Introduction

Early Mining Communities

• Technology and Transportation
• Coal Companies
• Health & Environment

Why Some Communities Declined

Hosmer

Technology and Location

• Michel-Natal

Why Others Have Endured

Fernie: The Centre of the East Kootenays

• Administration
• Business
• Technology in the Form of Transportation

Footnotes

   ¹Fred and Sandy Lightfoot, "The Boom Years of a Mining Town," The Forgotten Side of the Border: British Columbia’s Elk Valley and Crowsnest Pass, ed. Wayne Norton and Naomi Miller (Kamloops BC: Plateau Press, 1998) 171.

   ²Bruce Ramsey, Ghost Towns of British Columbia (Vancouver: Mitchell Press, 1963) 157.

   ³Lightfoot 171-72.

   ⁴Lightfoot 171.

   ⁵Lightfoot 172-73.

   ⁶Lightfoot 175.

   ⁷Lightfoot 175-76.

   ⁸Jim Bertoia, "Sparwood: A Community Transplanted," The Forgotten Side of the Border: British Columbia’s Elk Valley and Crowsnest Pass 162.

   ⁹Bertoia 165.

   ¹⁰Bertoia 165-69.

   ¹¹Patrick Robertson, Fernie: "The Early Years" (Fernie BC: Ghostrider Publications, 1997) 69.

   ¹²Fernie & District Historical Society, "1904 Downtown Fire," Fernie: "The Early Years" (2000): n. pg., online, Internet, 28 Aug. 2000.

   ¹³Lloyd Phillips, "The Social Advancements," Backtracking with Fernie & District Historical Society (n.p., 1977) 75.

   ¹⁴Fernie & District Historical Society, "Brewery," Fernie: "The Early Years".

   ¹⁵"Business Houses of Fernie," Souvenir Fernie B.C. (n.p.: Fernie Free Press, [1906?]) n. pg.

   ¹⁶Fernie & District Historical Society, "Brewery," Fernie: "The Early Years".

   ¹⁷"Business Houses of Fernie," Souvenir Fernie B.C.

   ¹⁸Ramsey 156.