| NL Home |
| NL Home |
| INDEX |
|---|
ANSI/AIIM MS37-1988. Recommended Practice for Microphotography of Cartographic Materials.
Scope: This recommended practice covers negative-to-positive and direct positive camera microphotography, using color and black-and-white film types to record maps, charts, and related graphic products and documents including line, continuous-tone, color, and photographic images using 16 mm and 35 mm microfilm, 105 mm (single-image) microfiche and 105 mm (multiple-image) microfiche formats.
It does not include microimages created by computers or digitized information, computer-output microfilm, or specifications for 70 mm roll films, aperture cards, vesicular materials, or diazo materials.
ANSI/AIIM MS38-1987. Microrecording of Engineering Graphics - Computer-Output Microfilm (COM).
Scope: This document specifies the procedures, dimensions and quality values governing the microrecording of engineering documentation with a 35 mm computer-output microfilmer (COM). This includes microimage characteristics which are common to source document production techniques as well as those which are COM created by:
It does not include microrecording of cartographic and architectural material or other engineering graphics which also conform to requirements of ANSI Y14-Drawing Series.
ANSI/AIIM MS41-1988. Unitized Microfilm Carriers (Aperture, Camera, Copy, and Image Cards).
Scope: This standard covers only the dimensions of the aperture and its location on aperture, camera, copy, and image card microfilm carriers.
Because the majority of unitized microfilm in apertures is carried in the medium of paper cards of 7 3/8 inch length by 3 1/4 inch width, this standard in the past did not include references to cards of other lengths, widths, sizes, or shapes. However, dimensions indicated in this document (which limit the location of the buildup area, micro-image aperture, etc.) are intended to be consistently referenced to the X and Y axes of the carrier regardless of the size carrier employed.
ANSI/AIIM MS47-1990. American National Standard for Information and Image Management - Rotary Cameras for 16mm Microfilm - Mechanical and Optical Characteristics.
Scope: This standard defines the mechanical and optical characteristics of rotary cameras used for recording documents onto 16mm microfilms as specified in ANSI/AIIM MS14-1988.
ANSI/AIIM MS48-1990. Recommended Practice for Microfilming Public Records on Silver-Halide Film.
Scope: This practice covers original first-generation microforms including rolls, microfiche, aperture cards, and jacket film. The practice applies to the microfilming of records of federal, state, local, and other public agencies. It is compatible with government regulations for the microfilming of permanently valuable records and may be used by private industry to comply with public record requirements. It does not apply to records that are not considered of permanent value. Color films are not covered by this practice.
ANSI/AIIM MS111-1994. Micrographics - Standard Recommended Practice for Microfilming Printed Newspapers on 35mm Roll Microfilm.
Scope: This standard recommended practice establishes consistent formats and uniform quality criteria for microfilming printed newspapers. Its scope is limited to that filming which is done on planetary cameras (using 35mm silver gelatin roll film) and which is intended to be used for purposes of preservation and for the production of service copies that are intended for permanent collections. This standard does not cover the microfilming of newspaper clippings, or specifications for the production of films for transient use or the production of non-silver films (such as diazo and vesicular films). This document does not cover color microfilm.
ANSI/AIIM TR1-1988. Guidelines for Metrics.
Scope: This document provides information to individuals considering the reasons for and the benefits of converting from the U.S. customary units (inch and pound) to the metric system in business practices. AIIM has long recognized the need for a single worldwide coordinated measurement system. AIIM's goal is to provide information on guidelines established by federal and state governments, recent progress in the changeover from customary to metric measurement, evidence for the importance of converting to metric, as well as contacts for and history of the conversion. This document is not intended to address unique standards for individual types of manufacturing.
ANSI/AIIM TR9-1989. Color Microforms.
Scope: This technical report discusses equipment, supplies, suggested practices, and the special considerations regarding the production of all types of full-color microforms. The subjects covered include the various color microfilm categories, the characteristics of each, and the physical and performance characteristics of film types suitable for color micrographics.
Other subjects covered include exposure data, density and color balancing techniques, and system preferences for recording color input materials, including optics, format design, and reduction ratio.
Discussion regarding processing, quality, duplication processes, and preservation include the recommended chromogenic and nonchromogenic processes, the mechanical, chemical, and environmental requirements, color image reproduction, test charts and scales, resolution, use of protective overcoats, contrast, reprographics, and storage, handling, and packaging recommendations.
Subsequent discussions provide information concerning technical specifications and recommended processes for films typically used for micrographic applications, dye stability characteristics, current formats, and use of color microforms. This technical report is intended to be a descriptive and subjective treatise on full-color micrographic technologies and techniques.
ANSI/AIIM TR11-1987. Microfilm Jacket Formatting and Loading Techniques.
Scope: This technical report has been prepared to provide guidelines and information for the formatting and loading of microfilm jackets. This report is not a standard; it is a series of recommendations for jacketing microfilm which, if followed by producers and end users of microfilm jackets, should result in greater consistency and effectiveness in the micrographics industry.
