TABLE 1. Echinoids recorded in the Mediterranean Pliocene bathyal deposits and their occurrence throughout Mediterranean Miocene to Early Pleistocene. †, extinct; ?, doubtful records. Bathymetric ranges of extant populations are from Mortensen (1928, 1943), Tortonese (1965, 1977) and Phelan (1970).
|
Species
|
Depth range
(m)
|
Miocene
|
Zanclean
|
Piacenzian
|
Gelasian
|
Calabrian
|
|
Cidaris cidaris
(Linnaeus, 1758)
|
50-2000
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
† Cidaris margaritifera
Meneghini, 1862
|
deeper than 200
|
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
† Cidaris peroni
Cotteau, 1877
|
deeper than 200
|
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
Stylocidaris affinis
(Philippi, 1845)
|
30-1000
|
|
|
|
x
|
x
|
|
† Histocidaris rosaria
(Bronn, 1831)
|
deeper than 200
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
Histocidaris sicula
Borghi, 1999
|
deeper than 200
|
|
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
Echinus acutus
Lamarck, 1816
|
20-1400
|
|
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
Echinus melo
Lamarck, 1816
|
25-1100
|
|
|
|
x
|
x
|
|
† Stirechinus scillae
Desor, 1856
|
deeper than 200
|
|
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
Genocidaris maculata
Agassiz, 1869
|
12-500
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
Echinocyamus pusillus
(Müller, 1776)
|
0-1250
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
† Schizaster braidensis
Botto Micca, 1896
|
deeper than 200
|
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
?
|
|
Spatangus purpureus
(Müller, 1776)
|
15-900
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
Brissopsis atlantica
Mortensen, 1913
|
100-3200
|
|
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
Brissopsis lyrifera
Forbes, 1841
|
5-1500
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
† Holanthus ovatus
(Sismonda, 1842)
|
deeper than 200
|
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
?
|
TABLE 2. Echinoids recorded in the present Mediterranean deep waters (below 250/300 m depth), their bathymetric and Atlantic geographical distribution (Kohler, 1927; Tortonese, 1965, 1977).
| Species |
Total depth range (highest abundance) (m) |
Bottom |
Atlantic distribution |
| Cidaris cidaris
(Linnaeus, 1778)
|
50-2000
(60-200)
|
mainly mud |
Eastern Atlantic: from Norway to Cape Verde. |
| Stylocidaris affinis
(Philippi, 1845)
|
30-1000 |
algal prairies, coralligenous and mud |
Eastern Atlantic: from North-Western Africa to Cape Verde Islands.
Western Atlantic: from Bermuda Is. to Antilles.
|
| Genocidaris maculata
Agassiz, 1869
|
12-500 |
coralligenous and mud |
Eastern Atlantic: Western Africa, Azores Is.
Western Atlantic: North American coasts.
|
| Echinus acutus
Lamarck, 1816
|
20-1400
(100-400)
|
mainly mud |
Eastern Atlantic: from Iceland to Angola. |
| Echinus melo
Lamarck, 1816
|
25-1100
(30-50)
|
hard and soft (mud) substrates |
Eastern Atlantic: from Iceland to Cape Verde. |
| Neolampas rostellata
Agassiz, 1869
|
95-1260 |
detritus |
Eastern Atlantic: from the Bay of Biscay to Morocco. Western Atlantic: Caribbean. |
| Echinocyamus pusillus
(Müller, 1776)
|
0-1250
(20-40)
|
coarse bioclastic sand |
Eastern Atlantic: from Norway to Sierra Leone. |
| Spatangus purpureus
(Müller, 1776)
|
15-900
(20-40)
|
coarse sands and mud |
Eastern Atlantic: from Iceland to Angola. |
| Echinocardium flavescens
(Müller, 1776)
|
5-360
(30-40)
|
sand, mud and detritus |
Eastern Atlantic: from Iceland to Portugal and Azores. |
| Brissopsis atlantica
Mortensen, 1913
|
100-3200 |
mainly mud |
Eastern Atlantic: Western Africa.
