INSTRUCTIONS FOR CONTRIBUTORS
March 2007

CONTENTS
	Introduction Palaeontologia Electronica invites scholarly works dealing with all aspects of paleontology or related biological discipline. Original research articles, monographs, methods papers, editorials, book reviews, or announcements are welcome.  Systematic treatments, including descriptions of new taxa, are also welcome, and PE complies with the new ICZN and ICBN requirements for publication of valid nomenclature.  All articles are peer-reviewed by external referees and reviews are vetted by the Associate and Executive Editors.  PE employs a double-blind review system, except where reviewers choose to identify themselves.  Accepted manuscripts are published as hypertext markup language (HTML) documents on the World Wide Web, and are accompanied by an Adobe Acrobat (PDF) version for printing. Each issue of PE (including all of its articles) is archived on CD-ROM and in print at 10 academic libraries, and is mirrored on 8 distributed servers. Unlike many print-based journals, Palaeontologia Electronica is highly graphical in both its format and content. Authors are encouraged to make use of color in their figures and tables and to include high-resolution digital images as illustrations. Moreover, Palaeontologia Electronica encourages active experimentation with animation, 2D and 3D modelling of morphologies, on-line access to databases, and the creation of on-line data analysis tools. There is no page limit for articles published in Palaeontologia Electronica and there are no page charges. Each volume of Palaeontologia Electronica is available free-of-charge to all persons with access to the WWW.  General All manuscripts must be submitted in well-written English. Either British or American English is acceptable, but authors must be consistent in usage and spelling throughout. Authors submitting new manuscripts should submit one embedded file, that contains all elements of the manuscript except for animations, executables, and other dynamic files.  This manuscript file should consist of the following subdivisions, each prepared as a unit on separate pages within the document: 1. Title page with keywords; 2. Author listing and author affiliations; 3. Manuscript text; 4. Acknowledgements; 5. References; 6. Captions; 7. Figures (except animations); 8. Tables; and/or 9. Appendices. Manuscripts may be submitted in either MS-Word or PDF formats - if you cannot submit files in one of these formats, please contact one of the executive editors for alternatives. For purposes of review, figures should be at least 300 dpi.  After manuscripts are accepted, authors will be asked to submit figures as 600 dpi electronic postscript (.eps), Adobe Illustrator (.ai), or Photoshop (.ps) files, and tables or appendices as MS-Excel, tab-delimited text, or HTML files (see File Format Instructions).  All file names must be consistent with ISO 9660 standards for CD-ROM preparation (8 character names plus 3 character extensions; e.g., mytext.txt). See File Format Instructions, File Naming Conventions for a list of the correct symbols and characters.  At the time of submission, authors should submit the names and email addresses of three potential reviewers with whom they have not previously collaborated.
FORMAT INSTRUCTIONS: NEW SUBMISSIONS
	Double space the entire manuscript, including abstract, text, references, as well as explanations of figures, tables, and appendices. Do not justify the right margin. Figures, tables, and appendices must be cited in consecutive order in the text. Do not use footnotes. Title Page Use a separate title page. The title should be short and informative. The title is left justified and should be typed in capitals. Keywords should be provided for use in indexing and information retrieval. Please provide up to 5 or 6 keywords indicating the main points of your article. Separate the keywords by semicolons, so that subordinate terms can follow a comma, e.g. "Cretaceous, Lower". The Keyword Index to earlier issues of PE shows how your keywords will be used. Also, it includes examples of unhelpful terms that have been provided in the past, and which you should avoid, e.g. "computer", "evaluation", "identification", methods". If you describe new taxa, please use the keywords "new species", "new genus", etc., without giving the species or genus names. Example: SETTLING VELOCITIES OF CRETACEOUS GLOBIGERINIDS: IMPLICATIONS FOR BIASING IN THE FOSSIL RECORD KEY WORDS: extinctions, Cretaceous-Tertiary, K-T, plankton, microfossils Author Page Use a separate page to list the names of the authors, and their relevant contact information. If the first author is not the corresponding author, please indicate so. Names of authors are in capital and lowercase letters and left justified. Addresses are in capitals and lowercase letters and left justified. Abbreviations are not used. Include biography and image for each author. Example: Norman McLeod and R. Timothy Patterson Norman McLeod. Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, U.K. N.MacLeod@nhm.ac.uk R. Timothy Patterson. Ottawa Carleton Geoscience Centre and Department of Earth Sciences Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada.  tpatters@ccs.carleton.ca  Abstract The title ABSTRACT is written in capital letters and left justified at the top of the page. On the next line an abstract no longer than 250 words must be provided. The abstract should provide pertinent details of the research and conclusions. Authors should avoid statements such as "will be discussed herein." Do not include references. Multiple Language Abstracts Upon acceptance or provisional acceptance of revised manuscripts, abstracts in any of the languages published by PE may be provided by the author. If the author cannot produce them, PE translators can assist in preparing them after the manuscript has been accepted. Plain-Language Summary Upon acceptance or provisional acceptance, revised manuscripts should include a Plain-Language Summary, written so as to be easily understandable by non-paleontologists. This plain-language summary of the findings reported should discuss their significance, any possible shortcomings, and how they fit into the grander scheme of things. The Plain-Language Summary should include also a glossary of specialized terms used, and their meanings, to help the reader understand the technical article itself. The title of the Plain-Language Summary should be a simplified version that captures the essence of the full title. This title will also be used in the Key Word Index. It is our hope that authors will welcome this opportunity to make their work and its significance accessible to a wider public. The Text Palaeontologia Electronica uses three levels of text headings: First Order are all capitals, centered; Second Order are flush left, written in bold capital and lowercase letters, on a line of their own; and Third Order are as second order, but followed by a period and space, with the text continuing on the same line. Example: INTRODUCTION (FIRST ORDER) Biostratigraphic Ranges (Second Order) Cambrian Occurrences (Third Order). Text continuing here...
STYLISTIC GUIDE
	Stylistic Guide: Text Usage Hyphenated words should be minimized; in general, hyphens should be used to avoid ambiguity and difficult reading, but if misreading is unlikely, the compound may be closed. An example of a necessary hyphen is: "un-ionized" as opposed to "unionized." A dictionary should be consulted if in doubt. Unit modifiers are hyphenated (e.g., "well-known occurrences"), but authors should seek to avoid using long strings of unit modifiers (e.g., "quartz sand-filled cracks" is more clearly expressed as "cracks filled with quartz sand"). Do not break words at the right-hand margin. References to illustrative material within the text take initial capitals (e.g., Table 1; Figure 1), but those from other publications take all lowercase letters (e.g., Smith 1990, table 1; Jones 1992, figure 1). Cited illustrations all from one figure are singular (e.g., Figure 1.1-1.4), but those from different figures are plural (e.g., Figures 1.1, 4.2). Generic names are spelled out at the beginning of a sentence and when used with "sp." Generic names may be abbreviated when used in the combination of Genus cf. species. Specific and subspecific names should not be abbreviated. Formally proposed and accepted time and time-rock designations (e.g., Middle Cambrian, Late Cretaceous) are capitalized, whereas informal designations (e.g., middle Mesozoic, lower Eocene, middle Carboniferous, early Atokan, late Cenomanian) are not. Only minimal use should be made of italics for emphasis. Taxonomic names are italicized; do not italicize commonly used foreign words and any other words found in standard English dictionaries. Use past tense for published works in the text: Jones (1986) noted that.... Do not add a space between the question mark and a generic name: Rosalina? A comma should follow "i.e." and e.g." Any symbol that is not available in HTML 3 must be written out. For instance, the delta symbol must be replaced with the word "delta." For a list of existing symbols see File Format Instructions for Final Submission. Do not use ampersand except where it forms part of the title of a published book. Do not write in the first person. Write out compass points, not NE, SW etc. Use USA, UK, USGS. Quoted words, phrases, and sentences run into the text