Graph 7 — Changes in French mother-tongue population, Canada less Quebec, 1951-2001
4.1.1 Francophones outside Quebec
4.1.2 Anglophones in Quebec
4.1.3 Existing programs
4.2.1 Early childhood
4.2.2 Health
4.2.3 Justice
4.2.4 Immigration
4.2.5 Economic development
4.2.6 Strengthened partnership with the provinces and territories
4.2.7 Assistance for community life
Vibrant minority official language communities that are proud of their identity and their culture and able to attract new members constitute an asset for the country as a whole. They are willing to participate fully in their own development and, in so doing, in Canada’s dynamism. When it comes to institutions, these communities are far better equipped than they used to be, particularly in the field of education. To build on these strengths, the minority communities need broader access to quality public services in their own language and equitable access to appropriate government programs that can assist them in their development.
Minority official language communities are home to nearly 2 million Canadians, who help advance both of our official languages in all regions.37 If they were grouped together in a province, they would rank fifth in demographic importance, behind Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia and Alberta; their population would exceed that of the seven smallest jurisdictions combined (New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, the Northwest Territories, Yukon and Nunavut). But they are not combined: the realities they face differ from province to province, and even from region to region within the same province.
In linguistic terms, Francophones living outside Quebec are in a minority situation in three ways: in their province or territory, in their country and on the continent. This is a reality they all share, beyond the very real differences in context. For example, the Francophones of New Brunswick are unique in comprising a third of their province’s population, while those in other provinces account at most for 5% of the population.38 Manitoba’s Francophones are geographically concentrated, while Saskatchewan’s are dispersed. The situation of Francophones in Eastern Ontario differs from that of Francophones living in Northern Ontario. But all of these communities constitute the minority on their continent, in their country and in their province.
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Table 1 — French mother-tongue population, Canada less Quebec, and percentage in each province or territory, 200139 |
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Minority French-language communities are worried about forming an ever smaller percentage of the population of the regions which they inhabit. Their proportion of the population outside Quebec dropped from 7.3% in 1951 to 4.4% in 2001. This can be attributed to immigration by non-Francophones, a low birth rate among Francophones and the existence of language transfers, i.e. the shift to a different language in terms of everyday use.
Although the percentage of Francophones in the population outside Quebec is declining, their numbers in absolute terms are increasing.
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Graph 7 — Changes in French mother-tongue population, Canada less Quebec, 1951-2001 |
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FEWER FRANCOPHONES SPEAK MAINLY FRENCH AT HOME THAN BEFORE AND THERE ARE MORE EXOGAMOUS COUPLES
Fewer Francophones than before speak mainly their mother tongue at home. In 1971, 73% did so; in 2001, 62%. The situation seems to be relatively stable in the Atlantic provinces but is changing in Ontario where, in 1971, 73% said they used mostly French at home, compared with 60% in 2001; in the West the proportion has dropped from 51% in 1971 to 34% in 2001.
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Graph 8 — Indicator of use of French in the home in relation to the size of the mother tongue population, by region, 1971-2001 |
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It is important to understand the full significance of Graph 8. It reproduces an indicator that has too often been confused in the past with a rate of assimilation. It in fact concerns the language spoken “mainly” at home. This does not mean that French is therefore forgotten. For the first time, the 2001 Census looked at this question. It confirms that in many cases, French is “regularly” spoken at home even if it is not the language used most frequently.
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Graph 9 — Proportion of French mother-tongue population using French at home, by region, 2001 |
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The data reveal that nearly four out of five Francophones living outside Quebec use French regularly or most often at home.
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Graph 10 — Proportion of mother-tongue Francophones who use French regularly or more at home, Canada less Quebec, 2001 |
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A key factor for the future of communities, no doubt the most significant, is the transmission of French to children (defined as less than 18 years old). This rate of transmission of the French language is 62% according to the 2001 Census.When both parents are Francophone, French is transmitted to the children in 95% of these families. When one of the two parents is not a Francophone, this number drops to 42%.
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Graph 11 — Transmission of French to children, by region, 2001 |
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Graph 12 — Transmission of French to children by family type, by region, 2001 |
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As already indicated in the previous chapter (graphs 1 and 2), exogamy is on the rise. Francophones living outside Quebec now face a situation where almost two out of three children grow up in exogamous families.
A spouse’s level of bilingualism is a decisive factor in transmitting knowledge of French to the children (70% if he or she is bilingual, 32% if not) (see graph 6 in previous chapter).
