C-EnterNet 2007 Annual Report

National Integrated Enteric Pathogen Surveillance Program

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments

Executive Summary

1. Introduction

2. Human Case Summary

• 2.1 Overview of Human Cases
• 2.2 Outbreak-related Cases
• 2.3 Travel-related Cases
• 2.4 Endemic Cases

3. Campylobacter

• 3.1 Human Cases
• 3.2 Exposure Surveillance
• 3.3 Summary of Campylobacter Results

4. Salmonella

• 4.1 Human Cases
• 4.2 Exposure Surveillance
• 4.3 Seasonal Trends in Exposure Sources
• 4.4 Summary of Salmonella Results

5. Pathogenic E. coli

• 5.1 Human Cases
• 5.2 Exposure Surveillance
• 5.3 Seasonal Trends in Exposure Sources
• 5.4 Summary of Pathogenic E. coli Results

6. Yersinia

• 6.1 Human Cases
• 6.2 Exposure Surveillance
• 6.3 Summary of Yersinia Results

7. Listeria

• 7.1 Human Cases
• 7.2 Exposure Surveillance
• 7.3 Summary of Listeria monocytogenes Results

8. Parasites

• 8.1 Giardiasis
• 8.2 Cryptosporidiosis
• 8.3 Cyclosporiasis
• 8.4 Amoebiasis

9. Temporal Variations

• 9.1 Trends in Enteric Disease Annual Incidence
• 9.2 Enteric Disease Monthly Incidence
• 9.3 Trends in Exposure Sources

10. Exposure Sources

• 10.1 Agriculture
• 10.2 Surface Water
• 10.3 Retail Food

Appendix A: Laboratory Testing

Appendix B: Questionnaire Results

Appendix C: Enumeration Results

List of Figures

• FIGURE 2.1: Relative proportions of enteric diseases reported in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007
• FIGURE 3.1: Incidence rates of endemic campylobacteriosis in Sentinel Site 1 by gender and age group in 2007
• FIGURE 3.2: Monthly distribution of endemic human Campylobacter cases in Sentinel Site 1 reported in 2007
• FIGURE 3.3: Temporal distribution of Campylobacter detected in human endemic cases, untreated surface water and retail meat samples in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007
• FIGURE 4.1: Incidence rates of endemic salmonellosis cases by gender and age group in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007
• FIGURE 4.2: Temporal distribution of Salmonella detected in human endemic cases, untreated surface water and retail meat samples in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007
• FIGURE 5.1: Incidence rates of endemic E. coli O157:H7 in Sentinel Site 1 by gender and age group in 2007
• FIGURE 5.2: Monthly distribution of E. coli O157:H7 cases and detection in untreated surface water samples in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007
• FIGURE 6.1: Incidence rates of endemic Yersinia infection by gender and age group in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007
• FIGURE 6.2: Monthly distribution of human Yersinia cases in Sentinel Site 1 reported in 2007
• FIGURE 8.1: Incidence rates of endemic giardiasis cases by gender and age group in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007
• FIGURE 8.2: Monthly distribution of Giardia cases and detection in untreated surface water sampled in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007
• FIGURE 8.3: Incidence rates of endemic cryptosporidiosis cases by gender and age group in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007
• FIGURE 8.4: Monthly distribution of Cryptosporidium cases and detection in untreated surface water sampled in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007
• FIGURE 8.5: Incidence rates of endemic amoebiasis cases by gender and age group in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007
• FIGURE 9.1: Temporal trends of the three most frequent enteric diseases, and total bacterial, viral and parasitic enteric diseases from Sentinel Site 1, between 1990 and 2007
• FIGURE 9.2: Temporal trends of seven enteric diseases from Sentinel Site 1, between 1990 and 2007
• FIGURE 9.3: Monthly distribution of onset dates for endemic cases reported in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007 for selected enteric diseases
• FIGURE 9.4: Monthly distribution of onset dates for endemic cases reported in Sentinel Site 1 in 2005 (orange), 2006 (green) and 2007 (gray) for selected enteric diseases
• FIGURE 9.5: Quarterly distribution of positive and total raw surface water samples tested by culture method in Sentinel Site 1 in 2006 and 2007 for selected enteric pathogens
• FIGURE 9.6: Quarterly distribution of positive and total raw retail meat samples tested in Sentinel Site 1 in 2006 and 2007 for selected enteric pathogens

