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5. Environmental Control

General

Table of contents

Temperature and Relative Humidity

Standards

CAN/CSA-C22.2 No. 236-M90 (UL 1995). Heating and Cooling Equipment.
Scope: These requirements apply to the following stationary equipment for use in nonhazardous locations rated 7200 V or less, single- or 3-phase, and remote control assemblies for such equipment:

1. Heat pumps, for heating and cooling with or without factory or field-installed electric resistance heaters, or hot water or steam heating coils.
   
2. Air conditioners for cooling with or without factory of field-installed electric resistance heaters, or hot water or steam heating coils.
   
3. Cooling portion and associated components of combination heating and cooling equipment employing gas-, oil-, or gas-oil-fired heating means....
   
4. Liquid chillers and compressor-evaporators or liquid chiller assemblies intended for use with remote condensers.
   
5. Condensing units intended for connection to a remote nonspecified evaporator and compressor units intended for connection to a remote nonspecified evaporator and condenser.
   
6. Add-on heat pumps for comfort heating or heating and cooling.
   
7. Heat pump water heaters and refrigerant desuperheaters, and packaged heat pump water heaters consisting of a heat pump water heater and an associated storage tank.
   
8. Fan units and fan coil units for comfort heating and/or comfort cooling.
   
9. Room fan heater units, central heating furnaces, and similar fixed electric space heating for comfort heating....
   

References

ASTM E 337 - 84 (Reapproved 1990). Standard Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psychrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Temperatures).
Scope:

1.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the humidity of atmospheric air by means of wet- and dry-bulb temperature readings.
1.1.2 This test method is applicable for meteorological measurements at the earth's surface, for the purpose of the testing of materials, and for the determination of the relative humidity of most standard atmospheres and test atmospheres.
1.1.3 This test method is also applicable when the temperature of the wet bulb only is required. In this case, the instrument comprises a wet-bulb thermometer only.
1.1.4 Relative humidity (rh) does not denote a unit. Uncertainties in the relative humidity are expressed in the form U ± u % rh, which means that the relative humidity is expected to lie in the range (U-u)% to (U+u)%, where U is the observed relative humidity. All uncertainties are at the 95% confidence level.

1.2.1 This method incorporates the psychrometer ventilated by aspiration. The aspirated psychrometer is more accurate than the sling (whirling) psychrometer (see Method B), and it offers advantages in regard to the space which it requires, the possibility of using alternative types of thermometers (for example, electrical), easier shielding of thermometer bulbs from extraneous radiation, accidental breakage, and convenience.
1.2.2 This method is applicable within the ambient temperature range 5 to 80°C, wet-bulb temperatures not lower than 1°C, and restricted to ambient pressures not differing from standard atmospheric pressure by more than 30%.

1.3.1 This method incorporates the psychrometer ventilated by whirling (sling psychrometer).
1.3.2 This method is applicable within the ambient temperature range 5 to 50°C, wet-bulb temperatures not lower than 1°C and restricted to ambient pressures not differing from standard atmospheric pressure by more than 30%.

ASHRAE. 1991. 1991 ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications. Atlanta, Georgia: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
Chapter 50 covers codes and standards.

ASHRAE. 1992. 1992 ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Systems and Equipment. Atlanta, Georgia: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
Chapter 48 covers codes and standards.

ASHRAE. 1993. 1993 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals. Atlanta, Georgia: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
Chapter 38 covers codes and standards.

ASHRAE. 1994. 1994 ASHRAE Handbook: Refrigeration. Atlanta, Georgia: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
Chapter 51 covers codes and standards.

Christensen, Carol. 1995. Environmental Standards: Looking Beyond Flatlining? AIC News 20(5): 1-2,4-8.

Druzik, James and Paul Banks. 1995. Appropriate Standards for the Indoor Environment. Conservation Administration News 62/63: 1, 3-8.

Erhardt, David and Marion Mecklenberg. 1994. Relative Humidity Re-examined. In Preventive Conservation: Practice, Theory Research. Preprints of the Contributions to the Ottawa Congress, 12-16 September 1994. London: International Institute for Conservation.32-38.

