Archives. International Symposium, Ottawa, Canada, May 10-12, 1988. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada: 191-206.
Considers environmental conditions considered safe for tape use and storage.
Datapro. 1994. Image Storage. Datapro Reports on Document Imaging Systems. New Jersey: McGraw-Hill.
Review of market and technology trends with product specifications. Covers optical storage, jukeboxes and various drives.
Farrington, Jim. 1991. "Preventive Maintenance for Audio Discs and Tapes." Notes: Quarterly Journal of the Music Library Association. Vol. 48, no. 2 (December 1991): 437-445.
Includes information about best environmental conditions for maintenance of audio media.
King, Alan. 1991. "The Care and Feeding of Your CD-ROM Disk." Database, Vol. 14, no. 6 (December 1991): 105-107.
Guidelines for maintaining a collection of compact disks.
Kulka, Edward. 1995. Archival Enclosures: A Guide. Ottawa: Canadian Council of Archives.
Includes chapter on machine-readable data carriers i.e., optical media. Covers production and suppliers, glossary and bibliography.
National Archives and Records Administration and the National Association of Government Archives and Records Administrators. 1991. Digital Imaging and Optical Media Storage Systems: Guidelines for State and Local Government Agencies. Washington, D.C.: NARA and NAGARA.
National Archives and Records Administration. 1991. Optical Digital Image Storage System: Project Report. Washington, D.C.: NARA.
National Archives and Records Administration. 1994. Digital Imaging and Optical Digital Data Disk Storage Systems: Long-Term Access Strategies for Federal. NARA Technical Information Paper No. 12. Washington, D.C.: NARA.
Discussion of findings of digital imaging and optical digital data storage systems study conducted by NARA including critical management issues, technological trends and user experiences. Also site visit summaries, listing of technical standards, glossary and annotated bibliography.
Pohlmann, Ken C. 1989. The Compact Disc: A Handbook of Theory and Use. Madison, Wisconsin: A-R Editions.
Roosa, Mark. 1988. Preservation and Conservation of Sound Recordings. Washington, D.C.: Preservation Reference Service, Library of Congress.
Storage recommendations and select bibliography.
Saffady, William. 1991. "Stability, Care and Handling of Microforms, Magnetic Media and Optical Disks." Library Technology Reports 27(1) (January/February 1991): 5-116.
Detailed discussion of machine-readable data and the problems inherent in maintaining such collections, including guidelines for daily use.
Saffady, William. 1990. Optical Storage Technology 1990-91: A State of the Art Review. Westport Connecticut: Meckler.
Comprehensive review covering CD-ROM, read/write optical data disks and optical cards and tape with bibliography.
Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. 1994. Proposed SMPTE Recommended Practice. RP 103 (Revision of RP 103-1982. Care, Storage. Operation, Handling and Shipping of Magnetic Recording Tape for Television. SMPTE Journal (October 1994): 693-695.
Scope: This practice provides guidance to technical managers, archivists, and technicians for the care, storage, operation, handling, and shipping that help maximize life expectancy and interchange performance for television (video) magnetic recording tape.
SMPTE RP 103-1982 (Reaffirmed 1987). Care and Handling of Video Magnetic Recording Tape.
SMPTE RP 131-1985. Storage of Motion Picture Films.
St. Laurent, Gilles. 1991. The Care and Handling of Recorded Sound Materials. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access.
Outlines problems and offers advice for the care and storage of various types of recordings including discs, tapes, CDs, etc.
Van Bogart, John W. C. 1995. Magnetic Tape Storage and Handling: A Guide for Libraries and Archives. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access.
Covers proper storage and care of magnetic media to gain maximum life expectancy, including a detailed list of recommended practices for the care and handling of magnetic tape. It is "written specifically for librarians, historians, records manager, archivists, and others who do not have a significant background in recording technology." (Preface, p.i) and contains a great deal of practical information.
Vogelgesang, Peter. 1989. "Optical Digital Recordings." In: National Archives of Canada. Proceedings of Conservation in Archives. International Symposium, Ottawa, Canada, May 10-12, 1988. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada: 223-232.
Covers use of optical media for the storage of documents.
Ward, Alan. 1990. A Manual of Sound Archive Administration. Aldershot, Hants, England; Brookfield, Vermont, USA: Gower.
Includes a chapter on the preservation of sound archives, and model codes of practice for storage and handling.
ANSI/AIIM MS44-1988. Recommended Practice for Quality Control of Image Scanners.
Scope: This recommended practice provides procedures for the ongoing control of quality within a digital document image management system. The objective is to provide a means of quality control from input to output. Regular use of the recommended procedures should ensure continued maintenance of an established level of quality.
The procedures are designed for an operator and have three purposes:
ANSI/AIIM MS50-1994. Standard Recommended Practice - Monitoring Image Quality of Aperture Card Film Image Scanners.
Scope: This standard recommended practice provides procedures for the ongoing control of image quality within a digital aperture card image management system. The objective is to provide a means of monitoring output image quality. Regular use of these recommended procedures should ensure continued maintenance of an established level of image quality.
The procedures covered in this standard recommended practice are designed for an operator and have two purposes:
AIIM TR27-1991. Electronic Imaging Request for Proposal (RFP) Guidelines. Silver Spring, MD: Association for Information and Image Management.
Scope: To enable vendors to provide the proper solution, the RFP must represent a clear understanding of all the issues (refer to Technical Section), it must provide a method for responding to and managing those issues (refer to Management Section), and it must provide the vendor with an acceptable method for doing business (refer to Contract and Price Section). Many RFPs are not successful because they fail to properly communicate one or more of the above issues and this often results in a problem contract or no contract.
