TABLE 1. P values for ANOVAs for intraobserver results from iterations 1, 2, and 3. Bold results indicate a significant difference for the same observer between iterations.
Abbreviations: NS = narrow scratches, SP = small pits, WS = wide scratches, LP = large pits.
|
|
Obs 1 |
Obs 2 |
Obs 3 |
Obs 4 |
Obs 5 |
|
NS |
0.51 |
0.30 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.16 |
|
SP |
0.48 |
0.12 |
0.00 |
0.16 |
0.70 |
|
WS |
0.95 |
0.05 |
0.00 |
0.01 |
0.37 |
|
LP |
0.76 |
0.98 |
0.06 |
0.03 |
0.06 |
|
WS+LP |
0.91 |
0.10 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.14 |
TABLE 2.P values for Least Significant Difference (LSD) and Games and Howell (GH) posthoc tests of the intraobserver data comparing adjacent iterations. Significant results are in bold. Observer-variable combinations are not shown when none of the post hoc tests were significant. LSD = least significant difference test; GH = Games and Howell test.
|
|
Iteration |
1 vs. 2 |
2 vs. 3 |
||
|
|
|
LSD |
GH |
LSD |
GH |
|
Obs 1 |
NS |
0.28 |
0.53 |
0.37 |
0.67 |
|
Obs 1 |
SP |
0.36 |
0.68 |
0.84 |
0.98 |
|
Obs 1 |
WS |
0.75 |
0.68 |
0.81 |
0.98 |
|
Obs 1 |
LP |
1.00 |
1.00 |
0.53 |
0.81 |
|
Obs 1 |
WS+LP |
0.76 |
0.95 |
0.91 |
0.99 |
|
Obs 2 |
NS |
0.79 |
0.94 |
0.15 |
0.41 |
|
Obs 2 |
SP |
0.08 |
0.08 |
0.92 |
1.00 |
|
Obs 2 |
WS |
0.04 |
0.09 |
0.89 |
0.06 |
|
Obs 2 |
LP |
0.93 |
1.00 |
0.93 |
1.00 |
|
Obs 2 |
WS+LP |
0.07 |
0.15 |
0.95 |
1.00 |
|
Obs 3 |
NS |
0.29 |
0.57 |
0.02 |
0.05 |
|
Obs 3 |
SP |
0.91 |
0.92 |
0.00 |
0.01 |
|
Obs 3 |
WS |
0.57 |
0.81 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
Obs 3 |
LP |
0.61 |
0.62 |
0.07 |
0.28 |
|
Obs 3 |
WS+LP |
0.45 |
0.65 |
0.00 |
0.01 |
|
Obs 4 |
NS |
0.82 |
0.84 |
0.00 |
0.03 |
|
Obs 4 |
SP |
0.95 |
0.99 |
0.09 |
0.31 |
|
Obs 4 |
WS |
0.01 |
0.01 |
0.01 |
0.02 |
|
Obs 4 |
LP |
0.01 |
0.04 |
0.51 |
0.68 |
|
Obs 4 |
WS+LP |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.01 |
0.02 |
|
Obs 5 |
NS |
0.07 |
0.16 |
0.14 |
0.25 |
|
Obs 5 |
SP |
0.49 |
0.80 |
0.94 |
1.00 |
|
Obs 5 |
WS |
0.55 |
0.84 |
0.16 |
0.33 |
|
Obs 5 |
LP |
0.56 |
0.86 |
0.08 |
0.28 |
|
Obs 5 |
WS+LP |
0.67 |
0.92 |
0.06 |
0.14 |
TABLE 3.P values for paired t-tests for intraobserver results from iterations 1 and 2 and for iterations 2 and 3. Bold results indicate a significant difference for the same observer between iterations.
|
Iteration 1 vs. 2 |
Obs 1 |
Obs 2 |
Obs 3 |
Obs 4 |
Obs 5 |
|
NS |
0.10 |
0.50 |
0.17 |
0.48 |
0.02 |
|
SP |
0.36 |
0.03 |
0.73 |
0.91 |
0.38 |
|
WS |
0.57 |
0.00 |
0.38 |
0.00 |
0.24 |
|
LP |
1.00 |
0.91 |
0.09 |
0.01 |
0.56 |
|
WS+LP |
0.65 |
0.04 |
0.26 |
0.00 |
0.51 |
|
Iteration 2 vs. 3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
NS |
0.05 |
0.01 |
0.02 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
SP |
0.81 |
0.85 |
0.00 |
0.14 |
0.92 |
|
WS |
0.48 |
0.63 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
LP |
0.13 |
0.83 |
0.04 |
0.25 |
0.03 |
|
WS+LP |
0.72 |
0.76 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
TABLE 4. P values for Pearson correlation coefficients comparing intraobserver results from iterations 1 and 2 and for iterations 2 and 3. Bold values indicate a significant correlation (P≤0.05).