Lee, Mary Wood. 1988. Prevention and Treatment of Mold in Library Collections with an Emphasis on Tropical Climates; A RAMP Study. PGI-88/WS/9. Paris: General Information Programme and UNISIST: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Analysis of environmental factors in the spread of mold, means of treatment and prevention.

Macleod, K. J. 1975 or 1978. Relative Humidity: Its Importance, Measurement and Control in Museums. Canadian Conservation Institute Technical Bulletin No. 1. Ottawa: CCI.
Explanation of relative humidity with definitions.

Mathey, R.G. et al. 1983. Air Quality Criteria for Storage of Paper-Based Archival Records. NBSIR Nos. 83-2767 and 83-2770. Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, National Archives and Records Service.
Recommendations on temperature, relative humidity and air quality for storage, based on research done by the National Archives.

McCrady, Ellen. 1995. Indoor Environment Standards: A Report on the NYU Symposium. The Abbey Newsletter 19(6-7): 93,94,96-98.

Michalski, Stefan. 1993. Relative Humidity: A Discussion of Correct/Incorrect Values. In ICOM Committee for Conservation: 10th Triennial Meeting, Washington, D.C., U.S.A., 22-27 August, 1993, Preprints, ed. J.Bridgeland, Vol. 2. Paris, ICOM Committee for Conservation. 624-629.
Discussion of relative humidity standards/specification vis a vis practical realities and cost/benefit.

Michalski, Stefan. 1994. Relative Humidity and Temperature Guidelines: What's Happening? CCI Newsletter 14 (September): 6-8.

Sebera, Donald K. 1994. Isoperms: An Environmental Management Tool. Washington, D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access.
The isoperm method quantifies the effect of temperature and relative humidity on the life expectancy of paper-based collections.

Silverman, Richard M. 1993. "A Mandate for Change in the Library Environment." Library Administration & Management Vol. 7, no. 3 (Summer 1993):145-152.
General considerations in managing library environments to serve both staff and collections.

Table of contents

Light

See also 6. Exhibition Environmental Control

Standards

BSI BS 1006:1990. Methods of Test for Colour Fastness to Light.
General principles. Definition of the grey scales for change in colour and for staining. Methods for determining colour fastness to approximately 70 different agencies.

ISO Series 105. 1985-1994. Textiles - Tests for Colour Fastness. Series of some 60 standards, B Subseries includes effects of light i.e.,ISO 105-B08: 1995. Tests for Colour Fastness. Part B08: Quality Control of Blue Wool Reference Materials 1 to 7.

References

ASTM D 4303 - 92. 1992. Standard Test Methods for Lightfastness of Pigments Used in Artists' Paints.
Scope: Three test methods consisting of exposure to light (natural sunlight or simulated sunlight) filtered through glass are described...

Brill, Thomas B. 1980. Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities. New York, N.Y.: Plenum Press.
Discussion of nature of light, its properties and effect on materials with bibliography.

Canadian Conservation Institute. 1983. Ultraviolet Filters for Fluorescent Lamps. CCI Notes 2/1. Ottawa: CCI.
Description of reduction of UV radiation. Includes suppliers.

Canadian Conservation Institute. 1983. Track Lighting. CCI Notes 2/3. Ottawa: CCI.
Description of installation and light level reduction for track lighting.

Canadian Conservation Institute. 1988. Daylite Fluro-Spray Floodlight. CCI Notes 2/2. Ottawa: CCI.
Description of a floodlight for museums and galleries.

Canadian Conservation Institute. 1989. A Light Damage Slide Rule. CCI Notes 2/6. Ottawa: CCI.
Tool to assist with decision-making on lighting of art and artifacts.

Feller, Robert L. and Ruth Johnston-Feller. 1980. The International Standards Organization's Blue-Wool Fading Standards (ISOR105). In The Harpers Ferry Regional Textile Conservation Group. Washington, D.C.
Review of the potential uses of these standards and their limitations.

Feller, Robert L. and Ruth Johnston-Feller. 1978 and 1979. Use of International Standards Organization's Blue-Wool Standards for Exposure to Light: I and II. In Preprints of AIC. Sixth and Seventh Annual Meetings at Fort Worth and Toronto. Washington, D.C.: 73-80 and 30-36.
Description of visual rating method of reporting the degree and rate of fading of the ISO standards followed by proposal for instrumental method for measurement.