Let us take the example of an exogamous family living in Toronto. Since this is an English-speaking environment, this family is likely to speak mainly English at home. But this does not mean that the parents cannot transmit French to their children or help them realize that one of their identities connects them to the Francophone community. Inclusion of these exogamous couples is a crucial issue for the communities, as they are well aware. For example, inclusion of exogamous families is one of the central themes addressed by the Société franco-manitobaine in the report it submitted to us, entitled Agrandir l’espace francophone.40
Another reality is that Francophone communities have difficulty attracting immigrants. A study by Professor Jack Jedwab41 confirms that relatively few immigrants know French on arriving in Canada: 5% speak French as their only official language and another 4% speak both official languages. Most French-speaking immigrants have settled in Quebec (70%). Those who have settled elsewhere in Canada have ended up in urban areas with a high concentration of Anglophones. While people born outside the country make up 20% of the Canadian population, they make up fewer than 5% of the Francophone population outside Quebec.
These are the challenges facing these communities. One way the Government of Canada can help them meet these challenges is to help strengthen development levers for community life. This is what the communities expect from the Action Plan.
Thus, the report by the Fédération des communautés francophones et acadienne du Canada (FCFA) requests assistance in developing such sectors as early childhood assistance, health care, justice, immigrant reception and the economy. We must not forget the arts and culture, where progress has been made but certain challenges remain.
Health care has emerged as a particular priority. According to a recent study carried out by Health Canada, language barriers in access to health care are impacting negatively on the care dispensed. They influence treatment, quality of care and treatment results, and can have major repercussions on health care costs on account of their negative impact on the use of services and treatment success.42
According to a study43 on a strategy to increase the availability outside Quebec of health care requiring post-secondary training (University of Ottawa, 1998), in 1996 there was a 34% shortage of French-speaking doctors to serve the communities. According to a 2001 SECOR survey of 300 Francophones living in minority communities, over half of the members of these communities are not receiving these services in their language.44
The Comité consultatif en santé pour les communautés francophones en situation minoritaire, in its report to the federal Minister of Health in September 2001, underscored these serious deficiencies and proposed practical solutions. In addition to emphasizing the need to adapt primary care, it highlighted the importance of networking in order to break the isolation of minority communities: maintaining solid, lasting links among patients, health care professionals and establishments, educational institutions and minority communities.
The committee also emphasized the need to improve access to health training programs so that professionals from minority communities can eventually be recruited and retained, and service delivery can be better adapted to the population.
Another priority is to help communities develop their economic vitality in their own language. The latest census confirmed that living in French is not confined to home or the classroom. It is also present in the workplace.
Outside Quebec, 67% of Francophone workers use French at work (40% most often, 27% regularly). This proportion was highest in New Brunswick (92%) and Ontario (69%). It was lowest in Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, where approximately 30% of Francophone workers used French.
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Graph 13 — Language of work of Francophones outside Quebec, 2001 |
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Most businesses in minority Francophone rural communities are small or medium-sized (10 employees or fewer). A number of them have limited information technology capabilities and others are not connected to the Internet or do not use such applications as electronic commerce; a few do not even own computers and would require training. An Industry Canada survey on technology use conducted by the Fédération des femmes francophones confirms the existence of these difficulties.45
POPULATION DECLINE ATTRIBUTABLE MAINLY TO DEPARTURES TO OTHER PROVINCES
Quebec Anglophones cannot ignore the vulnerability of French in North America, but they insist, and rightly so, that Francophones take into account their legitimate concerns and their contribution. The submission by the Quebec Community Groups Network clearly indicates that “...given the English-speaking community of Quebec’s unique history and position as a minority within a minority within a majority, there are no standard models the community can look to for guidance.”46
In recent years the Anglophone community has undergone some spectacular transformations. Since 1971, its population decline has exerted a great deal of pressure on its adaptability. Its population size, as defined by mother tongue, has declined from 788,830 in 1971 to 591,365 in 2001, or from 13.1% of the Quebec population to only 8.3%.47
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Graph 14 — Changes in English mother-tongue population, Quebec, 1951-2001 |
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Graph 15 — Proportion of population using mainly English at home, Quebec, 1971-2002 |
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In terms of the language spoken most often at home, a similar trend has emerged. Quebecers who most often spoke English at home numbered 887,875 or 14.7% of the Quebec population in 1971, and 746,895, or 10.5%, in 2001.48
This downward trend is largely attributable to a low fertility rate and net migration to other provinces. These factors have been only partially offset by language transfers and gains from international immigration that have been concentrated mainly in Montreal.49 One person out of three whose first language is English is an immigrant, and in 12 of Quebec’s 17 administrative regions, immigrants make up at least 10% of the English-speaking population.50
Interprovincial migration constitutes the most influential factor, having generated a net loss of 273,000 Anglophone Quebecers to other regions of Canada since 1971. In addition, many regions of Quebec have experienced an exodus of their population to Montreal. This emigration has diminished to some extent, but remains a contribution to the overall population decline in the Anglophone community. The impact is being felt more in sparsely populated regions, which young people are leaving in search of work or in order to attend a post-secondary institution.