While the conditions and characteristics of the jacketing process allow for a wide degree of latitude in image placement within a jacket, they also present problems in the creation of a rigid standard for loading microfilm jackets. However, there are certain procedures which can be followed in the production of a jacket that should enhance quality. This report has been prepared to assist end users and producers of jackets in those aspects of jacket formatting and loading that remain relatively constant.
This report should help to ensure that:
ANSI/ISO 543-1990. See ANSI IT9.6-1991.
ANSI/ISO 2240-1982(R1989). See ISO 2240:1994.
ANSI/ISO 7272-1993. Paper Dimensions - Paper for Documentary Reproduction.
Scope: This International Standard specifies the nominal sizes and aim dimensions, with their tolerances, of photographic papers in sheets and rolls, used for documentary reproduction.
It applies to silver-gelatin and diazo papers as well as to papers used in the silver complex diffusion transfer process.
The corresponding International Standard for films is ISO 7247.
In this International Standard, metric units are prime.
ANSI/ISO 9718-1991. See ANSI IT9.12-1991.
ANSI/NAPM IT7.501-1993. American National Standard for Audiovisual Systems - 35mm Single-Frame Filmstrips - Specifications.
Scope:
1.2 This standard applies to the so-called "release print" form, whereby pictures have been selected and arranged sequentially for presentation to an audience.
1.3 The dimensions in this standard refer to filmstrips with or without accompanying sound.
1.4 These specifications do not pertain to camera apertures.
1.5 It is recognized that there are other 35mm formats that are used for filmstrips and other uses. The information in the annex is helpful in differentiating the single-frame 35mm filmstrip from the single-frame 35mm format and other formats.
ANSI/NAPM IT9.1-1989. American National Standard for Imaging Media (Film) - Silver-Gelatin Type - Specifications for Stability.
Scope:
1.2 This standard does not include silver images that have been altered by treatments such as toning, intensification, or reduction. Nor does it include silver images produced by dry or thermal processing, or by diffusion reversal, or by partial (halide) reversal processing. Also excluded are color images of all types and motion-picture films with magnetic recording tracks. Films that have been processed by a monobath, or by a reversal process that combines developer and fix in one solution are not included in this specification, as there is insufficient experience with this matter.
1.3 Although lacquers have been applied to processed film for fungus and scratch protection without any known detrimental effect on permanence, the wide variety of possible protective materials does not permit their specification in this standard.
1.4 The analytical methods for residual thiosulfate ion may not apply to samples more than 2 weeks after processing.
1.5 This standard applies to films having ultrasonic or dielectric splices. The wide variety of materials used for tape splices does not permit their inclusion in this specification. Solvent-type splices are also suspect since they may retain traces of residual solvents containing peroxide, which can pose some risk of oxidative attack on the silver image.
ANSI/NAPM IT9.15-1993. American National Standard for Imaging Media (Photography) - The Effectiveness of Chemical Conversion of Silver Images against Oxidation - Methods for Measuring.
Scope:
1.2 The treatment may be applied as part of the original processing, or it may be a post-processing treatment.
1.3 This standard applies to silver-gelatin images coated onto supports of either plastic, paper, or glass
1.4 This standard does not recommend general or specific treatments for the silver image. Likewise, treatment temperature, times, and replenishment rates are outside the scope of this standard. Factors to be considered in a stabilizing treatment are discussed in annex B.
1.5 This standard describes two test methods: the dichromate bleach test and the hydrogen peroxide incubation test. The significance of each is discussed in annex C.
ANSI/NAPM IT9.19-1994. American National Standard for Imaging Media (Film) - Thermally Processed Silver Microfilm - Specifications for Stability.
Scope:
1.2 This standard applies to TPS microfilms having ultrasonic or dielectric (induction heated) splices. It does not cover films with splices made by means of adhesive tape.
1.3 Also excluded are other types of black-and-white TPS films, black-and-white paper, color images, and color prints that are produced with thermally processed silver-behenate systems.
1.4 This standard does not apply to films to which lacquers have been applied.
1.5 This standard does not apply to conventional black-and-white silver images that are produced by wet processing of silver-gelatin films.
ANSI/NISO Z39.62-1993. Eye-Legible Information on Microfilm Leaders and Trailers and on Containers of Processed Microfilm on Open Reels.
Scope: This standard concerns information, principally readable without magnification, that (a) is included among the targets at the beginning and end of 16- and 35-mm microfilm, or (b) appears on storage containers for nominal 100-foot lengths of this film. The standard is written for microfilm distributed to libraries and information centers, and the containers described are those in which such film is delivered. This standard applies only to microfilms that (a) are intended primarily for library use and (b) contain monographs or serials, including - but not limited to - books, pamphlets, theses, dissertations, monographic series, report literature, public documents, journals, magazines, newspapers, and sheet music. It does not apply to microfilms containing manuscripts, photographs, promotional flyers, engineering drawings, parts catalogs, business records, or maps, unless these items are contained in monographs or serials.