|
Iteration 1 vs. 2 |
Obs 1 |
Obs 2 |
Obs 3 |
Obs 4 |
Obs 5 |
|
NS |
0.67 |
0.78 |
0.53 |
0.40 |
0.64 |
|
SP |
0.54 |
0.62 |
0.23 |
0.25 |
0.57 |
|
WS |
0.69 |
0.71 |
0.61 |
0.56 |
0.79 |
|
LP |
0.88 |
0.39 |
0.78 |
0.60 |
0.42 |
|
WS+LP |
0.56 |
0.39 |
0.52 |
0.62 |
0.65 |
|
Iteration 2 vs. 3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
NS |
0.86 |
0.90 |
0.21 |
0.88 |
0.90 |
|
SP |
0.65 |
0.87 |
0.73 |
0.14 |
0.24 |
|
WS |
0.89 |
0.93 |
0.84 |
0.62 |
0.95 |
|
LP |
0.86 |
0.80 |
0.92 |
0.68 |
0.76 |
|
WS+LP |
0.91 |
0.70 |
0.81 |
0.55 |
0.94 |
TABLE 5.The number of significant (P≤0.05) Least Significant Difference (LSD) and Games and Howell (GH) post hoc tests for ANOVAs performed on the interobserver data. For each cell there are 10 possible pairwise interobserver comparisons and a total of 50 possible comparisons per iteration. The percent significant comparisons out of all possible comparisons are given in parentheses.
|
|
Iteration 1 |
Iteration 2 |
Iteration 3 |
|||
|
|
I1 LSD |
I1 GH |
I2 LSD |
I2 GH |
I3 LSD |
I3 GH |
|
NS |
6 (60%) |
7 (70%) |
4 (40%) |
3 (30%) |
7 (70%) |
6 (60%) |
|
SP |
8 (80%) |
8 (80%) |
8 (80%) |
8 (80%) |
6 (60%) |
4 (40%) |
|
WS |
7 (70%) |
6 (60%) |
4 (40%) |
2 (20%) |
9 (90%) |
8 (80%) |
|
LP |
7 (70%) |
3 (30%) |
6 (60%) |
4 (40%) |
8 (80%) |
5 (50% |
|
WS+LP |
4 (40%) |
4 (40%) |
7 (70%) |
5 (50%) |
10 (100%) |
7 (70%) |
|
total |
32 (64%) |
28 (56%) |
29 (58%) |
22 (44%) |
40 (80%) |
30 (60%) |
TABLE 6. P values for paired t-tests comparing observers 2-5 to observer 1 for iteration 3. Significant tests are in bold.
|
|
Obs 1 vs. 2 |
Obs 1 vs. 3 |
Obs 1 vs. 4 |
Obs 1 vs. 5 |
|
NS |
0.35 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
SP |
0.09 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
WS |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.54 |
|
LP |
0.00 |
0.14 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
WS+LP |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
TABLE 7.The number of significant pairwise interobserver comparisons using the Pearson correlation coefficient for iterations 1-3. For each cell there are 10 possible comparisons and a total of 50 possible comparisons per iteration. The percent of significant comparisons out of all possible comparisons are given in parentheses.
|
|
Iteration 1 |
Iteration 2 |
Iteration 3 |
|
NS |
4 (40%) |
10 (100%) |
10 (100%) |
|
SP |
4 (40%) |
10 (100%) |
10 (100%) |
|
WS |
7 (70%) |
10 (100%) |
9 (90%) |
|
LP |
2 (20%) |
10 (100%) |
10 (100%) |
|
WS+LP |
0 (0%) |
10 (100%) |
10 (100%) |
|
total |
17 (34%) |
50 (100%) |
49 (98%) |
TABLE 8. P values for Pearson correlation coefficients, comparing observer 1 to observers 2-5. Significant tests are in bold.