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Graph 16 — Net Interprovincial Migration of Quebec Anglophones, 1971-2001 |
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EXOGAMY IS NOW GENERALIZED TO THE POINT THAT IT IS THE SITUATION OF NEARLY SIX COUPLES OUT OF TEN
The fact that almost six out of ten couples (55%) in Quebec’s Anglophone community are exogamous is extremely important for the community. Their children, if they remain in Quebec, will most probably start a family with a spouse who does not have English as a mother tongue.
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Graph 17: Proportion of Anglophone Couples by the Mother Tongue of the Spouse, Quebec, Montreal and Quebec less Montreal, 2001 |
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THE TRANSMISSION OF ENGLISH TO THEIR CHILDREN IS NOT A GIVEN WITH EXOGAMOUS COUPLES
Although their demographic weight has declined, Quebec Anglophones do not experience the same difficulty as Francophones outside Quebec in preserving their language. Ninety percent of them speak mainly English at home, and 96% do so at least regularly.51
The rate of language transmission to children is 86% according to the 2001 Census and would be almost 100% if it were not for exogamous families. When one of the parents is not an Anglophone, one child out of three does not learn English. The rate of transmission of English drops to as low as 54% where the other parent is Francophone rather than Allophone. This phenomenon is partly due to the fact that a sizeable proportion of Anglophone/Francophone families live, outside Montreal.
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Graph 18 — Transmission of English to children, by family type, Quebec, 2001 |
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Graph 19 — Transmission of English to children, by mother tongue of non-Anglophone parent, Quebec, 2001 |
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Unlike the situation of Francophones outside Quebec, where knowledge of French by the non-Francophone spouse causes substantial variations in language transmission (see graph 6), the same fluctuation does not exist for Anglophones in Quebec because almost all non-Anglophones in exogamous families speak English.
STRONG DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MONTREAL AND THE REST OF THE PROVINCE
The inter-regional variations in transmission of knowledge of English are striking.52 These regional differences confronting Quebec’s Anglophone communities are even more significant in that more than one out of four Anglophones live outside the Montreal region.
An example of this diversity can be found in the degree of bilingualism. In Quebec, that rate is nearly twice as high among Anglophones (63%) as among Francophones (34%). However, the degree of knowledge of French varies considerably between Anglophones of different regions, ranging from 20% in Northern Quebec to 97% in the Lower St. Lawrence. The Anglophone communities in Montreal and the outlying areas all have knowledge of French rates in the neighbourhood of 60%.
ACCESS TO SOCIAL AND HEALTH SERVICES IN THEIR LANGUAGE REMAINS A PRIORITY FOR QUEBEC’S ANGLOPHONES
According to the Missisquoi Institute-CROP Survey 2000, access to social and health services in English is a priority for 84% of Quebec Anglophones (very or extremely important).53 According to the Consultative Committee for English-Speaking Minority Communities, this is a key to the vitality and well-being of these communities.54
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Graph 20 — Issues, by order of importance, in the eyes of the Anglophone community, 2000 |
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There are major inter-regional variations in real access to these services, a problem which becomes more serious the farther away one is from the Greater Montreal area. Health service needs are greater, since a larger proportion of Anglophones than Francophones are over the age of 65 (12.8% versus 10.7%), especially in the Eastern Townships (20%), Mauricie (18%), Lanaudière (16%) and the Quebec City area (16%). This older population is also more unilingual (56% of those 65 and over do not speak French).
The report by the Quebec Community Groups Network in June 2002 stated in no uncertain terms that health care and social services delivery in their own language constitutes a priority for Quebec’s Anglophones. It also stressed the economic development issues affecting the communities.
