Coping with Becoming a Teen: When You Have Been Maltreated as a Child

Citation: Wekerle, C., Leung, E., Goldstein, A., Thornton, T., Tonmyr, L. (2009). Substance Use among Adolescents in Child Welfare versus Adolescents in the General Population: A Comparison of the Maltreatment and Adolescent Pathways (MAP) Longitudinal Study and the Ontario Student Drug Use Survey (OSDUS) Datasets. London, ON, University of Western Ontario

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Substance Use among Adolescents in Child Welfare versus Adolescents in the General Population: A Comparison of the Maltreatment and Adolescent Pathways (MAP) Longitudinal Study and the Ontario Student Drug Use Survey (OSDUS) Datasets

AUTHORS

• Christine Wekerle, Ph.D., University of Western Ontario (cwekerle@uwo.ca)
• Eman Leung, Ph.D., University of Western Ontario
• Abby L. Goldstein, Ph.D., University of Toronto
• Tiffany Thornton, MSW, Office of Research and Surveillance, Drug Strategy and Controlled Substances Directorate, Health Canada
• Lil Tonmyr, MSW, Ph.D., Carleton University, Health Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, Injury and Child Maltreatment Section, Public Health Agency of Canada.

FUNDED BY

Health Canada
Office of Research and Surveillance
Drug Strategy and Controlled Substances Directorate

ADDITIONAL FUNDING PROVIDED BY

Public Health Agency of Canada
Health Surveillance and Epidemiology Division
National Clearinghouse on Family Violence

Acknowledgements

This report was funded by Health Canada's Office of Research and Surveillance, Drug Strategy and Controlled Substances Directorate.

The Maltreatment and Adolescent Pathways (MAP) Longitudinal Project was funded by the Institute of Gender and Health of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research; the Provincial Centre of Excellence for Child and Youth Mental Health at the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario; and the Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services.

The MAP research project investigator team comprises principal investigator Christine Wekerle, and co-investigators Michael Boyle, Eman Leung, Harriet MacMillan, Nico Trocmé, Randy Waechter, Anne-Marie Wall, Deborah Goodman, Bruce Leslie, and Brenda Moody. The MAP team gratefully acknowledges the participating child welfare youth, caseworkers, and members of the MAP Advisory Board, as well as the valuable assistance of Maria Chen.

The 2005 Ontario Student Drug Use Survey (OSDUS) was funded by Ontario's Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, supporting principal investigator Edward Adlaf, Angela Paglia-Boak, and the OSDUS team. The OSDUS team gratefully acknowledges the participating high school youth and the collaborating boards of education and the support of the Child, Youth and Family Program at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, particularly Dr. Joseph Beitchman.

The authors wish to acknowledge Veeran-Anne Singh and Allison Vadneau, Office of Research and Surveillance, Drug Strategy and Controlled Substances Directorate, Health Canada, Jasminka Draca Health Surveillance and Epidemology Division, Injury and Child Maltreatment Section, Public Health Agency of Canada, for reviewing this report.

Table of Contents

• EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
• CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
  • Substance Use in Adolescence
  • Prevalence of Substance Use in Adolescence
  • Adolescent Addiction: Abuse, Dependence, and Co-morbidity
  • Substance Use among Youth Who Have Experienced Maltreatment: Multiple Sources of Risk
  • Child Maltreatment, Trauma, and Substance Use among Youth
  • Substance Use among Youth with Maltreatment Histories: Gender Differences
  • The Prevalence of Substance Use among Youth with Maltreatment Histories: Current Findings
• CHAPTER 2 : RESEARCH METHODS
  • Method
  • MAP Year-1 Sample
    • Measures of Maltreatment
    • Trauma Symptomatology
    • Substance Use
  • Ontario Student Drug Use Survey
    • Sample
    • Measures
  • Comparison between Samples
  • Analysis Plan
• CHAPTER 3 : RESULTS
  • Objective 1
    • Findings from MAP and OSDUS Youth
    • Discussion of Findings
  • Objective 2
    • Findings from the MAP
    • Discussion of Findings
  • Objective 3
    • Gender Differences in Substance Use: MAP vs. OSDUS
    • Discussion of Findings
  • Objective 4
    • Childhood Maltreatment and Symptoms of PTSD: MAP Overall Rates and Gender Differences
    • Discussion of Findings
• CHAPTER 4 : SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS, PRACTICE AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS
• REFERENCES
• APPENDIX A : MAP CHILDHOOD TRAUMA QUESTIONNAIRE (CTQ) (Sample)
• APPENDIX B : MAP CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES OF VIOLENCE QUESTIONNAIRE (CEVQ) (Sample)
• APPENDIX C : MAP TRAUMA SYMPTOM CHECKLIST FOR CHILDREN (TSCC) (Sample)
• APPENDIX D : GENDER DIFFERENCES IN TSCC ITEMS
• APPENDIX E : MAP 1-YEAR/OSDUS 2005 SUBSTANCE USE QUESTIONS (Sample)
• APPENDIX F : FACTOR ANALYSIS RESULTS FOR MAP INTAKE CHILDHOOD TRAUMA QUESTIONNAIRE (CTQ)(REVISED)

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