BS 6313:1982. 35mm Microcopying of Serials.
This British Standard specifies requirements for the preparation, microfilming and storage of serials (whether black-and-white or in colour or both) on 35 mm black-and-white silver-halide roll film, to be used for purposes of preservation or distribution in libraries and similar institutions. The requirements include the provision of adequate bibliographic references and procedures for maintaining and checking the reproducibility of the microfilm images of the first, second and third generation. The standard applies to planetary filming only. The standard does not apply to the microfilming of newspapers, which is the subject of BS 5847 [ISO 4087].
CAN/CGSB-72.7-M88. Manual Drafting Requirements for Drawings to be Microfilmed.
Scope:
1.2. For computer aided drafting (CAD) practices, refer to CSA Standard B78.5, Computer Aided Drafting (Construction), (in preparation).
CAN/CGSB-72.8-M80. Examination and Preparation of Drawings to be Microfilmed.
Scope:
1.2 The success of a good microfilming program for drawings depends upon the design of the system. For drawing offices that maybe considering such a program, guidelines are included in Appendix A to this standard to ensure that the system design is compatible with the desired objectives.
CAN/CGSB-72.9-M81. Operating Procedures for Microfilming of Technical Drawings.
Scope: This standard specifies the operating procedures for microfilming technical drawings. It includes preparation of original drawings center markings, positioning of drawings and reduction ratios.
CAN/CGSB-72.13-M80. Microfiche of Documents.
Scope: This standard applies to the procedures and requirements for the microcopying of documents on first generation silver halide microfiche with a sheet size of 105 x 148 mm (ISO A6 size) and containing 98, 49, 60 or 30 frames.
CAN/CGSB-72.14-M89. Unitized 35 mm Microfilm Carriers (Aperture Cards).
Scope: This standard specifies requirements for aperture cards, the mounting of 35 mm microfilm of technical drawings, camera cards, and copy cards used to reproduce 35 mm microfilm images from those cards.
This standard applies to the microcopying of all documents prepared by drawing offices, such as technical drawings, architect's plans, specifications, vocabularies, and parts lists. It deals with the requirements for the microcopying of such data onto single frames of 35 mm microfilm mounted individually in cards, bearing in mind their subsequent use for the interchange of information by reproduction, enlargement and viewing.
The technical requirements of this standard are identical to those in ISO 3272-3, Part 3.
CAN/CGSB-72.19-M85. Criteria for the Evaluation of Micrographic Service Bureaux.
Scope: This document sets criteria for the evaluation of micrographic service bureau.
CAN/CGSB-72.22-M87/ISO 6829-1983. Flowchart Symbols and their Use in Micrographics.
Scope:
1.2 This International Standard also presents guidelines and recommendations for flowcharting management systems (level 1) and operational systems (level 2).
1.3 The annotations covered in this International Standard are those generally required for detailing to the second level of flowcharting. It is not practical to include all possible annotations that may be necessary for flowcharting in greater detail.
CAN/CGSB-72.28-M88/BS 6660-1985. Setting Up and Maintaining Micrographic Units.
Scope: This British Standard provides guidance on planning and operating a micrographics unit. It provides only a general outline of the matters to be considered, and users are advised to consult specialists about their detailed requirements.
CAN/CGSB-72-GP-23P. Graphical Symbols for use in Microfilming.
Scope: This International Standard covers graphical symbols which are to be used in microfilming to convey information concerning the condition of the original document, arrangement and production criteria.
ISO 543:1990. Photography - Photographic Films - Specifications for Safety Film.
Scope: This International Standard provides specifications and test procedures for establishing the safety of photographic films with respect to hazards from fire. The specifications apply to both unprocessed and processed films on any type of currently known plastic support. These specifications cover silver films (both gelatin and non-gelatin types), colour films, diazo films, vesicular films, and striped or full-width magnetic films. Magnetic tapes and video recording tapes are excluded.
A field test for burning behaviour is described in annex A, and methods of marking film are defined in annex B. A simple test to distinguish non-safety nitrate base film from cellulose ester and polyester base film is given in annex C.
ISO 1048:1991. Photography - Exposed Roll Films - Identification.
Scope: Specifies simple, internationally recognizable markings for distinguishing exposed colour film from black and white. The markings also distinguish between colour reversal and colour negative roll film. Intended to assist photographic dealers and photo finishers to identify the type of processing required.
ISO 1116:1975. Microcopying - 16 mm and 35 mm Microfilms, Spools and Reels.
Scope: Essential dimensions and features of microfilms in roll and strip form, and their supply spools and storage reels. Arrangement of images, sequence of pages, and direction of winding.
ISO 3029:1995. Photography - 126-size Cartridges - Dimensions of Cartridge, Film and Backing Paper.
ISO 3272-1:1983. Microfilming of Technical Drawings and other Drawing Office Documents - Part 1: Operating Procedures.
Scope: Size and quality of original. Quality of microfilm. Reduction and enlargement ratios. Methods of filming large originals in sections.