Western Atlantic: North American coasts.
|
| Brissopsis lyrifera
Forbes, 1841
|
5-1500 |
mainly mud |
Eastern Atlantic: from Norway to Sierra Leone and Southern Africa. |
| Holanthus expergitus
(Lovén, 1874)
|
400-3120 |
mud |
Eastern Atlantic: from Iceland to Cape Verde and Azores Islands.
Western Atlantic: from Davis Strait to Antilles.
|
TABLE 3. Stirechinus scillae, Desor, 1856: measurements of the examined complete specimens.
| Inventory Code |
D |
H |
Da |
Dp |
nA |
nIA |
Locality |
| MG.1034.18 (Figure 6.4, 6.11) |
61.0 |
38.4 |
- |
22.6 |
- |
- |
Salice (Messina) |
| MG.1034.11 |
57.1 |
36.5 |
10.8 |
- |
- |
- |
Contrada Coilare (Messina) |
| MG.1034.19 (Figure 6.5) |
54.0 |
31.2 |
10.4 |
- |
22-23 |
15-16 |
Punta Lazzi |
| MG.1034.10 (Figure 6.1-3) |
33.5 |
20.4 |
9.2 |
12.7 |
18-19 |
12-13 |
Contrada Coilare (Messina) |
| MG.1034.15 |
14.5 |
9.1 |
3.9 |
- |
- |
- |
Punta Lazzi |
| MG.1034.17 |
8.3 |
4.6 |
- |
3.7 |
- |
- |
Punta Lazzi |
| MG1035.22 (Figure 6.9-10) |
6.4 |
3.5 |
2.6 |
3.2 |
7-8 |
7 |
Punta Mazza |
| MG1035.20 |
4.2 |
2.0 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
6 |
5-6 |
Punta Mazza |
TABLE 4. Echinoid species recorded at Capo Milazzo.
| |
Punta Lazzi |
Cala S. Antonio |
Light house |
Punta Mazza |
| Species |
Piacenzian Gelasian
|
Calabrian
|
Tyrrhenian
|
Piacenzian Gelasian
|
Calabrian
|
Tyrrhenian
|
Piacenzian Gelasian
|
Calabrian
|
Tyrrhenian
|
Piacenzian Gelasian
|
Calabrian
|
Tyrrhenian
|
| Cidaris cerullii (Checchia Rispoli, 1923) |
x |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cidaris cidaris (Linnaeus, 1758) |
x |
|
|
x |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cidaris margaritifera Meneghini, 1862 |
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
x |
|
|
x |
x |
|
| Histocidaris sicula Borghi, 1999 |
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
x |
|
|
x |
|
|
| Echinus acutus Lamarck, 1816 |
x |
|
|
x |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Stirechinus scillae Desor, 1856 |
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
|
|
|
x |
|
|
| Spatangus purpureus (Müller, 1776) |
x |
|
|
x |
|
|
|
|
|
x |
|
|
| Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) |
|
|
|
|
|
x |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Genocidaris maculata Agassiz, 1869 |
|
|
|
|
|
x |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Echinocyamus pusillus (Müller, 1776) |
|
|
|
|
|
x |
|
|
|
|
|
|
TABLE 5. Strictly bathyal echinoids inhabiting muddy bottoms of the present Eastern Atlantic (Kohler, 1927; Mortensen, 1928).
| Species |
Depth range
(m) |
Distribution in the eastern Atlantic |
| Trigonocidaris albida Agassiz, 1869 |
570 - 700 |
Bay of Biscay, Madeira and Azores Islands |
| Poriocidaris purpurata (Thomson, 1872) |
750 - 1800 |
from Iceland to Canary Islands |
| Phormosoma placenta Thomson, 1872 |
275 - 2500 |
from Iceland to the Gulf of Guinea |
| Calveriosoma hystrix (Thomson, 1872) |
360 - 1525 |
from Iceland to Canary and Azores Islands |
| Araeosoma fenestratum (Thomson, 1872) |
145 - 900 |
from Denmark to Portugal |
| Hygrosoma petersii (Agassiz, 1880) |
730 - 2870 |
Gulf of Biscay to Azores Is., North African coasts |
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