List of Tables

• TABLE 2.1: Number of cases and incidence rates per 100,000 person-years of laboratory-confirmed enteric diseases in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007
• TABLE 2.2: Travel-related cases in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007
• TABLE 3.1: Campylobacter detection and speciation data from integrated surveillance activities in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007
• TABLE 3.2: Antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter strains isolated through the integrated surveillance activities in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007
• TABLE 3.3: Campylobacter subtyping data (MLST) from the integrated surveillance activities in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007 (values in brackets refer to 2006 and 2005 data for comparison)
• TABLE 4.1: Salmonella detection and serotyping data from the integrated surveillance activities in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007
• TABLE 4.2: PFGE results for the most common Salmonella serotypes for all components, including human travel-related cases in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007 (values in brackets refer to 2006 and 2005 data for comparisons)
• TABLE 5.1: Verotoxigenic E. coli detection data from the integrated surveillance activities in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007
• TABLE 5.2: PFGE results for E. coli O157:H7 for all components, including human travel-related cases in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007 (values in brackets refer to 2006 data for comparison)
• TABLE 6.1: Yersinia detection and speciation data from the integrated surveillance activities in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007
• TABLE 7.1: Listeria monocytogenes detection data from the integrated surveillance activities in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007
• TABLE 7.2: Listeria monocytogenes serotype data from the integrated surveillance activities in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007 (values in brackets refer to 2006 and 2005 data for comparisons)
• TABLE 7.3: Listeria monocytogenes PFGE data from the integrated surveillance activities in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007 (values in brackets refer to 2006 and 2005 data for comparisons)
• TABLE 8.1: Giardia detection and subtyping data from the integrated surveillance activities in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007
• TABLE 8.2: Cryptosporidium detection and subtyping data from the integrated surveillance activities in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007
• TABLE 9.1: Disease-specific annual incidence rates in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007 compared to 2006 and historical averages
• TABLE 9.2: Pathogen detection from manure on local farms in Sentinel Site 1 in 2006 and 2007
• TABLE 9.3: Pathogen detection in untreated surface water in Sentinel Site 1 in 2006 and 2007
• TABLE 9.4: Pathogen detection in raw retail meat in Sentinel Site 1 during 2006 and 2007
• TABLE 10.1: Pathogen prevalence in livestock farms in Sentinel Site 1 between 2005 and 2007
• TABLE 10.2: Pathogen species and serotypes in positive samples from livestock farms and in human endemic cases in Sentinel Site 1 between 2005 and 2007
• TABLE 10.3: Contamination of raw surface water in Sentinel Site 1 in 2005, 2006 and 2007
• TABLE 10.4: Pathogen species and serotypes in positive samples from untreated surface water and in human endemic cases in Sentinel Site 1 in 2005, 2006 and 2007
• TABLE 10.5: Contamination of raw retail meat in Sentinel Site 1 between 2005 and 2007
• TABLE 10.6: Pathogen species and serotypes detected in raw retail meat and in human endemic cases in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007
• TABLE A: Laboratory testing performed on all isolates from exposure sources and human cases in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007
• TABLE B: The percentage of human endemic cases with exposure data in Sentinel Site 1 in 2007, and comparison of the percentage exposed for each disease with the percentage exposed for the other diseases combined for a selected subset of exposures
• TABLE C: Enumeration results for retail meat samples collected within Sentinel Site 1 in 2007