ISO 4087:1991. Micrographics - Microfilming of Newspapers for Archival Purposes on 35 mm Microfilm.
Scope:: This International Standard establishes general principles for the microfilming of printed newspapers for preservation and distribution in libraries and other documentation services. It includes requirements for targets to ensure proper bibliographic control and to provide verification that the film meets International Standards required for archival microfilming.
It is applicable only to silver microfilms 35 mm wide, in rolls or strips, whether first generation (camera negatives), intermediates, or distribution copies.
ISO 6148:1993. Photography - Film Dimensions - Micrographics.
Scope: This International Standard specifies the nominal sizes and aim dimensions, with their cutting tolerances, of all unexposed films used in micrographic applications, including computer output microfilming (COM). It applies to silver-gelatin films as well as diazo, vesicular or thermally processed silver films. It specifies the lengths, widths and thicknesses of film in rolls and sheets.
Specifications of cores, spools, cassettes, cartridges or magazines are not included in this International Standard.
ISO 6197-1:1980. Microfilming of Press Cuttings - Part 1: 16 mm Silver-Gelatin Type Roll Microfilm.
Scope: This part of ISO 6197 specifies the particular aspects of microfilming on 16 mm roll microfilm files of press cuttings held in libraries and in documentation centres, with a view to limiting the growth of diverse systems. It does not apply to the microfilming of newspapers treated in ISO 4087.
ISO 6197-2:1985. Microfilming of Press Cuttings - Part 2: A6 Size Microfiche.
Scope: This part of ISO 6197 specifies the particular aspects of microfilming press cuttings on A6 size microfiche.
ISO 6428:1982. Technical Drawings - Requirements for Microcopying.
Scope: This International Standard specifies the requirements to be observed when executing original technical drawings and other drawing office documents which are to be microcopied. These requirements will provide for high quality microforms with which legible enlargement copies can be made.
However, the application of these rules is also very beneficial for other methods of reproduction and it is therefore recommended that all drawing office documents be executed in accordance with this International Standard, thereby being available for microcopying at a future date.
ISO 6829:1983. Flowchart Symbols and Their Use in Micrographics.
Scope: This International Standard specifies symbols for microfilm operations and symbolic language for labelling these symbols in order to delineate specific operations, functions, and features. This International Standard also presents guidelines and recommendations for flowcharting management systems (level 1) and operational systems (level 2).
The annotations covered in this International Standard are those generally required for detailing to the second level of flowcharting. It is not practical to include all possible annotations that may be necessary for flowcharting in greater detail.
ISO 6846:1992. Photography - Black-and-White Continuous-Tone Papers - Determination of ISO Speed and ISO Range for Printing.
Scope:
ISO 7247:1993. See ANSI PH1.52-1990.
ISO 7272:1993. See ANSI/ISO 7272-1993.
ISO 8127-1:1989. Micrographics - A6 Size Microfilm Jackets - Part 1: Five Channel Jacket for 16 mm Microfilm.
Scope: Physical characteristics, including dimensions and channel arrangement.
ISO 8225:1987. Photography - Ammonia Processed Diazo Photographic Film - Specification for Stability.
Scope:
1.2 The photographic films covered by this International Standard are those intended for medium-term and long-term records.
1.3 This International Standard characterizes only the inherent keeping behaviour of the film covered. However, the suitability of a film record after extended storage depends on both the inherent ageing characteristics of the film and the original image quality. The latter is discussed in annex A.
1.4 This International Standard applies only to photographic diazo film intended to be used as medium-term and long-term storage copies. It does not apply to diazo film records intended and used as "work" or "use" copies as discussed in annex B.
ISO 9378:1993. Photography - Vesicular Microfilm - Determination of ISO Speed and ISO Range.
See ANSI/ISO 9378-1993
ISO 9718:1991. Photography - Processed Vesicular Photographic Film - Specifications for Stability.
See ANSI IT9.12-1991.
ISO 9848:1993. Photography - Source Document Microfilms - Determination of ISO Speed and ISO Average Gradient.
See ANSI/ISO 9848-1993.
ISO 9878:1990. Micrographics - Graphical Symbols for Use in Microfilming.
Scope: This International Standard covers graphical symbols which may be used in micrographics to convey information concerning the condition of the original document, the production and use of microforms.
ISO 9923:1994. Micrographics - Transparent A6 Microfiche - Image Arrangements (Revision of ISO 2702:1980, ISO 2708:1980, and ISO 5126:1980).
Scope: This International Standard specifies the characteristics of transparent A6 size microfiche, from both source documents and COM, intended for international interchange of information and for micropublishing.
It is applicable to microfiche of uniform format with image arrangements of 49, 98, 270 and 420 frames and a single frame microfiche.
Depending on requirements, the microfiche may be negative-appearing or positive-appearing.
An annex specifies the characteristics of microfiche of uniform format with image arrangement of 30, 60, 63, 84, 208, 210 and 325 frames and microfiche of variable divisions of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 frames used for certain applications.