are enclosed in double quotation marks. Single quotation marks enclose quotations within quotations; double quotations marks, quotations within these, and so on. Abbreviations for intervals of time may be used, as follows: Ma (mega-annum), m.y. (million years), m.y.a. (millions years ago). These terms are not interchangeable, and authors are advised to frame their syntax and grammar to use these terms appropriately. Some suggested examples follow: ABSOLUTE AGE Correct: The fossils indicate an age of 16 Ma. Correct: The fossils indicate an age of 16 m.y. Incorrect: The fossils indicate an age of 16 m.y.a. Correct: The rocks are 16 m.y. old. Incorrect: The rocks are 16 Ma. Incorrect: The rocks are 16 m.y.a. Correct: The rocks were deposited 16 m.y.a. Incorrect: The rocks were deposited 16 Ma. Incorrect: The rocks were deposited 16 m.y. Correct: The age of the rocks is 16 Ma. Incorrect: The age of the rocks is 16 my. Incorrect: The age of the rocks is 16 mya. INTERVAL OF TIME Correct: The rocks were deposited during the interval from 14-16 m.y.a. Correct: The rocks were deposited during the interval from 14-16 Ma. *(presumes one is referring specifically to mega-annum). Incorrect: The rocks were deposited during the interval from 14-16 m.y. Correct: The rocks were deposited 14-16 m.y.a. Incorrect: The rocks were deposited 14-16 m.y. Incorrect: The rocks were deposited 14-16 Ma. Stylistic Guide: Usage of Numbers Whole numbers zero through nine are spelled out when they are cited in the text, whereas numbers 10 and above are in Arabic numerals, except that all numbers beginning a sentence are spelled out. Numbers less than 10 associated with an abbreviated unit of measurement are in Arabic numerals (5 km). Ordinal numbers are spelled out: during the twentieth century; the twenty-fifth issue. If listed entries in a sentence are to be designated by numbers, use the following format: 1)... ; 2)... ; 3).... Numbers are not spelled out when they are used in relation to figures or tables. Decimals are used rather than fractions (2.5, not 2 1/2). Decimals of absolute value less than one should include an initial zero (0.36). Percent is represented by its symbol (15% not 15 percent). Range can be given as "size is 17–33 mm"; however, "from" and "between" take sentence form: "size varies from 17 to 33 mm" or "size varies between 17 and 33 mm." All measurements must be provided in SI units, µm, mm, m, km, etc. (not cm). Periods generally are not used. Dates are expressed as in the following examples: January 1, 1995; during the 1990s (not 1990's); from 1990 to 1995 (not 1990-1995, nor 1990 to 95, nor 1990-95). Parts of text figures indicated by numbers (i.e. Figure 6.23, 8.1, 9.5–100). Stylistic Guide: Literature Citations A one-to-one correspondence must exist between works cited in the text and those listed in the REFERENCES; inconsistency in manuscripts is common, but computer word processing allows authors to check references comparatively readily. Titles in press may be included, but not manuscripts in review; theses and dissertations can be included but should be avoided if data are published elsewhere. All papers cited in conjunction with systematics, including attributions for taxonomic names, must be included in the REFERENCES.  Stylistic Guide: In Text Citations Single author: (Smith 1973). Two authors: (Smith and Jones 1973). Three or more authors: (Smith et al. 1973). In press reference: (Smith, in press). Personal communication: (Smith, personal commun., 1995). Reference to a quotation: (Smith 1973, p. 16). Portion of text written by a subordinate author: (Smith in Jones 1973) Communication cited in a previously-published paper: (Smith cited in Jones 1973) Notes: Initials are used only if the same surname occurs more than once in the text, (e.g., A.A. Smith 1973; Smith, B.M. 1984). There is no comma between the author and the date (e.g., Smith 1973). An ampersand (&) is not used. The designation et al. is not italicized. Unpublished and in preparation citations are not acceptable; they should appear only as a personal communication. If multiple references are used to support a statement the list should be arranged chronologically (e.g., Smith 1973a, 1973b, 1982). No space between initials of a name (A.A. Smith, not A. A. Smith). Stylistic Guide: Systematic Paleontology Notes: Family and lower taxonomic ranks must be cited; taxon author names and dates are included in the text and in the references. Authors may decide which taxonomic ranks above the level of family to include; higher ranks should be included if there is controversy regarding usage. Group names should be given in capitals. Taxa left in open nomenclature should follow: Bengtson, P. 1988. Open nomenclature. Palaeontology, 31:223-227. The sequence of topics under the name begins with the synonymy. Synonymy completeness is at the discretion of the author, but it is desirable to include the original designation and a relatively complete source. Use multiple authors' names, not "et al.". Authors are encouraged to annotate synonymies with the symbols recommended by: Matthews, S. C. 1973. Notes on open nomenclature and synonymy lists. Palaeontology, 16:713-719. Phylum CHORDATA Bateson, 1886 Class CONODONTA Pander, 1856 Order OZARKODINIDA Dzik, 1976 Family CAVUSGNATHIDAE Austin and Rhodes 1981 Genus CAVUSGNATHUS Harris and Hollingsworth, 1933 Type Species.