Feller, Robert L. 1994. Accelerated Aging: Photochemical and Thermal Aspects. Research in Conservation No. 4. Marina del Rey, California: Getty Conservation Institute.
Discusses the chemical aspects of photochemical stability, "particularly the ways in which the oxidative deterioration induced by exposure to visible and near-ultraviolet radiation takes place and the ways in which the underlying chemical processes can be speeded up in order to estimate the long-term serviceability of materials." p.1.

Lafontaine, Raymond H. and Patricia A. Wood. 1982. Fluorescent Lamps. Rev. ed. Canadian Conservation Institute Technical Bulletin 7. Ottawa: CCI.
Practical discussion on the characteristics and selection of fluorescent lamps for museum application.

MacLeod, K. J. 1975. Museum Lighting. Canadian Conservation Institute Technical Bulletin No. 2. Ottawa: CCI.
Brief non-technical overview.

Table of contents

Air Quality

Standards

ANSI/ASHRAE 62 - 1989. Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. Scope:This standard applies to all indoor or enclosed spaces that people may occupy, except where other applicable standards and requirements dictate larger amounts of ventilation than this standard. Release of moisture in residential kitchens and bathrooms, locker rooms, and swimming pools is included in the scope of this standard.

ISO 4219:1979. Air Quality - Determination of Gaseous Sulphur Compounds in Ambient Air - Sampling Equipment.
Scope: Specifies general requirements for air sampling equipment for sulphur dioxide in particular.

ISO 4220:1983. Ambient Air - Determination of a Gaseous Acid Air Pollution Index - Titrimetric Method with Indicator or Potentiometric End-Point Detection.
Scope: This International Standard specifies a titrimetric method for the determination of a gaseous acid pollution index (see clause 3) of ambient air, using an indicator or a potentiometric procedure to detect the end-point.

The method is applicable to the determination of a gaseous acid pollution index of ambient air equivalent to mass concentrations of sulfur dioxide higher than 30 mg/m3.

The results obtained following this method depend on the amounts of both acid and alkaline gaseous air pollutants which are likely to be determined under the specified sampling and analytical conditions.

The sampling period is 24 or 48 h.

The method is not specific for sulfur dioxide.

ISO 4221:1980. Air Quality - Determination of Mass Concentration of Sulphur Dioxide in Ambient Air - Thorin Spectrophotometric Method.
Scope: This International Standard specifies a Thorin spectrophotometric method for the determination of the mass concentration of sulphur dioxide in ambient air.

ISO 4225:1994. Air Quality - General Aspects - Vocabulary.
Scope: This International Standard explains the meanings, in English and French, of a selection of terms commonly used in connection with the sampling and measurement of gases, vapours and particles for the determination of air quality.

ISO 4226:1993. Air Quality - General Aspects - Units of Measurement.
Scope: This International Standard lays down the units and symbols to be used when reporting results of air quality measurements. For general guidance on the International System of Units, reference should be made to ISO 1000:1992, SI units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other units.

ISO/TR 4227:1989. Planning of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring.
Scope: This Technical Report establishes a classification scheme which should form a general basis for international standardization of ambient air quality monitoring and permits comparison between existing and planned ambient air quality monitoring systems. The results of such comparisons may be used as guidelines for standardization.

ISO 6767:1990. Ambient Air - Determination of the Mass Concentration of Sulfur Dioxide - Tetrachloromercurate (TCM)/pararosaniline Method).
Scope: Spectrometric method for sulphur dioxide in the range 20 mg/m3 to about 500 mg/m3.

ISO 6768:1985. Ambient Air - Determination of the Mass Concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide - Modified Griess-Saltzman Method.
Scope: Application within the range 0.010 to about 20 mg/m3 with a sampling period from 10 min to 2 h.

ISO 6879:1983. Air Quality - Performance Characteristics and Related Concepts for Air Quality Measuring Methods.
Scope: This International Standard establishes a glossary of the most important performance characteristics of air quality measuring methods involving gaseous and particulate matter. The values associated with these performance characteristics, when determined, should be used to decide whether the method is suitable for a given air quality measuring task. All problems involved in drafting a specific method, including obtaining a representative sample or the number of measurements necessary for a given task, are excluded from this glossary and will be dealt with in other International Standards. This glossary will be followed by a series of International Standards for evaluating certain of these performance characteristics.
The performance characteristics listed apply equally to respective emission measurement procedures.