ISO 10196:1990. Micrographics - Recommendations for the Creation of Original Documents.
Scope: This International Standard provides guidance on the creation of original documents to facilitate their reproduction as microforms.
It applies to documents in black on a clear background, made up of continuous lines. Although studies were based more specifically on the Latin alphabet, the general principles can be used as guidelines for the production of documents using other alphabets or ideograms.
It does not apply to technical drawings for which requirements are given in ISO 5457 and ISO 6428.
ISO 10602:1995. Photography - Processed Silver-Gelatin Type Black-and-White Film - Specifications for Stability.
Scope:
1.2 It applies specifically to films with a base of safety cellulose ester or polyester [poly(ethylene terephthalate)] having silver-gelatin emulsions, processed to produce a black-and-white silver image by negative or full-reversal processing. It applies to film processed by a monobath which includes thiosulfate as the fixing agent followed by a conventional wash. It also applies to silver films given a stabilizing treatment by partial or full conversion to silver sulfide, silver selenide or gold.
1.3 This International Standard does not apply to films with colour images of any type, nor to films with a magnetic recording track. It does not apply to films with silver images produced by dry or thermal processing or by diffusion-reversal processing. It does not apply to films that have been processed by a monobath using other than a thiosulfate-type fixing solution. It is not applicable to films where the silver salts are removed by means other than thiosulfate solutions.
1.4 This International Standard does not apply to films to which lacquers have been applied.
1.5 This International Standard applies to films having ultrasonic or dielectric (induction heated) splices. It does not cover films with splices made by means of adhesive tape or solvent-type splices.
ISO 11084-1:1993. Graphic Technology - Register Systems for Photographic Materials, Foils and Paper - Part 1: Three-Pin Systems.
Scope: This part of ISO 11084 specifies the positions and dimensions for the pins and holes of three-pin register systems to achieve accurate positioning of originals, separations and printing plates on press and prepress equipment.
This part of ISO 11084 is applicable to:
It is not applicable to punched metallic materials.
ISO 11312:1993. Photography - Film Dimensions - Film for Electronic Scanner Use.
Scope: This International Standard specifies the preferred and recognized nominal sizes and aim dimensions, with their cutting tolerances, of photographic films in sheets and rolls used in scanners. It also specifies the requirements for shape of sheets, core dimensions and winding for films in rolls, and package marking.
Dimensions of films in sheets and rolls for graphic arts use are specified in ISO 6407. Users are advised that films for graphic arts use are dimensioned by rules different from the rules for scanner films.
ISO 11313:1994. Photography - Disposable Cassettes Containing Photocomposition Film and Paper - Dimensions and Related Requirements.
Scope: This International Standard applies to disposable cassettes containing photographic film or paper for photo-composing devices. It specifies dimensions of the cassette and its contents, film or paper pull-out forces out of the cassette, and package marking. Nominal lengths of the contents for this application are recommended in annex A.
AIIM MS38-1986. Microrecording of Engineering Graphics - Computer-Output Microfilm.
Scope:
It does not include microrecording of cartographic and architectural material or other engineering graphics which also conform to requirements of ANSI Y14 - Drawing Series.
Byrne, Sherry. 1986. Guidelines for Contracting Microfilming Services. Microform Review 15: 244-264.
Discussion of strategies on use of commercial services, including model contract.
Canadian Cooperative Preservation Project. 1993. Guidelines for Preservation Microfilming in Canadian Libraries. Ottawa: National Library of Canada for The Canadian Cooperative Preservation Project.
Describes procedures for producing preservation microfilm. Includes sample production forms, and a model contract for use with a microfilming service bureau.
Elkington, Nancy E., ed. 1994. RLG Archives Microfilming Manual. Mountain View, California: Research Libraries Group.
Covers all aspects of managing an archival preservation microfilming project, including selection and preparation of materials, contracting out, bibliographic control, and inspection of the product.
Elkington, Nancy E., ed. 1992. RLG Preservation Microfilming Handbook. Mountain View, CA: Research Libraries Group.
Contains overviews of the major components of a preservation microfilming programme, together with guidelines for the production of preservation microfilm.
Fox, Lisa L., ed. 1995. Preservation Microfilming: A Guide for Librarians and Archivists. 2nd edition. Chicago: American Library Association.
Revised and expanded edition of Nancy Gwinn's 1987 publication.
Gwinn, Nancy, ed. 1987. Preservation Microfilming: A Guide for Librarians and Archivists. Chicago: American Library Association.
A practical and comprehensive guide covering all aspects of preservation microfilming.
Jones, Virginia A. 1987. Handbook of Microfilm Technology and Procedures. rev. ed. Santa Fe, New Mexico: VAJones Associates.
A guide to basic microfilm technology and procedures, with an emphasis on source document microfilming.
Körmendy, Lajos, ed. 1989. Manual of Archival Reprography. München: K.G. Saur.
McKern, Debra and Sherry Byrne. 1991. ALA Target Packet for Use in Preservation Microfilming. Chicago: American Library Association.