Within the Department of Canadian Heritage, apart from the field of education, which we have already discussed, the two other main areas of action are promotion of linguistic duality and support for minority communities. The first encompasses support for linguistic duality as such, co-operation with the voluntary sector, the Young Canada Works program and the federal-provincial-territorial agreements on provision of services to minority communities. The second includes the communities support program.
Included in those fields are programs Canadian Heritage implements together with other federal institutions, such as the Interdepartmental Partnership with the Official Language Communities program (IPOLC) and the support program for official language community organizations and institutions.
An estimated 350 non-profit associations in each region of the country currently receive contributions in accordance with community priorities.
As for other departments impacting on the development of official language communities, several initiatives are worth noting. The establishment of the National Committee for Canadian Francophonie by Human Resources Development in 1996 enabled Human Resources Development Canada, Industry Canada and the regional economic development agencies to work closely with the communities on employability-related objectives. A parallel committee for the minority Anglophone community was struck in 1998.
The program Francommunautés virtuelles has been operated as part of Industry Canada’s Connecting Canadians initiative since 1998. Renewed in March 2002 and funded by Canadian Heritage, it fits in with the Canadian government’s efforts to stimulate connectedness, access to the information highway and content development in French.
To date, minority Francophone communities have benefited little from immigration. In March 2002 Citizenship and Immigration Canada created a steering committee to work with the communities to facilitate the recruitment, selection, reception and integration of newcomers within French-speaking communities. The new Immigration and Refugee Protection Act cites the continuing development of minority official language communities among its objectives and indicates that knowledge of both official languages is seen as an asset in terms of immigrant selection. Citizenship and Immigration Canada has established new training programs for its officers and its managers abroad in order to sensitize them to the needs of the official language communities and to the attraction these communities have for potential immigrants.
In addition, the Consultative Committee for French-Speaking Minority Communities and the Consultative Committee for English-Speaking Minority Communities were created in 2000 by the Minister of Health in order to better identify the issues in this key area.
The Action Plan responds to the communities’ expectations through concrete measures in the key development areas. The main innovation is its ability to specifically target priority areas, namely early childhood, health care, justice, immigration and economic development. Furthermore, the Action Plan strengthens the Government of Canada’s partnership with the provinces and territories and with the communities themselves.
SUPPORT TO EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT IN MINORITY COMMUNITIES
The Government of Canada will increase its assistance in order to help parents pass on their language to their young children.
In its discussions on the new funding for early childhood learning and child care services announced in the 2003 Budget, the Government will encourage the provinces and territories to take into account the needs of families in minority language communities. This follows through on the commitment already made by governments to children in specific cultural and linguistic situations and in different regions, in connection with the 2000 federal-provincial-territorial agreement on early childhood development.
In addition, Human Resources Development Canada will spend $22 million over five years on new early childhood initiatives in official language communities. This funding will be used as follows.
First, the Department will expand minority Francophone households’ access to family literacy services, in partnership with literacy organizations and other groups, such as parent-school associations. Depending on local needs, new and attractive language development tools will be developed for preschool children and their parents. The skills of literacy specialists working in minority communities will be strengthened to help them make effective use of the new strategies and provide families with good advice. There are plans to train between 150 and 180 specialists, followed by day-care workers and members of community associations ($7.4 million over five years).
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There is a dearth of scientific data dealing specifically with the state of health and education among Francophone children in minority communities, particularly at the preschool level. La Commission nationale des parents francophones, National early childhood support plan, p. 7 |
Second, so that data dealing specifically with minority Francophone communities can be compiled, the Government will carry out research to gain a better understanding of how child care services in French influence the cultural and linguistic development of young children in these communities. With $10.8 million over the life of the Action Plan, Human Resources Development Canada will carry out five pilot projects offering child care services to 100 children in these communities: full-time for children in the three-year-old to school-age group, and before and after school until the age of six. The results will then be compared with the data gathered for the entire Canadian population as part of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY).
Third, the Government will help the national organizations concerned increase their ability to share their knowledge on early childhood development and to promote the interests of the minority official language communities ($3.8 million spread over five years).
PROVIDE FRANCOPHONES AND ANGLOPHONES IN MINORITY COMMUNITIES WITH BETTER ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES IN THEIR LANGUAGE
Health Canada will invest $119 million over five years in the community health sector. For the most part, this investment is for new initiatives urgently sought by communities. Of this amount, a total of $75 million will go toward labour training, recruitment and retention. This represents a substantial increase compared to the initial 10 million dollars received by the Centre national de formation en santé pilot project and the funds provided to support the anglophone and francophone consultative committees in order to do their work.