- Cavusgnathus alta Harris and Hollingsworth, 1933, by original designation. Cavusgnathus hudsoni (Metcalfe, 1981) Figure 1.2-1.4 v. 1969 Cavusgnathus charactus Rexroad; Rhodes, Austin and Druce, p. 79, pl. 13, figs. 6, 7, 13. v. 1969 Taphrognathus varians Branson and Mehl; Rhodes, Austin and Druce, p. 241, pl. 13, figs 4, 5. v. 1973 Taphrognathus varians; Austin, figs 1.20, 1.21 [cop. Rhodes, Austin and Druce, 1969, pl. 13, figs 4, 5]. vp. 1975 Windsorgnathus windsorensis (Globensky); Austin in Austin and Mitchell, p. 53, pl. 1, figs 20, 23 only. non 1980 Clydagnathus? hudsoni Metcalfe, p. 19, pl. 1, figs 8, 9. v* 1981 Clydagnathus? hudsoni Metcalfe, p. 19, pl. 1, fig. 5. Stylistic Guide: Diagnosis and Description In general, telegraphic style is preferred, but sometimes conversational style is more effective, especially for those taxa lacking standardized terminology. Reference to Figures is permitted in the description and diagnosis. Suggested Format: Taxon Name Synonymy Type Species Description Remarks Range Occurrence Stylistic Guide: Acknowledgments Acknowledgments should occur on their own separate page, without any other manuscript or reference text. "Acknowledgments" is the American usage; "Acknowledgements" is the British usage. Authors should use whichever is consistent with rest of the manuscript. Initials are used rather than given names. Avoid the use of titles. Stylistic Guide: References NOTE: PE style EndNote files are available for authors who prefer to format their references in EndNote. The extracted EndNote file (called 'Palaeontologia Electronica.ens') should be placed in the 'Styles' folder/directory in your EndNote application folder. File can be downloaded by Mac or PC. The general rule for references is: each element within the reference citation is demarcated by punctuation. Author(period) year(period) title(period) full publication title without internal punctuation(comma) special series identification (e.g., "Part," "New Series") if necessary as for the Bellier reference below(comma) volume number(colon) pages(period). Author, year, and article titles are separated by a period and two spaces. All listed authors are always shown last name first. The complete title and complete journal name are used. Paper titles show only the first word capitalized (unless a proper name appears in the title), whereas book titles should have all major words capitalized and should be set in italic type. Avoid using abbreviations for publication information such as Part, Series, or Volume. Very commonly used abbreviations, however, such as SEPM, USGS, USA, and UK do not need to be spelled out. Capitalize titles of books and publications, but use lowercase for titles of articles within publications. M.Sc. theses and Ph.D. dissertations should be referred to as the granting institution prefers. Page numbers are not included for book citations. In journal citations, the page range should be included as: Journal Name, Volume(colon):x-(hyphen)xxx. Titles of books, journals, bulletins, memoirs, contributions, theses, dissertations, etc. are encoded as italic. References to articles in review or in press are discouraged. Article in journal: Kammer, T.W. 1985. Aerosol filtration theory applied to Mississippian deltaic crinoids. Journal of Paleontology, 59:551-580. [Note: an author's name is written out in successive citations, not replaced with dashes.] Ausich, W.I. and Kammer, T.W. 1990. Systematics and phylogeny of the late Osagean and Meramecian crinoids Platycrinites and Eucladocrinus from the Mississippian stratotype region, Journal of Paleontology, 64:759-778. Issue number is only used if each issue in a volume is paginated separately: Byrd, W.J. 1970. Geology of the Ely Springs Range, Lincoln County, Nevada. Earth Science Bulletin, 3:23-32. Article in an edited book: Eldredge, N., and Gould, S.J. 1972. Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism, p. 82-115. In Schopf, T. J. M. (ed.), Models in Paleobiology. Freeman, Cooper and Company, San Francisco. Book (single author): Mayr, E. 1963. Animal Species and Evolution. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Book (multiple authors): Draper, N., and Smith, H. 1981. Applied Regression Analysis (second edition). John Wiley & Sons, New York. Dissertation or thesis: Hageman, S.J. 1992. Morphometric approaches to systematics and microevolution: applications from Paleozoic Bryozoa. Unpublished Ph.D.Thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA. Article in Palaeontologia Electronica: Andrews, Peter, and Whybrow, Peter, 2005. Taphonomic Observations on a Camel Skeleton in a Desert Environment in Abu Dhabi, Palaeontologia Electronica Vol. 8, Issue 1; 23A:17p, 1.5MB; http://palaeo-electronica.org/paleo/2005_1/andrews23/issue1_05.htm Electronic references: See http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/iso/tc46sc9/standard/690-2e.htm for complete information on electronic references. Foreign language references: Transliterations or translations of non-Roman alphabet titles are both acceptable. If the title is translated, then note the language as: (In Chinese). If the publication is transliterated, but in the original language, no parenthetical note is needed. If the language of the article is not apparent from the title, however, the author can indicate the language, e.g., (In Russian). Titles in languages based on the Roman alphabet traditionally are not translated, and they do not need any additional notation. Elenkin, A.A. 1938. Monographie algarum Cyanophycearum aquidulcium et terrestrium infinibus URSS inventarum. Izdetelstvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Pars specialis (Systematica), Fascicle I. Gorokhov, I.M., Semikhatov, M.A., and Drubetskoi, E.P. 1991. Rb-Sr and K-Ar vozrast osadochnyh geochronometrov nizhnego rifeya Anabarskogo massiva. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geologicheskaya, 7:17-32. (In Russian) Luo, Q.L. 1991. New data on the microplants from Changlongshan Formation of Upper Precambrian in western Yanshan Range. Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources Bulletin, 25:107-118. (In Chinese with English abstract) Special citation problems: Kolata, D.R. 1975. Middle Ordovician echinoderms from northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin. Paleontological Society Memoir 7 (Journal of Paleontology, Supplement) 49:74. Spencer, W.K. 1918. British Palaeozoic Asterozoa. Palaeontographical Society Monographs, p.109-168. Blackadar, R.G. 1970. Precambrian geology, northwestern Baffin Island, District of Franklin. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 91:1-89. [Note: The "Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin" identifies the publication and therefore requires no internal punctuation.] Haugh, B.N. 1979. Late Ordovician channel dwelling crinoids from southern Ontario, Canada. American Museum Novitates, 2665:1-25. Kesling, R.V. 1972. Strataster devonicus, a new brittlestar with unusual preservation from the Middle Devonian Silica Formation of Ohio. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, The University of Michigan, 24:9-15. [Note: Some publications are issued irregularly, but paginated sequentially. In these cases the paper is cited as a sequentally paginated journal. The issue number is not needed as the pagination is sequential.] Bellier, J.P. 1984. Foraminiféres planctoniques du Crétacé de Tunisie septentrion. Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France, Nouvelle Série, 146:1-70. [Note: In certain journals, the series name is a part of the title, and it should be included as cited. In this example the issue numbers were reset with the new series, and the issue number, 146, therefore must be included.] Ulrich, E.O. 1890. Palaeozoic Bryozoa. Illinois Geological Survey, 8:283-688. [Note: In this example there is no other designation to the title such as "Bulletin" or "Paper" so the citation is given simply as "Illinois Geological Survey."] Cooper, J.D. 1981. Geology of the Eastern Puente Hills, p.35-54. In Woyski, M.S. (ed.), 1981 Tour and Field Guide. National Association of Geology Teachers Far Western Section. Chevron Oil Field Research Company, Fullerton, California. [Note: Field guides are varied; provide enough information for the reader to trace the issues.] Treatise on invertebrate paleontology: Lane, N.G. 1978. Synecology, p. T343-T345. In Moore, R.C. and Teichert C. (eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part G, Echinodermata 2. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas, 1-1027. Robison, R.A. (ed.) 1983. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part G, Bryozoa, Revised. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Boulder, Colorado and Lawrence, Kansas, 1-625.