ISO 7168:1985. Air Quality - Presentation of Ambient Air Quality Data in Alphanumerical Form.
Scope: This International Standard specifies the minimum desirable information which should be provided when ambient air quality data are presented in alphanumerical form. The structure of the data presentation and suggested formats have been chosen to allow readability of direct print-outs.
This International Standard is recommended for use in the exchange of information about ambient air quality; it does not specify data storage or handling.

ISO 7996:1985. Ambient Air - Determination of the Mass Concentration of Nitrogen Oxides - Chemiluminescence Method.
Scope: Is applicable for the measurement of NO up to a concentration of 12.5 mg/m3 and of NO2 up to 19 mg/m3 at 25°C and 101.3 kPa.

ISO 8186:1989. Ambient Air - Determination of the Mass Concentration of Carbon Monoxide - Gas Chromatographic Method.
Scope:

ISO 8756:1994 Air Quality - Handling of Temperature, Pressure and Humidity Data.
Scope: This International Standard describes procedures for adjusting air quality measurements for changes in temperature, pressure and humidity during the sampling period. It also specifies the reference conditions of temperature, pressure and humidity to be used when reporting the results.
The procedures and reference conditions are applicable to air quality measurement methods and apply to measurements made in ambient and workplace atmospheres and to the measurement of stationary source emissions.

ISO 9169:1994. Air Quality - Determination of Performance Characteristics of Measurement Methods.
Scope: This International Standard specifies procedures to quantify the following performance characteristics of air quality measurement methods defined in ISO 6879: bias (in part only), calibration function and linearity, instability, lower detection limit, period of unattended operation, selectivity, sensitivity, upper limit of measurement.
The procedures given are applicable only to air quality measurement methods with linear continuous calibration functions, the output variable of which is a defined time average. Additionally, replicate values belonging to the same input state are assumed to be normally distributed. Components needed to transform the primary measurement method output into the time averages desired are regarded as integral parts of this measurement method.
For measurement method stability surveillance under routine measurement conditions, it may suffice to check the essential performance characteristics using simplified tests, the degree of simplification acceptable being dependent on the knowledge of the invariance properties of the performance characteristics previously gained by the procedures presented here.
There is no fundamental difference between the instrumental (automatic) and the manual (e.g. wet-chemical) procedures as long as the measured value is an average representative for the predefined time interval. Therefore, the procedures given are applicable to both. Furthermore, they are applicable to measurement methods for ambient air, indoor air, workplace air, and emissions.

ISO 9359:1989. Air Quality - Stratified Sampling Method for Assessment of Ambient Air Quality.
Scope: This International Standard specifies a method for the assessment of certain aspects of ambient air quality in terms of percentiles and means using the principle of stratified sampling.
This is by estimating percentiles and means of the frequency distribution of measurements of ambient air quality characteristics. The application to the estimation of means, however, is restricted to cases where certain assumptions about the frequency distribution of the ambient air quality characteristic can be made using a priori knowledge or when a sufficient number of statistically independent measurements are available (see ISO 2854 and ISO 2602).
The results may be used to assess ambient air quality during the period of the measurement survey. (For length of period see also ISO 7168.) By using information on the longer-term occurrence of the various strata, an assessment for a longer period can be obtained using the same database.
Thus, although meteorological conditions have a profound effect on the concentration and distribution of air pollutants, stratified sampling enables results which are independent of the actual meteorological conditions prevailing during the interval of time of measurement to be calculated for a longer term.

ISO 9835:1993. Ambient Air - Determination of a Black Smoke Index.
Scope: Gives a reflectance method for continuous or daily measurement of the black smoke index in the range 6 to 375.

ISO 9855:1993. Ambient Air - Determination of the Particulate Lead Content of Aerosols Collected on Filters - Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method.
Scope: Deposits greater than 1m, with an option for those less than 1m.