The pan-Canadian consortium for the training of Francophone professionals will thus have the means to bring together 10 or so university and college establishments from all regions. An outgrowth of the current Centre national de formation en santé, it will seek to increase the number of French-speaking professionals in the communities by making existing training programs more accessible. By the year 2008, over a 1,000 new health professionals will have been trained. In addition, a host of measures will be funded to help retain professionals in Anglophone communities where the need is felt.
Thanks to an investment of $14 million spread over the five-year life of the Action Plan, networking will make it possible to establish units fostering joint action in each province and territory. Calling on health professionals and managers, elected local officials, teachers and members of the communities, these networks will facilitate the flow of information on health, communication among partners within the local communities, the development of a shared vision of core services, the efficient use of resources in the field and discussions with the institutions serving the population.
A national coordinating body is already up and running for the Francophone communities: the Société Santé en français. Another could be created for Quebec’s Anglophone communities. These bodies will connect the various networks, support their development and offer them technical support. They will help pool best practices and disseminate the service delivery models. They will be front and centre in the sought-after improvement in access to health services that are sensitive to the needs of minority communities.
Finally, as part of the Primary Health Care Transition Fund, the Government will earmark $30 million for official language communities, which is to say it will double the amount of the federal portion of the funding which the First Ministers agreed to in 2000.
It is our plan to increase access to health services. This will require the co-operation of the provinces and territories. In fact, the provincial and territorial governments have already signalled to the Government of Canada their desire to co-operate with it in order to increase the official language communities’ access to health services in their language.
IMPROVE ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN BOTH OFFICIAL LANGUAGES
By 2008, Justice Canada will invest $45.5 million in new funds for access to justice in both official languages. Of this amount, $27 million will go toward meeting the legal obligations stemming from the implementation of the Legislative Instruments Re-enactment Act and the Federal Court ruling in the Contraventions Act matter.
In addition, Justice Canada will invest $18.5 million in targeted measures aimed at improving access to the justice system in both official languages. These measures will include the following:
funding for various projects to be carried out with the assistance of government and non-government partners;
stable funding for French-speaking lawyers’ associations and their national federation;
the creation of a mechanism for consultation with minority official language communities; and
the development of tools for training the Department of Justice legal counsels on language rights.
PILOT PROJECTS TO PROMOTE IMMIGRATION IN FRANCOPHONE COMMUNITIES OUTSIDE QUEBEC
Because it is an important issue, the Government has already moved to attract more immigrants to minority Francophone communities. The new Immigration and Refugee Protection Act now places a greater emphasis on knowledge of one or the other official language in selecting the best candidates. With the Action Plan, the Government will do more in this area. In concert with its provincial, territorial and community partners, it will conduct market studies and design promotional materials for distribution abroad. In addition, it will support information centre projects for French-speaking immigrants and distance education French courses sensitive to newcomers’ needs.
The federal government will contribute $9 million over five years. Until now, Citizenship and Immigration Canada did not have annual funding earmarked exclusively for minority official language communities.
INCREASE COMMUNITIES’ CAPACITY TO PARTICIPATE IN THE KNOWLEDGE-BASED ECONOMY
Minority official language communities often tie their economic development to their ability to utilize cutting-edge technologies.
For Francophones, the program Francommunautés virtuelles enables individuals, associations and communities to share information over the Internet and to share their experiences in the area of economic and community development. The Government plans to fund some 200 new projects as part of the Francommunautés virtuelles program within the next five years, investing $13 million. Since the program launch in 1998, the Government has spent $7 million.
OFFER BUSINESS INTERNSHIPS AND IMPROVED ACCESS TO ON-LINE TRAINING
Human Resources Development Canada (HRDC), Industry Canada and the regional development agencies will be targeting community youth when they organize internships in business management, engineering, business administration and information technologies, or as research assistants in colleges and universities. Up to 800 internships will be put in place by 2008, using a total of $7.28 million taken from existing Human Resources Development budgets, as well as $500,000 in new funds allocated to each of the four regional development agencies. At this point, it is difficult to attach a figure to the participation by young minority Anglophones and Francophones in the HRDC-funded internships. With the Action Plan, this population will be targeted and it will therefore be possible to establish the exact number. The amounts devolved to the regional agencies will enhance this impact.