FIGURE INSTRUCTIONS: NEW SUBMISSIONS
	Figure Instructions: Static Figures Photographs, artwork vand drafting are expected to be of professional quality. Illustrations should be examined critically and redrafted if necessary for quality, clarity and appropriate scale. Authors are encouraged to make use of color figures where possible. Papers may be delayed or rejected if illustrations are not considered acceptable by the referees or the Editors.  Photographic Figures must include a scale within the photograph or must indicate the size of the specimen/object/field of view in the caption. Figure parts must be numbered, for example Figure 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 (but not Figure 1A, 1B, 1C). All images will be presented in color, unless otherwise requested. Images on figures should be of uniform contrast and density, prepared on a contrasting (usually black) background. They should be arranged so as to make the most economical use of space. Photographic images should be created at 600 dpi or higher, but for initial submission, only 300 dpi is required. In all figures, the size of letters, numbers and symbols should be chosen with the final reduction in mind, as should magnification information in the caption.  Figure Instructions: Animations Animations may be submitted in MOV (Quicktime), MPG (MPEG), or animated GIF formats.  Animations should be sized to facilitate viewing on T1 connections, and ideally should be no wider than 512 pixels. Figure Instructions: Other Presentation Modes Palaeontologia Electronica encourages active experimentation with animation, 2D and 3D modeling of morphologies, on-line access to databases, and the creation of on-line data analysis tools. To submit code, executables, or other media formats, please contact the editors for FTP site information.
FILE FORMAT INSTRUCTIONS: FINAL (POST-REVIEW) SUBMISSIONS
	Final File Format: Text For manuscripts that have been accepted or provisionally accepted, revised manuscript text (including the title page, author page, abstracts, body of the text, acknowledgements, references, and figure/table/appendix captions) should be submitted as a MS-Word or RTF file.  Final File Format: Illustrations Authors of revised manuscripts may choose to submit figures as single computer files (scanned or created electronically) or as individual files of each contained figure. The latter option provides greater presentation flexibility. Authors should supply PS (Photoshop), AI (Illustrator), or PostScript (EPS) files for every figure or image. If you cannot match these formats please contact the editors for alternatives. Submit illustrations separate from text captions. Do NOT supply your final figures in Word or PDF format.  Each figure should be a separate, stand-alone file. Photographic images should be created at 600 DPI or greater, and exported/saved to PSD (Photoshop) or EPS format. Line drawings should be saved as AI (Illustrator) or EPS format.  In all figures, the size of letters, numbers and symbols should be chosen with the final reduction in mind, as should magnification information in the caption.  Final File Format: Appendices Lengthy numerical, locality or taxonomic data subordinate to the text should be assembled into one or more separate, numbered appendices following the references.  Submit captions separate from the appendices. Authors of revised manuscripts should submit appendices in one of the following formats: as tab-delimited text files, MS-Excel worksheets (both Macintosh or Windows versions accepted), or in HTML table format. Any symbol that is not available in HTML 3 must be written out. For instance, the delta symbol must be replaced with the word "delta." For a list of existing symbols see File Format Instructions. Final File Format: Tables Authors of revised manuscripts must submit tables as: tab-delimited text files, MS-Excel worksheets (both Macintosh or Windows versions accepted), or in HTML table format. Any symbol that is not available in HTML 3 must be written out. For instance, the delta symbol must be replaced with the word "delta." For a list of existing symbols see File Format Instructions.

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