Provides an overview of targets in various microfilming contexts, along with a selection of full-sized camera-ready targets.
Research Libraries Group. 1986. RLG Preservation Manual. Stanford, California: RLG.
Includes procedures and specifications for RLG's Cooperative Microfilming Project, with incorporation of existing national standards.
Sung, Carolyn Hoover. 1982. Archives and Manuscripts: Reprography. SAA Basic Manual Series. Chicago: Society of American Archivists.
Practical introduction to reformatting - microfilming, also photography and photocopying.
See also 5. Environmental Control
ANSI IT9.2-1991. American National Standard for Imaging Media - Photographic Processed Films, Plates, and Papers - Filing Enclosures and Storage Containers.
Scope: This standard sets forth the principal physical and chemical requirements for filing enclosures and containers particularly designed for storing processed films, plates, and papers. The photographic image may be silver-gelatin type, color (dye-gelatin), diazo, or vesicular. This standard applies to storage copies and does not include work copies as defined in the annex. The requirements are limited to the characteristics that may affect the enclosed item chemically or physically when it is stored under recommended conditions.
ANSI IT9.11-1991. American National Standard for Imaging Media - Processed Safety Photographic Films - Storage.
Scope:
1.2 This standard applies only to the storage of safety photographic film. Nitrate-base films are hazardous and are not included in this standard.
1.3 This standard applies to medium-term and extended-term storage conditions as defined in clause 3.
ANSI PH1.43-1985. See ANSI IT9.11-1991.
ANSI PH1.45-1981(R1989). Practice for Storage of Processed Photographic Plates.
Scope: 1.1 General. Practices are recommended for storage of black-and-white silver-image photographic plates intended for record purposes. No specific distinction is made, other than degree of care, between plates for short-term or commercial records and plates of permanent value.
1.2 Storage. Recommendations for plate storage include storage containers, methods, conditions, and forms of protection applicable specifically to plates covered by Section 2, Definitions.
The storage recommendations may be applied to plates having laminated or cemented layers, color plates, and dyed or colored images, although the storage life of these types of plates cannot be predicted.
ANSI PH1.46-1979(R1989). American National Standard Dimensions of Containers for Packaging and Storage of Aerial Photographic Film on Spools.
Scope: 1.1 This standard specifies the essential dimensions of metal or plastic containers used for the packaging and storage of aerial photographic film on spools conforming to American National Standard Dimension of Aerial Film Spools, ANSI PH1.2-1979.
1.2 This standard does not specify design features such as closure, wall thickness, or cover depth. Also, it does not specify materials, although some limitations may be inferred from the minimum inside and maximum outside dimensions specified.
ANSI PH1.48-1982(R1987). Practice for Storage of Black-and-White Photographic Paper Prints.
Scope: The recommendations contained in this standard deal with the storage practices for processed black-and-white photographic paper prints intended for record purposes. They include only photographic papers whose images consist of silver particles in an organic binder layer. These recommendations are intended for materials whose processing can be characterized by the criteria given in American National Standard Method of Evaluating the Processing of Black-and-White Photographic Papers with Respect to the Stability of the Resultant Image, ANSI PH4.32-1980. However, this standard may be of considerable value for photographic prints whose processing conditions are unknown.
There is no intent to assign a definite time for the useful life of the photograph.
ANSI/AIIM MS11-1987. Microfilm Jackets.
Scope: This standard defines the dimensions, operational constraints and other basic characteristics of the microfilm jacket. It is addressed primarily to user requirements rather than production requirements. It does not cover formats or channel configurations.
ANSI/AIIM MS42-1989. Recommended Practice for the Expungement, Deletion, Correction, or Amendment of Records on Microforms.
Scope: This recommended practice applies to the removal of images from microforms when document expungement is ordered; it also applies to the revision of image content when an order requires the deletion, correction, or amendment of specific information. It establishes uniform procedures for image removal or revision and for documenting these actions to ensure file integrity.
ANSI/AIIM MS45-1990. Recommended Practice for Inspection of Stored Silver-Gelatin Microforms for Evidence of Deterioration.
Scope: This recommended practice applies to all forms of silver-gelatin microfilm, whether in roll, aperture card, jacket, or microfiche format. It describes the equipment and procedures necessary to observe and identify the various types of deterioration known to the industry. This information serves to identify the extent and nature of the problem and will ultimately provide a sound basis for any remedial action that may be indicated. This recommended practice does not apply to nitrate film.
ANSI/ISO 6077-1993. Photographic Films and Papers - Wedge Test for Brittleness.
Scope: This International Standard specifies a method for determining and expressing quantitatively the brittleness of photographic film and papers. It does not, however, specify a universal brittleness test for all types of stress encountered for which special tests can be required to correctly rate the material for brittleness.
The method is applicable to films with or without a gelatin backing and to fibre-based or resin-coated (RC) photographic papers. It may also be applied to either raw or processed materials although the brittleness level can be quite different after processing from that before processing.
