Black Settlers Come to Alberta
Although black settlers came to Alberta in relatively small numbers, their history in the province is a unique and courageous one.
There had been black people in Alberta since before the 1870s, mostly single men who worked as
fur traders or
cowboys. In 1901, 37 black settlers had been documented to live in the province, and, in 1903, an Oklahoma
newspaper article documents an exodus of blacks from Oklahoma into Canada.
Between 1908 and 1911, approximately 1,000 black settlers arrived in Alberta from
Oklahoma in response to advertising campaigns initiated by the Canadian Immigration
Department. Many of them had been forced to sell their land because of racially discriminatory
policies, and
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looked to Canada as a land of tolerance and opportunity. Regrettably, many of their new white and Indian neighbours in Alberta were as little prepared to treat them as equals as had been the Americans, and they usually chose to settle together in rather isolated locations.
Some did move to Edmonton or other urban centers, but their prospects there were
limited: black men usually worked as railroad porters, and most women
found jobs as domestic servants.
The Canadian government never proposed any direct legislation against black immigrants for fear of tainting their public image or damaging their relationship with the United States. Once black settlers started arriving in larger numbers, however, they did rely upon indirect methods
to discourage these "undesirables" from undertaking the journey up north.
While simultaneously advertised as hospitable and inviting to the American whites, the climate of the Canadian west was presented as much too cold and
severe for any blacks. Strict economic and physical standards aimed at
restricting newcomers, but most blacks passed the tests. Finally, agents hired by the Canadian government
were sent Oklahoma to persuade these potential immigrants that Albertan soil was poor and that they would, in any case, have
difficulty crossing the border. These informal policies were effective, and by 1912, black immigration to Alberta had all but ended.
In 1911, the Boards of Trade in Strathcona, Calgary, Ft. Saskatchewan
and Morinville had drafted a petition to Prime Minister Laurier opposing
the entry of any more blacks into the province. The petition contained
over 3,000 signatures.
No one could remove the black settlers who had already arrived, however. Several
black communities survived and even thrived in the
earlier part of the twentieth century. Amber
Valley, Junkins (now Wildwood), Keystone
(now Breton) and Campsie were established by some of Alberta's most
resourceful pioneers.
The CKUA Heritage Trails:
To listen to the Heritage Trails, you need the RealPlayer,
available free from RealNetworks:
- Amber Valley and Black Settlement - Hear about the first black
settlement in Alberta and Jefferson Davis Edwards, one of its most important
members. Then discover how Amber Valley got its name.
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