ANSI/AIIM TR26-1993. Technical Report for Information and Image Management - Resolution as it Relates to Photographic and Electronic Imaging. Silver Spring, MD: Association for Information and Image Management.
Discusses resolution, the quality index, and the differences between photographic and digital resolution.
Harrison, Helen P. 1987. The Archival Appraisal of Sound Recordings and Related Materials; A RAMP Study with Guidelines. PGI-87/WS/1. Paris: General Information Programme and UNISIST: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Advice on how to appraise, select, and preserve machine-readable records.
Podio, Fernando L., ed. 1991. Monitoring and Reporting Techniques for Error Rate and Error Distribution in Optical Disk Systems. (NIST Special Publication; 500-198) Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Proceedings of a workshop designed to identify the state of the art on error rate monitoring and reporting techniques in optical disk systems, and to discuss future directions.
ANSI/AIIM MS53-1993. Standard Recommended Practice - File Format for Storage and Exchange of Images - Bi-Level Image File Format: Part 1.
Scope: This standard covers bi-level images that are coded using International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT) Recommendations T.4 and T.6, as well as bit-mapped images (having no compression). The file format is media-independent. The file format documented in this standard is known as "AIIM Level 1.1" or All.
It is intended that similar file formats for different image encoding types will be created as future extensions to this standard. These will be given higher level numbers, e.g., "AIIM Level 2.1".
(Subsequent parts are being written for greyscale and colour).
ISO/IEC 10149:1989. Information Technology - Data Interchange on Read-Only 120 mm Optical Data Disks (CD ROM).
Scope: This International Standard specifies the characteristics of 120 mm optical disks for information interchange between information processing systems and for information storage, called CD-ROM.
The optical disk specified by this International Standard is of the type in which the information is recorded before delivery to the user and can only be read from the disk. This International Standard specifies
-some definitions, the environments in which the characteristics of the disk shall be tested and the environments in which it shall be used and stored;
AIIM TR19-1993. Electronic Imaging Output/Display Devices.
AIIM TR29-1993. Electronic Imaging Output/Printers.
Dailey, Franklyn E. 1993. Image Technology Applications: Operating Systems and Networking Issues. Charleston, South Carolina: Computer Technology Research Corp.
Knorr, Eric. 1995. "Big Screens". PC World (April 1995):102-118.
Review of 17" monitors.
Matthews, Joseph R. and Mark R. Parker. 1995. Local Area Networks and Wide Area Networks for Libraries. Library Technology Reports 31(1): 5-110.
Background in LANs and WANs for library planners.
Moore, Andy. 1995. "The Year the Display Controller Business Went Nuts". Imaging Magazine 4(4):126-141.
Neilson, Marta. 1995. "Choosing the Right Display for Your Customer". Imaging Business (February 1995):28-35.
ANSI/AIIM TR31-1992. Performance Guideline for the Legal Acceptance of Records Produced by Information Technology Systems -
Part 1: Performance Guideline for Admissibility of Records Produced by Information Technology Systems as Evidence.
Scope: Admissibility into evidence of records produced by information technology systems employing media such as microfilm, magnetic tape or magnetic disk (and, by implication optical disk) has been addressed at the federal level by statutory laws and by special rules prescribed by the Supreme Court that accommodate such records. Of particular note are the Federal Rules of Evidence. (Agency administrative hearings are not bound by the Federal Rules of Evidence. As a consequence, the Administrative Law Judge has wide discretion with admitting records into evidence regardless of how they were produced.)
Reported decisions indicate that the courts are quite lenient in interpreting these laws and rules as applicable to records produced by information technology systems (analog or digital). However, problems arise if appropriate procedures are not followed in creating and maintaining such records, making it difficult to lay a proper foundation for admissibility. The court must be convinced that the process or system used is trustworthy in producing accurate records, i.e., the records reflect the source data used to create them. (Whether the source data are correct is another matter.)
ANSI/AIIM TR31-1993. Performance Guideline for the Legal Acceptance of Records Produced by Information Technology Systems -
Part 2: Performance Guideline for the Acceptance by Government Agencies of Records Produced by Information Technology Systems.
Scope: This part of the guideline addresses laws enacted by government that affect personal or business recordkeeping practices. In particular, it addresses laws containing recordkeeping provisions that require records to be kept available for government audit, require records to be submitted to government, or establish the form of records. Organizations that fail to comply with these laws are subject to fines, penalties and loss of rights. It does not address laws related to evidence (see Part One) or government internal activities (other than those regulations that apply similarly to private and government activities such as health and safety, employment, etc.).
CAN/CGSB-72.11-93. Microfilm and Electronic Images as Documentary Evidence.
Scope:
1.2 This standard provides guidelines for the capture of images of business source records and the secure storage of those images. In order to maximize the probability of admissibility and weight given to business records as evidence, this standard recommends that they be stored in secure storage. Because computer output to microfilm (COM) is considered by many to be a source record, many of the certification requirements will not be necessary. When microform systems are used which allow images to be erased, special procedures and/or affidavits that are not described in this standard may be necessary to safeguard the system's integrity and the admissibility and credibility of its records. In these circumstances, specific legal advice should be obtained.
1.3 This standard does not describe the processing methods and the technical requirements necessary to apply the rules and quality control guidelines specified in this standard. For that purpose, the publications referred to in Part 1, Section 2 should be used. These publications deal with such methods and technical requirements as document indexes, capture resolutions, preparation of source records for capture, capture procedures, image compression, image enhancement, and index data verification.
AIIM TR25-1990. The Use of Optical Disks for Public Records.
Graham, Peter S. 1994. Intellectual Preservation: Electronic Preservation of the Third Kind. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access.
Discusses the problem of ensuring the authenticity of electronic texts.
Copyright. The National Library of Canada. (Revised: 1996-09-12).