ANSI/NAPM IT9.11-1993. American National Standard for Imaging Media - Processed Safety Photographic Films - Storage.
Scope:
1.2 This standard applies to extended-term and medium-term storage of photographic film as defined in clause 3.
1.3 This standard applies to photographic film records intended as storage copies, which should not be in frequent use. This standard does not apply to "work" or "use" copies.
1.4 This standard, while intended for materials that are well processed, should also be considerable value in prolonging the useful life of photographic film whose processing conditions are unknown, or that have been toned, retouched, or have markings with materials of uncertain or unknown stability.
1.5 This standard applies only to safety photographic film (see ANSI/ISO 543-1990, ANSI IT9.6-1991). Nitrate base films are hazardous and are not covered by this standard They require special storage considerations.
1.6 The storage of photographic paper and photographic plates requires different considerations. They are not covered in this standard.
CAN/CGSB-72.18-M85. Paper Enclosures for the Filing and Storage of Processed Microfiche.
Scope: This standard describes the physical and chemical requirements for paper enclosures designed for the filing and storage of processed microfiche. (See Annexes A to E.)
ISO 3897:1992. Photography - Processed Photographic Plates - Storage Practices.
Scope: Defines terms and recommends practices for the storage of black-and-white silver image photographic plates having integral photographic layers and intended for record purposes. Does not include processing procedures and plates.
ISO 5466:1992. Photography - Processed Safety Photographic Films - Storage Practices.
Scope:
1.2 This International Standard applies only to safety photographic film (see ISO 543). Nitrate base films are hazardous and unstable and are not covered by this International Standard.
1.3 The storage of photographic paper and photographic plates requires different considerations and these are not covered in this International Standard but are covered in ISO 6051 and ISO 3897, respectively.
1.4 This International Standard applies to archival and medium-term storage of photographic film as defined in clause 3.
1.5 This International Standard applies to photographic film records intended as storage copies, which should not be in frequent use. This international Standard does not apply to "work" or "use" copies (see annex A).
1.6 This International Standard, while intended for materials that are well processed, should also be of considerable value in prolonging the useful life of photographic film whose processing conditions are unknown, or that have been toned, retouched or have markings with materials of uncertain or unknown stability. It is not intended to predict or assign a useful lifetime to photographic film stored in accordance with the specifications of this International Standard.
ISO 6051:1992. Photography - Processed Photographic Paper Prints - Storage Practices
Scope:
This International Standard applies to wet processed silver-gelatin, thermally procesed silver, diazo and colour papers.
1.2 The storage of photographic film and photographic plates requires different considerations and these are not covered in this International Standard but are covered in ISO 5466 and ISO 3897, respectively.
1.3 This International Standard applies to photographic paper records intended as storage copies; these copies being used only infrequently. It does not apply to work copies.
1.4 This International Standard, while intended for materials that are well processed, should also be of considerable value in prolonging the useful life of photographic paper prints whose processing conditions are unknown, or that have been toned, mounted, retouched or bear markings with materials of uncertain or unknown stability. It is not intended to predict or assign a useful lifetime to photographic prints stored in accordance with the specifications of this International Standard.
Canadian Conservation Institute. 1995. Care of Encased Photographic Images. CCI Notes 16/1. Ottawa: CCI.
Covers daguerreotypes, ambrotypes and tintypes (ferrotypes).
Canadian Conservation Institute. 1995. Care of Black-and-White Photographic Glass Plate Negatives. CCI Notes 16/2. Ottawa: CCI.
Covers wet collodion glass plate negatives and gelatin dry plates.
Canadian Conservation Institute. 1993. Beilstein Test: Screening Organic and Polymeric Materials for the Presence of Chlorine, with Examples of Products Tested. CCI Notes 17/1. Ottawa: CCI.
Describes a useful test for determining whether or not a product contains chlorine. For example, plastic tabs used to hold microfilm in place on a reel were frequently used until they were discovered to contain chlorine.
Canadian Conservation Institute. 1988. Care of Black-and-White Photographic Negatives on Film. CCI Notes 16/3. Ottawa: CCI.
Covers storage, handling, and minimal cleaning.
Canadian Conservation Institute. 1988. Care of Black-and-White Photographic Prints. CCI Notes 16/4. Ottawa: CCI.
Covers storage, handling, minimal cleaning, and display.
Canadian Conservation Institute. 1988. Care of Colour Photographic Materials. CCI Notes 16/5. Ottawa: CCI.
Overview of colour photographic processes, storage and handling.
Canadian Conservation Institute. 1988. Processing Contemporary Black-and-White Photographic Films and Papers. CCI Notes 16/6. Ottawa: CCI.
Overview of processing procedures.
Eastman Kodak. 1995. Safe Handling, Storage and Destruction of Nitrate-Based Motion Picture Films. Rochester, N.Y.: Eastman Kodak Co..
Covers identification, deterioration, preservation, storage, waste management and destruction.