ISO 10313:1993. Ambient Air - Determination of the Mass Concentration of Ozone - Chemiluminescence Method.
Scope: Gives a method for continuous or daily measurement of ozone in the range 2Gmg/m3 to 10 mg/m3.

ISO/TR 7708:1983. Air Quality - Particle Size Fraction Definitions for Health-Related Sampling.

Bureau of National Affairs. 1988. Indoor Air Pollution: The Complete Resource Guide. Vols. I & II. Washington, D.C.: BNA.
Full coverage of indoor air pollution, including laws and legislation.

Cass, Genn R. et al. 1989. Protection of Works of Art from Atmospheric Ozone. Research in Conservation 5. Marina del Rey, California: Getty Conservation Institute.
Summary of the report of the three year Environmental Quality Laboratory, California Institute of Technology project.

Druzik, Cecily M.G. and Amy Taketomo. 1988. Standard Operating Protocol: Analysis of Airborne Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Using HPLC. Marina del Rey, California: Getty Conservation Institute.
Description of quantitative High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technique for pollutant measurement at ppb level.

EPA and NIOSH. 1992. Building Air Quality: A Guide for Building Owners & Facility Managers. Washington, D.C.: U.S. EPA and NIOSH.
Information on indoor air quality problems and how to correct or prevent them.

Mathey, R.G. et al. 1983. Air Quality Criteria for Storage of Paper-Based Archival Records. NBSIR Nos. 83-2767 and 83-2770. Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, National Archives and Records Service.
Recommendations on temperature, relative humidity and air quality for storage, based on research done by the National Archives.

Nazaroff, William W., et al. 1993 Airborne Particles in Museums. Research in Conservation 6. Marina del Rey, California: Getty Conservation Institute.
A technical study of air pollution inside selected museum buildings, and the risks of deterioration of their collections as a result of this pollution. Information is also of interest to those concerned with library collections.

Pascoe, M. W. 1988. Impact of Environmental Pollution on the Preservation of Archives and Records; A RAMP Study. PGI-88/WS/18. Paris: General Information Programme and UNISIST, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Analysis of environmental pollutants and their effects; includes anti-pollution strategies.

Williams, Edwin L. II and Daniel Grosjean. 1990. Exposure to Deacidified Paper to Ambient Levels of SO2 and NO2. Final Report Prepared for the Getty Conservation Institute, September 1990. Ventura, California: DGA Inc.
Study of effect of ambient levels of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide on deacidified and untreated paper (newsprint and white wove).

Table of contents

Pest Management

Standards/Legislation

See under pesticides, rodenticides, etc. or by product name.

Canada

See The Pest Control Products Act Pest Management Regulatory Agency, Health Canada is the federal agency responsible for regulation. Check also with provincial government minnistries, i.e. licensing and permits for pest control operators.

U.S.

See The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act as Amended. Office of Pesticide Programs. EPA 540/09-89-012, Revised October 1988.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is the federal agency responsible for regulation.

References

Baker, M.T., Burgess, H.D., Binnie, N.E., Derrick, M.R. and J. Druzik. Laboratory Investigation of the Fumigant Vikane. In Preprints of the 9th Triennial Meeting, Dresden, German Democratic Republic, 26-31 August 1990. Vol. II. Los Angeles: ICOM Committee for Conservation. 804-811.
Discussion of testing of fumigant Vikane (sulfuryl fluoride) on a wide variety of materials, metals, pigments, resins, celluloses, proteins and dyes.

Ballard, Mary W. and Norbert S. Baer. 1986. Ethylene Oxide Fumigation: Results and Risk Assessment. Restaurator 7(4): 143-168.
Includes risk management and institutional applications.

Brokerhof, Agnes W. 1989. Control of Fungi and Insects in Objects and Collections Of Cultural Value: "A State of the Art". Amsterdam: Central Research Laboratory for Objects of Art and Science.
Discussion of prevention and variety of control methods including fumigation, irradiation, controlled atmospheres, freezing, biological control, etc.

Burke, John. 1993. Current Research into the Control of Biodeterioration Through the Use of Thermal Suffocant Conditions. AIC News 18(2): 1-4.
Review of research in progress.

Canadian Conservation Institute. 1986. Examining for Insect Infestation. CCI Notes N3/1. Ottawa: CCI.
Use of inspection rooms for new acquisitions in museums.