Another $10 million will be provided by Industry Canada and the agencies for pilot projects aimed at providing the necessary technological infrastructure for service delivery, for example access to libraries and health information, and on-line training (distance learning and distance training).
ENABLE THE COMMUNITIES TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF EXISTING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
Since programs designed for the majority are not always flexible enough to suit special circumstances, an adapted approach is proposed, encouraging maximum use of existing programs designed for all Canadians rather than the creation of a parallel structure for the communities. On-site advice will be offered to communities to keep them abreast of measures for which they might be eligible. Industry Canada and the regional agencies will receive $8 million in new funds over five years, which will help the communities access the government programs and services which respond best to their needs. Without advisors in the field, it is harder for the communities to determine the measures that are best suited to their situation.
In short, Industry Canada, the agencies (Western Economic Diversification Canada, Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency, the Federal Economic Development Initiative in Northern Ontario and Economic Development Agency of Canada for the Regions of Quebec) in concert with Human Resources Development Canada will pool their resources in order to support the communities in their efforts to participate in the knowledge-based economy.
The provinces and territories are key players when it comes to the communities. They provide them with services in a host of fields, such as health care, the administration of justice, recreational services and social services. Through the Official Languages Program, Canadian Heritage encourages these governments to improve their services and promote the recognition and use of both official languages. The costs are usually shared equally between the Department and the provincial or territorial government concerned.
The Action Plan increases Canadian Heritage’s financial contribution to the agreements on services in language of the minority. Its contribution will increase by $14.5 million over five years from the current $12.1 million.
The agreements will fund projects that will improve service delivery for the communities. Canadian Heritage will pay special attention to priority areas, such as early childhood and health. The Department will encourage projects by the provinces and territories that will impact in a meaningful way on the availability of services in the minority language.
The Government will help New Brunswick implement its new official languages legislation and will renew its assistance for annual federal-provincial-territorial conferences of Francophone affairs ministers.
We know that the Action Plan includes initiatives in different areas of community life: early childhood, health, justice, immigration, and economic development. The Action Plan is boosting this funding by $19 million over five years, which Canadian Heritage will allocate to initiatives in support of communities.
Canadian Heritage will focus on certain priority areas, including community centres, cultural programming and community radio stations.
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In conclusion, the communities know better than anyone that their development depends first and foremost on themselves. Governments, however, can lend a hand when needed. The Government of Canada will strengthen its role in this regard through the Action Plan. For early childhood, access to health care, cultural vitality, economic development and all other important aspects of community life, the Government of Canada will be an effective partner, present and participating.
Linda Cardinal and Marie-Ève Hudon, Governance of Canada’s official language minorities: a preliminary study, conducted for the Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, 2001.
Census of Canada, 2001.
Ibid.
Société franco-manitobaine, De génération en génération: Agrandir l’espace francophone au Manitoba, October 2001.
Jack Jedwab, McGill Institute for the Study of Canada, Immigration and vitality of Canada’s official language communities: policy, demography and identity, study conducted for the Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, 2002.
Sarah Bowen, Language Barriers in Access to Health Care, study prepared for Health Canada, November 2001.
University of Ottawa, “Stratégie pour accroître en dehors du Québec la disponibilité des soins de santé requérant une formation postsecondaire”, 1998.
“Santé en français – Pour un meilleur accès à des services de santé en français”, study coordinated by the FCFA for the Comité consultatif des communautés francophones en situation minoritaire, June 2001.
Michèle Olivier and Ann Denis, Francophone Women in a Minority Situation in Canada and Information and Communications Technologies, report prepared for the Fédération des femmes canadiennes-françaises and Industry Canada, March 2002.
QCGN, Suggesting Change, cited, (Note 13), p. 4.
Census of Canada.
Ibid.
Marc Termotte, “L’évolution démolinguistique du Québec et du Canada”, in Éléments d’analyse institutionnelle, juridique et démolinguistique pertinents à la révision du statut politique et constitutionnel du Québec, Commission sur l’avenir politique et constitutionnel du Québec, 1991, vol. 2, p. 239 to 329. Updated in 2001.
Department of Canadian Heritage, Quebec Regional Linguistic Communities, series of tables based on the 1996 Census of Canada, March 2002.
Census of Canada, 2001.
Ibid.
Missisquoi Institute-CROP, cited, (Note 29).
Consultative Committee for English-Speaking Minority Communities, Report to the Federal Minister of Health, 2002, p.2.
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