Hager, Michael. 1983. "Saving the Image: The Deterioration of Nitrate Negatives," Image, Vol. 26, no. 4 (1983): 1-18.
Haynes, Ric. 1981. "A Temporary Storage Method to Retard the Deterioration of Cellulose Nitrate Flat Film Negatives." Preprints of Papers Presented at the Ninth Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, 27-31 May 1981. Washington, D.C.: The American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, pp.75-81.
Reviews the dangers of cellulose nitrate, and the stages in the deterioration of cellulose nitrate film.
Horder, Alan. 1990. Guidelines for the Care and Preservation of Microforms in Tropical Countries. PGI-90/WS/17. Paris: General Information Programme and UNISIST, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1990.
Contains information on the handling and storage of microforms in a tropical environment. Includes explanations of the reasons for the deterioration of microfilm, and a basic glossary of terms used in the text.
Horvath, David G. 1987. The Acetate Negative Survey Final Report: A Project Funded by the University of Illinois and the National Museum Act. Louisville, Kentucky: University of Louisville.
Describes major study of existing photographic negative collections from 1925 - 1955 from ~30 U. S. collections. Includes storage recommendations.
Image Permanence Institute, Rochester Institute of Technology. Isoperms for Colour Photography. In preparation.
Study when completed to provide data to establish life expectancy of colour photographic film in optimum storage conditions.
Kulka, Edward. 1995. Archival Enclosures: A Guide. Ottawa: Canadian Council of Archives.
Includes chapter on machine-readable data carriers i.e., audio tapes, microforms, motion-picture films, and other photographic records. Covers production and suppliers, glossary and bibliography.
McCrady, Ellen. 1984. The History of Microfilm Blemishes.
Restaurator 6(3/4): 191-204.
Micrographics - Care & Handling. 1986. (Special Interest Package; 26) Silver Spring, MD: Association for Information and Image Management.
Includes reprints of articles on the storage and use of film, magnetic media, optical disk, or a combination of these media.
Microspots and Aging Blemishes. 1987. (Special Interest Package; 34) Silver Spring, MD: Association for Information and Image Management.
Includes reprints of articles and reports on blemishes in fine grain silver-gelatin images on films, papers and plates. Includes information on the preservation of microfilm, and a colour microfiche reproducing the illustrations found in the text.
Mottice, Robert. Guide to Defects on First Generation Camera Negatives. Compiled from RLG Preservation Microfilming Handbook. [Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International, 1992]
A single sheet (15 inches by 30 inches) which lists in chart form information under the following headings: Defect/Description; Possible Causes; Corrective Action; If Found on Inspection.
Reilly, James M. 1989. Photograph Enclosures: Research and Specifications. Restaurator 10(1989): 102-111.
Review of the issues with description of the improved Photographic Activity Test.
Reilly, James M. 1993. IPI Storage Guide for Acetate Film. Rochester, N.Y.: Image Permanence Institute, Rochester Institute of Technology.
Includes an overview of environmental specifications for film storage, with an explanation of the relationship between temperature and relative humidity (RH), and the rate of deterioration of acetate base microfilm. Accompanied by charts and a wheel, composed of three cardboard disks which can be moved independently to allow the user to compare approximate times for acetate film to reach 0.5 acidity based on combinations of temperature and RH. Although designed specifically for use with acetate film, the advice on storage conditions is invaluable for any type of film storage.
Reilly, James M., Peter Z. Adelstein and Douglas W. Nishimura. 1991. Preservation of Safety Film. Final Report to the Office of Preservation, National Endowment for the Humanities, Grant #PS-20159. Rochester, N.Y.: Image Permanence Institute, Rochester Institute of Technology.
Explores the influence of the storage environment on the deterioration of the plastic supports of cellulose acetate photographic and cinematic films. Age and storage history of the films proved to be the key determinants of their state of preservation.
Reilly, James M., Peter Z. Adelstein, Douglas Nishimura and Catherine Erbland. 1994. New Approaches To Safety Film Preservation. Final Report NEH Grant PS-20445-91. Rochester, N.Y.: Image Permanence Institute, Rochester Institute of Technology.
Gives the results of research into the development of new archival techniques for controlling the degradation of cellulose acetate safety films, both still and cinematic. Also provides information on the degradation of nitrate base films, and on the superior stability of polyester base films.
Reilly, James M., and Kaspars M. Cupriks. 1991. Sulfiding Protection for Silver Images. Final Report to the Office of Preservation, National Endowment for the Humanities, Grant # PS-20152-87. Rochester, N.Y.: Image Permanence Institute, Rochester Institute of Technology.
Discusses the use of polysulfide treatment as a safe and effective way of protecting microfilm against oxidative image attack.
Rempel, Siegfried. 1980. The Care of Black and White Photographic Collections: Cleaning and Stabilization. CCI Technical Bulletin 9. Ottawa: Canadian Conservation Institute.
Contains practical guidelines for handling and cleaning, stabilizing, and preparation from storage.
Copyright. The National Library of Canada. (Revised: 1996-09-13).