Conservation Center for Art and Historic Artifacts. 1994. Managing a Mold Invasion: Guidelines for Disaster Response. Technical Series No. 1. Philadelphia: CCAHA.
Covers prevention, human health and response with bibliography and resource list.

Daniel, Vinod, Shin Maekawa and Frank D. Preusser. Nitrogen Fumigation: A Viable Alternative. In Preprints of the 9th Triennial Meeting, Dresden, German Democratic Republic, 26-31 August 1990. Vol. II. Los Angeles: ICOM Committee for Conservation. 863-867.
Discussion of fumigation using nitrogen and/or oxygen scavenger, as well as use of nitrogen in bubbles and conventional chambers.

Dawson, John E. and Thomas J.K. Strang. 1992. Solving Museum Insect Problems. Canadian Conservation Institute Technical Bulletin 15. Ottawa: CCI.
A guide to chemical pest control, including treatment of particular pests, and properties of particular insecticides.

Ebeling, Walter. 1978. Urban Entomology. Berkeley, California: University of California.
Reference text with photographs and information on the biology and behaviour of pests.

Edwards, Stephen R., Bruce M. Bell and Mary Elizabeth King, comps. 1981. Pest Control in Museums: A Status Report (1980). Lawrence, Kansas: Association of Systematics Collections, University of Kansas.
Detailed papers on terminology, procedures, equipment, identification of pests, and training.

Florian, Mary-Lou. 1986. The Freezing Process - Effects on Insects and Artifact Materials. Leather Conservation News 3(1):1-13,17.
Comprehensive review of freezing as a means of controlling insects in collections.

Florian, Mary-Lou. 1987. The Effect on Artifact Materials of the Fumigant Ethylene Oxide and Freezing Used in Insect Control. In Preprints of the International Council of Museums' Committee Triennial Meeting, Sydney, Australia.

Florian, Mary-Lou. 1989. Integrated Systems Approach to Insect Pest Control: An Alternative to Fumigation. In Proceedings of Conservation in Archives: International Symposium, Ottawa, Canada, May 10-12, 1988. Ottawa: International Council on Archives. 252-262.
Discussion of integrated systems approach including prevention, problem assessment and planning for control, implementation and clean-up.

Florian, Mary-Lou. 1994. Conidial Fungi (Mould, Mildew) Biology: A Basis for Logical Prevention, Eradication and Treatment for Museum and Archival Collections. Leather Conservation News 10: 1-29.

Gilberg Mark. 1990. Inert Atmosphere Disinfestation using Ageless Oxygen Scavenger. In Preprints of the 9th Triennial Meeting, Dresden, German Democratic Republic, 26-31 August 1990. Vol. II. Los Angeles: ICOM Committee for Conservation. 812-816.
Discussion of Ageless testing as a safe and effective means of generating low oxygen atmospheres for the treatment of insect infested objects.

Grattan, David W. and Mark Gilberg. 1994. Ageless Oxygen Absorber: Chemical and Physical Properties. Studies in Conservation 39: 210-214.
Description of properties of Ageless, a commercial oxygen scavenger, plus outline of implications of use.

Harmon, James D. 1993. Integrated Pest Management in Museum, Library and Archival Facilities: A Step by Step Approach for the Design, Development, Implementation & Maintenance of an Integrated Pest Management Program. Indianapolis: Harmon Preservation Pest Management.
A looseleaf guide to insect and rodent pests of libraries and archives. Includes descriptions and illustrations of all pests covered.

Imholte, T. J. 1984. Engineering for Food Safety and Sanitation - A Guide to the Sanitary Design of Food Plants and Food Plant Equipment. Crystal, Minnesota: Technical Institute of Food Safety.

Koestler, R.J. ed. 1991. International Biodeterioration. Special Issue: Biodeterioration of Cultural Property 28: 1-344.
Issue dedicated to biodeterioration of wide range of cultural property. Includes extensive bibliography by R.J. Koestler and J. Vedral.

Mallis, A. 1990. A Handbook of Pest Control: The Behavior, Life History and Control of Household Pests. 7th ed. Cleveland, Ohio: Franzak and Foster.