|
Iteration 1 |
Obs 1 vs. 2 |
Obs 1 vs. 3 |
Obs 1 vs. 4 |
Obs 1 vs. 5 |
|
NS |
0.26 |
0.69 |
0.45 |
0.58 |
|
SP |
0.46 |
0.24 |
0.04 |
0.08 |
|
WS |
0.66 |
0.52 |
0.64 |
0.54 |
|
LP |
0.13 |
0.60 |
0.26 |
0.26 |
|
WS+LP |
0.15 |
0.41 |
0.41 |
0.09 |
|
average |
0.33 |
0.49 |
0.36 |
0.31 |
|
Iteration 2 |
|
|
|
|
|
NS |
0.77 |
0.64 |
0.66 |
0.62 |
|
SP |
0.77 |
0.31 |
0.54 |
0.47 |
|
WS |
0.87 |
0.73 |
0.76 |
0.65 |
|
LP |
0.84 |
0.70 |
0.44 |
0.80 |
|
WS+LP |
0.86 |
0.61 |
0.59 |
0.72 |
|
average |
0.82 |
0.60 |
0.60 |
0.65 |
|
Iteration 3 |
|
|
|
|
|
NS |
0.72 |
0.66 |
0.42 |
0.68 |
|
SP |
0.77 |
0.57 |
0.55 |
0.85 |
|
WS |
0.68 |
0.69 |
0.61 |
0.26 |
|
LP |
0.84 |
0.51 |
0.85 |
0.50 |
|
WS+LP |
0.67 |
0.29 |
0.65 |
0.69 |
|
average |
0.74 |
0.54 |
0.62 |
0.60 |
TABLE 9. Taxon-specific P values for ANOVAs and paired t-tests, and Pearson correlation coefficients (PCC) for iteration 4, comparing observers 1 and 2. Significant results are in bold.
|
|
ANOVA |
Paired t |
PCC |
|
Equus b. |
|
|
|
|
NS |
0.18 |
0.06 |
0.58 |
|
SP |
0.87 |
0.66 |
0.89 |
|
WS |
0.10 |
0.04 |
0.51 |
|
LP |
0.01 |
0.00 |
0.41 |
|
WS+LP |
0.58 |
0.47 |
0.44 |
|
Giraffa c. |
|
|
|
|
NS |
0.54 |
0.36 |
0.58 |
|
SP |
0.65 |
0.42 |
0.71 |
|
WS |
0.55 |
0.24 |
0.77 |
|
LP |
0.31 |
0.03 |
0.86 |
|
WS+LP |
0.44 |
0.13 |
0.80 |
|
Tapirus t. |
|
|
|
|
NS |
0.97 |
0.94 |
0.78 |
|
SP |
0.70 |
0.42 |
0.78 |
|
WS |
0.80 |
0.35 |
0.93 |
|
LP |
0.26 |
0.01 |
0.90 |
|
WS+LP |
0.27 |
0.01 |
0.93 |
|
Tapirus v. |
|
|
|
|
NS |
0.02 |
0.01 |
0.48 |
|
SP |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.28 |
|
WS |
0.46 |
0.22 |
0.67 |
|
LP |
0.31 |
0.00 |
0.92 |
|
WS+LP |
0.50 |
0.09 |
0.85 |
|
Tayassu p. |
|
|
|
|
NS |
0.32 |
0.24 |
0.31 |
|
SP |
0.22 |
0.03 |
0.76 |
|
WS |
0.34 |
0.20 |
0.52 |
|
LP |
0.25 |
0.02 |
0.82 |
|
WS+LP |
0.59 |
0.30 |
0.76 |
|
all data |
|
|
|
|
NS |
0.58 |
0.35 |
0.66 |
|
SP |
0.08 |
0.00 |
0.71 |
|
WS |
0.19 |
0.01 |
0.77 |
|
LP |
0.04 |
0.00 |
0.91 |
|
WS+LP |
0.22 |
0.01 |
0.82 |
TABLE 10.Calculation of mean absolute percentage differences (MAPD) for five observers, iterations one through three.
|
|
Average # microwear features recognized |
Mean absolute difference |
||||||||||
|
Iteration 1 |
Obs 1 |
Obs 2 |
Obs 3 |
Obs 4 |
Obs 5 |
Mean |
Obs 1 |
Obs 2 |
Obs 3 |
Obs 4 |
Obs 5 |
Mean |
|
NS |
9.5 |
8.2 |
4.2 |
6.1 |
17.2 |
9.0 |
5.1 |
9.3 |
53.5 |
32.5 |
90.3 |
38.1 |
|
SP |
9.7 |
21.4 |
0.7 |
2.0 |
5.1 |
7.8 |
24.7 |
175.1 |
91.0 |
74.3 |
34.5 |
79.9 |
|
WS |
11.7 |
7.1 |
13.9 |
21.8 |
7.4 |
12.4 |
5.5 |
42.7 |
12.3 |
76.1 |
40.2 |
35.4 |
|
LP |
3.4 |
5.9 |
0.9 |
6.3 |
3.1 |
3.9 |
13.3 |
50.5 |
77.0 |
60.7 |
20.9 |
44.5 |
|
WS+LP |
15.2 |
13.0 |
17.8 |
28.1 |
10.6 |
16.9 |
10.3 |
23.3 |
5.1 |
65.9 |
37.4 |
28.4 |
|
Iteration 2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NS |
14.0 |
9.0 |
7.0 |
10.0 |
11.0 |
10.2 |
37.3 |
11.8 |
31.4 |
2.0 |
7.8 |
18.0 |
|
SP |
13.0 |
12.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
6.0 |
6.6 |
97.0 |
81.8 |
84.9 |
84.9 |
9.1 |
71.5 |
|
WS |
13.0 |
15.0 |
15.0 |
11.0 |
11.0 |
13.0 |
0.0 |
15.4 |
15.4 |
15.4 |
15.4 |
12.3 |
|
LP |
6.0 |
8.0 |
3.0 |
2.0 |
4.0 |
4.6 |
30.4 |
73.9 |
34.8 |
56.5 |
13.0 |
41.7 |
|
WS+LP |
19.0 |
23.0 |
18.0 |
13.0 |
15.0 |
17.6 |
8.0 |
30.7 |
2.3 |
26.1 |
14.8 |
16.4 |
|
Iteration 3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NS |
11.5 |
10.8 |
8.6 |
15.8 |
15.2 |
12.4 |
7.1 |
12.8 |
30.5 |
27.6 |
22.78 |
20.2 |
|
SP |
15.8 |
13.9 |
6.0 |
10.4 |
9.3 |
11.1 |
42.6 |
25.5 |
45.9 |
6.1 |
16.06 |
27.2 |
|
WS |
10.5 |
14.6 |
25.9 |
17.8 |
10.0 |
15.8 |
33.4 |
7.4 |
64.3 |
12.9 |
36.55 |
30.9 |
|
LP |
9.0 |
12.8 |
7.5 |
5.4 |
2.7 |
7.5 |
20.3 |
71.1 |
0.3 |
27.8 |
63.90 |
36.7 |
|
WS+LP |
19.5 |
27.4 |
33.4 |
23.2 |
11.8 |
23.1 |
15.4 |
18.8 |
44.8 |
0.6 |
48.83 |
25.7 |
TABLE 11. Calculation of mean absolute percentage differences (MAPD) for observers one and two, iterations one through four.
|
|
Average # microwear features recognized |
Mean absolute difference |
||||
|
Iteration 1 |
Obs 1 |
Obs 2 |
mean |
Obs 1 |
Obs 2 |
mean |
|
NS |
9.50 |
8.20 |
8.85 |
7.34 |
7.34 |
7.34 |
|
SP |
9.70 |
21.40 |
15.55 |
37.62 |
37.62 |
37.62 |
|
WS |
11.70 |
7.10 |
9.40 |
24.47 |
24.47 |
24.47 |
|
LP |
3.40 |
5.90 |
4.65 |
26.88 |
26.88 |
26.88 |
|
WS+LP |
15.20 |
13.00 |
14.10 |
7.80 |
7.80 |
7.80 |
|
Iteration 2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NS |
14.00 |
9.00 |
11.50 |
21.74 |
21.74 |
21.74 |
|
SP |
13.00 |
12.00 |
12.50 |
4.00 |
4.00 |
4.00 |
|
WS |
13.00 |
15.00 |
14.00 |
7.14 |
7.14 |
7.14 |
|
LP |
6.00 |
8.00 |
7.00 |
14.29 |
14.29 |
14.29 |
|
WS+LP |
19.00 |
23.00 |
21.00 |
9.52 |
9.52 |
9.52 |
|
Iteration 3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NS |
11.50 |
10.80 |
11.15 |
3.14 |
3.14 |
3.14 |
|
SP |
15.80 |
13.90 |
14.85 |
6.40 |
6.40 |
6.40 |
|
WS |
10.50 |
14.60 |
12.55 |
16.33 |
16.33 |
16.33 |
|
LP |
9.00 |
12.80 |
10.90 |
17.43 |
17.43 |
17.43 |
|
WS+LP |
19.50 |
27.40 |
23.45 |
16.84 |
16.84 |
16.84 |
|
Iteration 4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NS |
11.30 |
10.60 |
10.95 |
3.20 |
3.20 |
3.20 |
|
SP |
21.30 |
17.00 |
19.15 |
11.23 |
11.23 |
11.23 |
|
WS |
14.90 |
13.00 |
13.95 |
6.81 |
6.81 |
6.81 |
|
LP |
12.60 |
17.40 |
15.00 |
16.00 |
16.00 |
16.00 |
|
WS+LP |
27.50 |
30.40 |
28.95 |
5.01 |
5.01 |
5.01 |
Palaeontologia
Electronica