Meister. 1994. Farm Chemicals Handbook '95. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Publishing Co.
Compilation of information on experimental and commercial pesticides available in the U.S. and around the world.

Parker, Thomas A. 1988. Study on Integrated Pest Management for Libraries and Archives. PGI-88/WS/20. Paris: General Information Programme and UNISIST, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Overview of major pests, and methods of their control and prevention.

Rust, M. and J. Kennedy. 1992. The Feasibility of Using Modified Atmospheres to Control Insect Pests in Museums. Getty Conservation Institute Scientific Program Report.

Smith, Richard D. 1985. The Use of Redesigned and Mechanically Modified Commercial Freezers to Dry Water-Wetted Books and Exterminate Insects. Restaurator 6(3-4):165-190.
Details the modification of a supermarket ice cream freezer into a dryer/exterminator; includes background on freeze drying and cold fumigation.

Story, Keith O. 1985. Approaches to Pest Management in Museums. Maryland: Conservation Analytical Laboratory, Smithsonian Institution.
Covers biology and damage potential of key museum pests as well as extensive coverage of pest management. Includes annotated bibliographies.

Strang, Thomas J.K. 1992. A Review of Published Temperatures for the Control of Pest Insects in Museums. Collection Forum 8(2): 41-67.
Provides thermal mortality data as provisional guide for insect control.

Strang, Thomas J.K. and John E. Dawson. 1991. Controlling Museum Fungal Problems in Museums. Canadian Conservation Institute Technical Bulletin 12. Ottawa: CCI.
Guide to methods of fungal control; outlines problems with some chemical fungicides.

Strang, Thomas J.K. and John E. Dawson. 1991. Controlling Vertebrate Pests in Museums. Canadian Conservation Institute Technical Bulletin 13. Ottawa: CCI.
Guide to methods of control of rodents and other pests, with emphasis on nonchemical methods.

The Technology Organization Inc. 1994. Pest, Insect, & Fungus Management: Non-Toxic Fumigation & Alternative Control Techniques for Preserving Cultural/Historic Properties & Collections. Conference Speakers and Abstracts. October 22-23, 1994. Boston: The Technology Organization.
16 pages of abstracts plus speaker selected bibliography.

Valentin, Nieves. 1990. Insect Eradication in Museums and Archives by Oxygen Replacement, A Pilot Project. In Preprints of the 1990 Annual Meeting, Dresden, German Democratic Republic, 26-31 August 1990. Los Angeles: ICOM Committee for Conservation. 821-823.
Descibes the use of an inert atmosphere, nitrogen for the elimination of insect infestations in museum and archival collections.

Valentin, Nieves. 1993. Comparative Analysis of Insect Control by Nitrogen, Argon and Carbon Dioxide in Museum, Archive and Herbarium Collections. International Biodeterioration & Biodegration 32: 263-278.

Valentin, Nieves and Frank Preuesser. 1990. Insect Control by Inert Gases in Museums, Archives and Libraries. Restaurator 11(1): 22-33. Describes the successful use of nitrogen to eliminate insect pests in books and artifacts.

Ware, G. 1980. Complete Guide to Pest Control - With and Without Chemicals. Fresno, California: Thomson Publications.

Wellheiser, Johanna G. 1992. Nonchemical Treatment Processes for Disinfestation of Insects and Fungi in Library Collections. IFLA publications no. 60. München: Saur.
Extensive review of commonly used chemical treatments and hazards associated with each, together with an assessment of nonchemical treatment processes, including the cost, benefit, and risk associated with each.

Wood Lee, Mary. 1988. Preservation and Treatment of Mold in Library Collections with an Emphasis on Tropical Climates: A RAMP Study. PGI-88/WS/9. Paris: General Information Programme and UNISIST, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Covers nature of mold, as well as prevention, fungicides and fumigation and treatment. Includes supplies and equipment as well as select bibliography.

Zycherman, Lynda A. and John Richard Schrock, eds. 1988. A Guide to Museum Pest Control. Washington, D.C.: Foundation of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works and Association of Systematics Collections.
Second edition of Edwards et al. Pest Control in Museums: A Status Report (1980). Covers institutional liability, pest identification, treatment and effects with partially annotated bibliography.

Table of contents